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Ferreira Junior JA, Leonardo AS, Pavarini SP, Nascimento KA, Macêdo JTSA, Pedroso PMO. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in a white-eared opossum (Didelphisalbiventris). J Comp Pathol 2023; 206:32-35. [PMID: 37748301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of high-grade undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in a free-living white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) in Central Brazil. Grossly, it appeared as a soft yellow mass, approximately 8 cm in diameter, with an irregular, adherent and ulcerated surface, which extended from the proximal epiphysis of the femur to the proximal third of the tibia and fibula. The mass invaded the medullary cavity and had a necrotic centre. Multiple nodular metastases (0.5-1.5 cm) were present in the liver, lungs and spleen. Histologically, the neoplasm was characterized by pleomorphic cells with indistinct boundaries, many multinucleated cells, necrosis and tissue invasion. There was intense cytoplasmic immunolabelling of neoplastic cells for vimentin and moderate cytoplasmic and nuclear labelling for human muscle actin, human smooth muscle actin and lysozyme. Immunolabelling for Iba1, CD18, CD1A, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, glial fibrillary acidic protein and desmin was negative. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair A Ferreira Junior
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Saulo P Pavarini
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karla A Nascimento
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Juliana T S A Macêdo
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Pedro M O Pedroso
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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2
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Hartmann K, Egberink H, Möstl K, Addie DD, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Thiry E, Truyen U, Hosie MJ. Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma and Other Adverse Reactions to Vaccination in Cats. Viruses 2023; 15:1708. [PMID: 37632050 PMCID: PMC10459272 DOI: 10.3390/v15081708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs), including feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs), occur only rarely but can be severe. Understanding potential VAAEs is an important part of informed owner consent for vaccination. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of feline medicine experts, presents the current knowledge on VAAEs in cats, summarizing the literature and filling the gaps where scientific studies are missing with expert opinion to assist veterinarians in adopting the best vaccination practice. VAAEs are caused by an aberrant innate or adaptive immune reaction, excessive local reactions at the inoculation site, an error in administration, or failure in the manufacturing process. FISS, the most severe VAAE, can develop after vaccinations or injection of other substances. Although the most widely accepted hypothesis is that chronic inflammation triggers malignant transformation, the pathogenesis of FISS is not yet fully understood. No injectable vaccine is risk-free, and therefore, vaccination should be performed as often as necessary, but as infrequently as possible. Vaccines should be brought to room temperature prior to administration and injected at sites in which FISS surgery would likely be curative; the interscapular region should be avoided. Post-vaccinal monitoring is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | | | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zuich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd., Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
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3
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Injection-Site Sarcoma in Three Village Weaver Birds (Ploceus cucullatus) Associated with Autogenous Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Vaccination. J Comp Pathol 2022; 199:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hsueh CS, Wu CH, Shih CH, Yeh JLS, Jeng CR, Pang VF, Chiou HY, Chang HW. Role of nuclear factor-kappa B in feline injection site sarcoma. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:365. [PMID: 31653220 PMCID: PMC6815016 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation has been implicated in sarcomagenesis. Among various factors, activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway has been documented being able to target genes associated with tumor progression and up-regulate the expression of tumor-promoting cytokines and survival genes in several human solid tumors. Feline injection sites sarcomas (FISS) are malignant entities derived from the mesenchymal origin. The disease has been considered to be associated with vaccine adjuvant, aluminum, which serves as a stimulus continuously inducing overzealous inflammatory and immunologic reactions. To understand the contribution of NF-κB in FISS, detection of activated NF-κB in paraffin-embedded specimens, in vitro establishment of primary cells derived from FISS, and evaluation of the effects of the NF-κB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), on primary tumor cells were conducted. Results In this study, nuclear expression of NF-κB p65 was detected in 83.3% of FISS cases and not correlated with tumor grading, sex, and age. Primary cells derived from FISS in three cats exhibiting same immunohistochemical characteristics as their original tumor were successfully established. The NF-κB inhibitor, DHMEQ, was able to prevent nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and colonization in dosage-dependent manners, and induce cell apoptosis in these primary FISS cells. Conclusions High expression rate of nuclear NF-κB p65 in FISS cases and dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the growth of FISS primary cells treated with NF-κB inhibitor suggested that NF-κB might be a potential molecular therapeutic target for FISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shun Hsueh
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Shih
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jason Lih-Seng Yeh
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Ren Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Victor Fei Pang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hue-Ying Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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5
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Hatama S, Murakami K, Yamamoto S, Kadota K. Detection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 DNA in calf conjunctival myofibroblastoma. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1544-1548. [PMID: 30158370 PMCID: PMC6207528 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-month-old male Japanese Black calf was referred for the evaluation of a slow-growing
conjunctival mass in the right eye. A superficial keratectomy was performed followed by
recurrence on two occasions. No metastases were found in surrounding tissues.
Histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural investigation revealed that both
the primary and the recurrent lesions were benign, conjunctival, myofibroblastomas.
Interestingly, bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) DNA was detected in both
myofibroblastoma lesions. Archival bovine myofibroblastomas from the vulva and neck were
also analyzed for papillomaviral genomes. BPV-2 DNA was also amplified from these lesions.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing a potential causal
relationship between BPV-2 infection and conjunctival myofibroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kenji Murakami
- Nakasorachi NOSAI, 1-5-14 Omachi, Takikawa, Hokkaido 073-0022, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Souya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 8-3 Midorigaoka, Hamatonbetsu, Esashi, Hokkaido 098-5738, Japan
| | - Koichi Kadota
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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Müller N, Kessler M. Curative-intent radical en bloc resection using a minimum of a 3 cm margin in feline injection-site sarcomas: a retrospective analysis of 131 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:509-519. [PMID: 28696150 PMCID: PMC11104078 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17717882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Owing to its highly infiltrative growth, feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS) carries a significant risk of local tumour recurrence. Parameters of possible prognostic significance (eg, tumour size and location, resection of de novo vs recurrent tumours, and achievement of tumour-free surgical margins) were examined with regard to their influence on recurrence rate (RR), disease-free interval (DFI) and survival time (ST). Methods This was a retrospective analysis of cats with FISSs located on the chest or abdominal wall or the interscapular region treated in a single institution using a standardised radical resection technique with 3 cm lateral margins and full-thickness body wall resection (tumours over chest/abdominal wall) or a minimum of two fascial planes (interscapular tumours). Results Median postoperative DFI and ST of 131 cats with FISSs was 21 and 24 months, respectively. Patients operated on for recurrent tumours were significantly more likely to die from tumour-related reasons compared with patients with de novo tumours ( P <0.001). RR and DFI in the different tumour locations were comparable ( P = 0.544 and P = 0.17, respectively). Local tumour recurrence occurred in 38.1% of the cats. Cats operated on for tumour recurrences had a significantly higher chance of another recurrence (RR 55.5% vs 33.3%; P = 0.005). Completeness of excision was determined by taking tumour bed biopsies. Tumour bed biopsies that did not contain tumour cells were associated with a significantly lower RR compared with those with tumour cells (30.5% vs 76.2%). Conclusions and relevance Depending on prognostic factors such as surgery for primary vs recurrent tumour, tumour-free resection margins and tumour location, the RR in FISS ranges from 33-55%, despite curative intent radical surgery. This study may help in identifying patients at risk for recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Müller
- Hofheim Small Animal Clinic, Hofheim, Germany
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AbdelMageed MA, Foltopoulou P, McNiel EA. Feline vaccine-associated sarcomagenesis: Is there an inflammation-independent role for aluminium? Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:E130-E143. [PMID: 28960714 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium has been found in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. In this study, we investigated the potential for aluminium to contribute directly to tumourigenesis. Our results indicated that an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant preparation was cytotoxic and mutagenic in human-Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) hybrid cells in vitro. Moreover, CHO cells deficient in DNA double strand break (DSB), but not single-strand break (SSB), repair, were particularly sensitive to aluminium exposure compared with repair proficient cells, suggesting that aluminium is associated with DSBs. In contrast to CHO cells, primary feline skin fibroblasts were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of aluminium compounds and exposure to an aluminium chloride salt promoted cell growth and cell cycle progression at concentrations much less than those measured in particular feline rabies vaccines. These findings suggest that aluminium exposure may contribute, theoretically, to both initiation and promotion of tumours in the absence of an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A AbdelMageed
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - P Foltopoulou
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - E A McNiel
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts.,Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Vascellari M, Melchiotti E, Mutinelli F. Fibrosarcoma with Typical Features of Postinjection Sarcoma at Site of Microchip Implant in a Dog: Histologic and Immunohistochemical Study. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:545-8. [PMID: 16846997 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-4-545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year-old, male French Bulldog was examined for a subcutaneous mass located at the site of a microchip implant. Cytologic examination of the mass was suggestive of a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm. Histologically, the mass was confirmed as a high-grade infiltrative fibrosarcoma, with multifocal necrosis and peripheral lymphoid aggregates. By immunohistochemistry, the sample was investigated for vimentin, smooth-muscle actin (SMA), CD3, CD79α, and CD18. All the neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin. Scattered cells at the periphery of the lesion were also positive for SMA, highlighting a myofibroblastic phenotype. The lymphoid cells were positive for CD18 and CD3. No aluminum deposits were detected by the aurintricarboxylic acid method. A diagnosis of fibrosarcoma morphologically similar to feline postinjection sarcomas was made. Fibrosarcomas at the site of injections have been reported in dogs and ferrets. Furthermore, neoplastic growth at the site of microchip implant in dog and laboratory rodents has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD) (Italy).
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Hartmann K, Day MJ, Thiry E, Lloret A, Frymus T, Addie D, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Gruffydd-Jones T, Horzinek MC, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Truyen U, Möstl K. Feline injection-site sarcoma: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:606-13. [PMID: 26101312 PMCID: PMC11148925 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15588451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OVERVIEW In cats, the most serious of adverse effects following vaccination is the occurrence of invasive sarcomas (mostly fibrosarcomas): so-called 'feline injection-site sarcomas' (FISSs). These develop at sites of previous vaccination or injection. They have characteristics that are distinct from those of fibrosarcomas in other areas and behave more aggressively. The rate of metastasis ranges from 10-28%. PATHOGENESIS The pathogenesis of these sarcomas is not yet definitively explained. However, chronic inflammatory reactions are considered the trigger for subsequent malignant transformation. Injections of long-acting drugs (such as glucocorticoids, and others) have been associated with sarcoma formation. Adjuvanted vaccines induce intense local inflammation and seem therefore to be particularly linked to the development of FISS. The risk is lower for modified-live and recombinant vaccines, but no vaccine is risk-free. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION Aggressive, radical excision is required to avoid tumour recurrence. The prognosis improves if additional radiotherapy and/or immunotherapy (such as recombinant feline IL-2) are used. For prevention, administration of any irritating substance should be avoided. Vaccination should be performed as often as necessary, but as infrequently as possible. Non-adjuvanted, modified-live or recombinant vaccines should be selected in preference to adjuvanted vaccines. Injections should be given at sites at which surgery would likely lead to a complete cure; the interscapular region should generally be avoided. Post-vaccination monitoring should be performed.
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11
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Diep AN, Fleis RI. Pathology in practice. Widespread, metastatic liposarcoma and moderate, acute, diffuse centrilobular hepatic necrosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:391-3. [PMID: 22309010 DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.4.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anh N Diep
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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12
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Srivastav A, Kass PH, McGill LD, Kent MS, Farver TB. Methodologic Approaches to Histologically Distinguishing Vaccine versus Nonvaccine-Associated Sarcomas Using Validated Time and Location Vaccination Histories in Cats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5402/2011/375143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies of feline vaccine-associated sarcoma (FVAS) require accurate sarcoma case definitions free from unverified assumptions for valid causal inference. This study developed methodologic approaches to improve reliable differentiation of vaccine versus nonvaccine-associated sarcomas on histologic characteristics using time windows of vaccine histories and body geographic information. Four case and five control definitions were used to classify 124 sarcomas. Results showed presence in the subcutis versus dermis, increased nuclear pleomorphism, more granulation tissue, and higher presence of inflammation in FVAS than presumptive non-FVAS. Correctly classifying sarcomas using stringent classification criteria as employed in this study will help reduce misclassification of FVAS in future epidemiologic studies of comparative risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Srivastav
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lawrence D. McGill
- Animal Reference Pathology Division, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas B. Farver
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Woodward KN. Origins of injection-site sarcomas in cats: the possible role of chronic inflammation-a review. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2011; 2011:210982. [PMID: 23738095 PMCID: PMC3658838 DOI: 10.5402/2011/210982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of feline injection-site sarcomas remains obscure. Sarcomas and other tumors are known to be associated with viral infections in humans and other animals, including cats. However, the available evidence suggests that this is not the case with feline injection-site sarcomas. These tumors have more in common with sarcomas noted in experimental studies with laboratory animals where foreign materials such as glass, plastics, and metal are the causal agent. Tumors arising with these agents are associated with chronic inflammation at the injection or implantation sites. Similar tumors have been observed, albeit infrequently, at microchip implantation sites, and these also are associated with chronic inflammation. It is suggested that injection-site sarcomas in cats may arise at the administration site as a result of chronic inflammation, possibly provoked by adjuvant materials, with subsequent DNA damage, cellular transformation, and clonal expansion. However, more fundamental research is required to elucidate the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N. Woodward
- Technology Sciences (Europe) Limited, Concordia House, St James Business Park, Grimbald Crag Court, Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, HG5 8QB, UK
- Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Breakspear Road South, Harefield, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB9 6LS, UK
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14
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Groskopf BS, Dubielzig RR, Beaumont SL. Orbital extraskeletal osteosarcoma following enucleation in a cat: a case report. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:179-83. [PMID: 20500718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present a unique case of a feline orbital extraskeletal osteosarcoma that developed 5 years post-enucleation. HISTORY In 2002, an ophthalmologist enucleated the left eye of a 2-year-old neutered male DSH and submitted it to the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW). COPLOW diagnosed the left eye with feline diffuse iris melanoma. In June 2007, the cat presented to another veterinarian for moderate swelling of the enucleation site. Palpation suggested a firm mass along the lateral orbital rim and an exploratory orbitotomy revealed a cyst with a mass adhered to it and the ventrolateral orbital rim. The cyst and mass were excised by the veterinarian and submitted to COPLOW. COPLOW diagnosed the tissue as an orbital conjunctival inclusion cyst and an acquired orbital osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS Following the enucleation, retained conjunctival epithelium became embedded in the connective tissue of the orbit and caused a cyst to develop. The cyst wall consisted of a myofibroblastic collagen-rich matrix and acted as a nidus of chronic irritation and tumor growth. This orbital osteosarcoma resembles feline vaccine-associated sarcomas (VAS), feline post-traumatic ocular sarcomas, and microchip-associated sarcomas in terms of it histopathology and its hypothesized pathogenesis related to exposure to antigenic material such as implanted epithelium, lens protein, vaccine components, and microchips as foreign bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke S Groskopf
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1102, USA.
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15
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Kannegieter NJ, Schaaf KL, Lovell DK, Simon CD, Stone BM. Myofibroblastic fibrosarcoma with multifocal osseous metaplasia at the site of equine influenza vaccination. Aust Vet J 2010; 88:132-6. [PMID: 20402700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a fibrosarcoma in a 12-year-old Quarterhorse x Arabian gelding as a sequela to equine influenza vaccination. Shortly after the second vaccination, swelling at the site was noticed by the owner and it continued to increase in size over the following 6 months. Biopsy of the mass indicated a fibrosarcoma had developed at the vaccination site. It was approximately 20 cm in diameter and elevated well above the level of the skin. There was no clinical evidence of metastases to the lungs or local lymph nodes. Surgical resection of the mass was performed and the wound healed by first and second intention. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining confirmed a myofibroblastic fibrosarcoma with multifocal osseous metaplasia. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first equine case of a vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma.
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16
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Rogers DG, Aliano VA. Metastatic angioinvasive lymphoma (lymphomatoid granulomatosis) in a cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:390-4. [PMID: 19407098 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A subcutaneous mass removed from the right rear leg of a 17-year-old, spayed, female Domestic Shorthair cat was characterized histopathologically by granulomatous inflammation, sheets of large atypical lymphoid cells, and necrosis. The walls of the small and medium caliber blood vessels were invaded transmurally by atypical lymphoid cells. A diagnosis of angioinvasive lymphoma (AIL), or lymphomatoid granulomatosis, was made based on histopathologic findings. The cat was euthanized 2 months later because of recurrence of the mass and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity, and a necropsy was performed. The histopathologic lesion of AIL was seen in the skin and subcutis of the right rear leg, and neoplastic cell infiltrates were seen in adjacent skeletal muscle, right superficial inguinal lymph node, liver, and spleen. By immunohistochemistry, variable numbers of neoplastic cells expressed B-lymphocyte antigen 36 (BLA36) or cluster of differentiation (CD)3 markers, indicative of B- and T-cell lineages, respectively. Neoplastic cells were uniformly positive for vimentin and uniformly negative for cytokeratins and myeloid/histiocytic antigen. Although the cat had received a Rabies virus vaccine subcutaneously in the right rear leg 6 months earlier, the AIL lesion was not typical of vaccine-induced sarcomas. The AIL in this cat was unusual because the extrapulmonary metastases involved the skin and subcutis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Rogers
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Fair Street and East Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA.
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Frymus T, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Feline rabies. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:585-93. [PMID: 19481038 PMCID: PMC11132275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Rabies virus belongs to the genus Lyssavirus, together with European bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2. In clinical practice, rabies virus is easily inactivated by detergent-based disinfectants. INFECTION Rabid animals are the only source of infection. Virus is shed in the saliva some days before the onset of clinical signs and transmitted through a bite or a scratch to the skin or mucous membranes. The average incubation period in cats is 2 months, but may vary from 2 weeks to several months, or even years. DISEASE SIGNS Any unexplained aggressive behaviour or sudden behavioural change in cats must be considered suspicious. Two disease manifestations have been identified in cats: the furious and the dumb form. Death occurs after a clinical course of 1-10 days. DIAGNOSIS A definitive rabies diagnosis is obtained by post-mortem laboratory investigation. However, serological tests are used for post-vaccinal control, especially in the context of international movements. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Post-exposure vaccination of cats depends on the national public health regulations, and is forbidden in many countries. VACCINATION RECOMMENDATIONS A single rabies vaccination induces a long-lasting immunity. Kittens should be vaccinated at 12-16 weeks of age to avoid interference from maternally derived antibodies and revaccinated 1 year later. Although some vaccines protect against virulent rabies virus challenge for 3 years or more, national or local legislation may call for annual boosters.
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Craig LE, Hardam EE, Hertzke DM, Flatland B, Rohrbach BW, Moore RR. Feline Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Sclerosing Fibroplasia. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:63-70. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.46-1-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective study of cases of a unique intramural inflammatory mass within the feline gastrointestinal tract was performed in order to describe and characterize the lesion. Twenty-five cases were identified from archival surgical and postmortem tissues. The lesion most often occurred as an ulcerated intramural mass at the pyloric sphincter (n = 12) or the ileocecocolic junction or colon (n = 9); the remaining cases were in the small intestine. Seven cases also had lymph node involvement. The lesions were characterized by eosinophilic inflammation, large reactive fibroblasts, and trabeculae of dense collagen. Intralesional bacteria were identified in 56% of the cases overall and all of the ileocecocolic junction and colon lesions. Fifty-eight percent of cats tested had peripheral eosinophilia. Cats treated with prednisone had a significantly longer survival time than those receiving other treatments. We propose that this is a unique fibroblastic response of the feline gastrointestinal tract to eosinophilic inflammation that in some cases is associated with bacteria. The lesion is often grossly and sometimes histologically mistaken for neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Craig
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | | | - D. M. Hertzke
- Marshfield Clinic Laboratories, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, Marshfield, WI
| | - B. Flatland
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - B. W. Rohrbach
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - R. R. Moore
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC
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Aberdein D, Munday JS, Dyer CB, Knight CG, French AF, Gibson IR. Comparison of the histology and immunohistochemistry of vaccination-site and non-vaccination-site sarcomas from cats in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2007; 55:203-7. [PMID: 17928895 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2007.36769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the histology and immunohistochemistry of vaccination-site sarcomas (VSSs) with non-vaccination-site sarcomas (NVSSs) in cats in New Zealand. To determine whether VSSs in cats in New Zealand have similar histological and immunohistochemical features to those previously described in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas (VASs) in North American studies. METHODS A retrospective survey of skin biopsies submitted between 2004 and 2006 was performed to identify cutaneous sarcomas from both vaccination and non-vaccination sites in cats. Vaccination sites included the interscapular, shoulder, or dorsal or lateral cervical and thoracic regions. All sarcomas were examined histologically, and smooth muscle actin and desmin were assessed immunohistochemically. Features previously described in VASs were assessed and compared. RESULTS Sarcomas from 34 cats were identified, 10 of which occurred at vaccination sites. Compared with NVSSs, VSSs were more likely to be located in the hypodermis and have greater cellular pleomorphism, higher mitotic rates, more frequent peripheral lymphocytic aggregates and multinucleated giant cells. VSSs were also more likely than NVSSs to show partial myofibroblastic differentiation, demonstrable using immunohistochemistry. The histological and immunohistochemical features of VSSs in cats in New Zealand are consistent with those previously described in VASs in cats in North America. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that VASs occur in cats in New Zealand. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The occurrence of VASs in cats in New Zealand would provide further support for restriction of the vaccination of cats to the minimum necessary to protect health, and adoption of the New Zealand Veterinary Association guidelines on vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Aberdein
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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20
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DREESEN DAVIDW. Animal Vaccines. RABIES 2007. [PMCID: PMC7149985 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012369366-2/50016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Rabies in terrestrial animals, primarily carnivores, is caused by the classic genotype 1 rabies virus. Even though the widespread vaccination of domestic dogs has been the one most effective factor in the reduction of human rabies, the number of human deaths worldwide is greater than that of the combined deaths from polio, meningococcal meningitis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenze (bird flu).Tools are available in highly efficacious and safe animal and human vaccines. Multiple factors can, however, prevent their use effectively in many areas of the world. For several decades, virtually all rabies nerve tissue origin (NTO) vaccines were inactivated with phenol using the method described by Semple. The NTO vaccines currently in use for mass vaccination campaigns in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean are primarily produced from rabies virus-infected suckling mouse brains or lamb brains. These vaccines are shown to be effective in campaigns. However, NTO-killed vaccines for dogs and other animals have often, in the past, resulted in post-vaccinal nervous system reactions that could result in the death of the vaccinated animals.
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21
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Chang HW, Ho SY, Lo HF, Tu YC, Jeng CR, Liu CH, Wang FI, Pang VF. Vaccine-associated rhabdomyosarcoma with spinal epidural invasion and pulmonary metastasis in a cat. Vet Pathol 2006; 43:55-8. [PMID: 16407487 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-1-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old, female, domestic medium-haired cat had a recurrent deep dermal mass in the interscapular region after initial surgical removal 3 months earlier. The cat had received a killed rabies vaccine and a five-in-one vaccine in the same area about 2 months prior to the first surgery. The relapsed mass was diagnosed as vaccine-associated sarcoma. The cat was euthanized 2 months later because of hind limb paralysis. At necropsy, multiple, poorly demarcated, nodular masses were seen in the muscles around the shoulders, neck, and thoracic vertebrae. Pulmonary metastasis and spinal epidural invasion at T1-T3 with regional cord compression and malacia were observed. Microscopically, the masses consisted of interwoven bundles of spindle cells with prominent multinucleated giant cell formation. The neoplastic cells stained strongly positive for myoglobin, and moderately but variably positive for vimentin, desmin, and alpha- smooth muscle actin. Phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin staining revealed cytoplasmic striations in scattered tumor cells. The tumor was considered a vaccine-associated rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-W Chang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 106, Taiwan
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Macy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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23
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Woodward KN. Veterinary pharmacovigilance. Part 2. Veterinary pharmacovigilance in practice -- the operation of a spontaneous reporting scheme in a European Union country -- the UK, and schemes in other countries. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 28:149-70. [PMID: 15842305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2005.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary pharmacovigilance, as it operates in the European Union (EU), covers a very broad remit, including adverse effects in treated animals, exposed humans and the environment, and in addition, it extends to cover the violation of maximum residue limits. The mainstay of veterinary pharmacovigilance is the spontaneous reporting scheme working along side other systems such as those reporting on residues surveillance. One of the most well established schemes in the EU is that operating in the UK and this paper examines the evolution of that scheme and some of its findings, data from other countries, and information available from the literature. It also tentatively examines the ways that pharmacovigilance can be used for regulatory purposes, and the contribution from pharmacoepidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Woodward
- Schering-Plough Animal Health, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
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24
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Katayama R, Huelsmeyer MK, Marr AK, Kurzman ID, Thamm DH, Vail DM. Imatinib mesylate inhibits platelet-derived growth factor activity and increases chemosensitivity in feline vaccine-associated sarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004; 54:25-33. [PMID: 15108021 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Feline vaccine-associated sarcoma (VAS) is a biologically aggressive soft-tissue sarcoma that can develop at sites where inactivated feline vaccines have been administered. We showed that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor (PDGFR) play a role in the growth of VAS cells. The presence of PDGFR-beta was confirmed in each of five VAS cell lines evaluated, one non-vaccine-associated feline fibrosarcoma (FSA) cell line and a feline fibroblast-derived cell line. The PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway was inhibited in the VAS cell lines and the FSA cell line using the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (formerly called STI-571). Imatinib inhibited PDGF-BB-induced autophosphorylation of PDGFR in VAS cells and feline FSA cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Imatinib also significantly inhibited growth of feline VAS tumors in a murine xenograft model. Imatinib reversed the protective effect of PDGF-BB on growth inhibition by doxorubicin and carboplatin. PDGF-BB protected VAS cells from serum starvation and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis but not carboplatin-induced apoptosis, and imatinib eliminated this protection. These observations suggest that imatinib inhibits PDGFR tyrosine kinase activity in feline soft tissue sarcomas in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in a xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Katayama
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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25
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Vascellari M, Melchiotti E, Bozza MA, Mutinelli F. Fibrosarcomas at presumed sites of injection in dogs: characteristics and comparison with non-vaccination site fibrosarcomas and feline post-vaccinal fibrosarcomas. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2003; 50:286-91. [PMID: 12887620 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen fibrosarcomas, surgically excised from presumed sites of injection in dogs, and 10 canine fibrosarcomas excised from sites not used for injection were histologically and immunohistochemically compared with 20 feline post-vaccinal fibrosarcomas. Canine fibrosarcomas from presumed injection sites were of grade I (3), of grade II (4) and grade III (8). Two fibrosarcomas from non-injection sites were of grade I, four of grade II and four of grade III. Feline samples were classified as grade I (2), grade II (4) and grade III (14). All fibrosarcomas from presumed injection sites of both species showed lymphocytic inflammatory infiltration located at the tumour periphery, while two canine fibrosarcomas from non-injection sites showed perivascular inflammatory infiltration within the neoplasm. All samples were immunohistochemically examined for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, muscle specific actin and desmin expression. All tumours were positive for vimentin. Ten canine fibrosarcomas from presumed injection sites and all feline samples contained cells consistent with a myofibroblastic immunophenotype. Aluminium deposits were detected in eight canine fibrosarcomas from presumed injection sites and 11 feline post-vaccinal fibrosarcomas by the aurintricarboxylic acid method. The present study identifies distinct similarities between canine fibrosarcomas from presumed injection sites and feline post-vaccinal fibrosarcomas, suggesting the possibility of the development of post-injection sarcomas not only in cats, but also in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Histopathology Department, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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Novosad CA. Principles of treatment for vaccine-associated sarcomas. CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 2003; 18:115-7. [PMID: 12831073 DOI: 10.1053/svms.2003.36627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, there has been a great deal of information surrounding the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. The presence of a mass in areas used for subcutaneous or intramuscular injections should alert the clinician to the possibility of a vaccine-associated sarcoma. Early detection and subsequent treatment is paramount to limit local invasion and distant metastasis. The current data are suggesting that a team approach with multi-modality therapy is the appropriate way to address this disease. In the following article, we will discuss the history/incidence, pathology, diagnosis, and current treatment options, which include a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy for vaccine-associated sarcomas.
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27
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Schijns VEJC, Scholtes NC, Zuilekom HIV, Sanders LEHH, Nicolson L, Argyle DJ. Facilitation of antibody forming responses to viral vaccine antigens in young cats by recombinant baculovirus-expressed feline IFN-gamma. Vaccine 2002; 20:1718-24. [PMID: 11906758 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effect of recombinant feline IFN-gamma as vaccine adjuvant for in vivo antibody responses of young 3-month-old kittens to inactivated antigens of rabies and calicivirus, both natural pathogens for cats. When compared to responses following immunization with antigen alone co-administration of baculovirus-expressed cat IFN-gamma significantly enhanced serum antibody titers to both viral antigens; to levels comparable with responses evoked by commonly known saponin and alum adjuvants. Adjuvanticity by feline IFN-gamma was dose-dependent and all doses tested were well tolerated. We conclude that, when further optimized for in vivo delivery, feline IFN-gamma may represent a safe and efficient natural vaccine adjuvant for certain antigens in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil E J C Schijns
- Department of Vaccine Technology and Immunology, Intervet Int. BV, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
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28
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Carroll EE, Dubielzig RR, Schultz RD. Cats differ from mink and ferrets in their response to commercial vaccines: a histologic comparison of early vaccine reactions. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:216-27. [PMID: 12009059 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-2-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early histologic changes in lesions at vaccine sites were compared in cats, mink, and ferrets. Twenty-four 4-month-old cats, 20 4-month-old mink, and 20 12-month-old ferrets were vaccinated with three rabies virus vaccines, two feline leukemia virus vaccines, alum adjuvant, and saline. Injection sites were excised at selected time points up to 21 days postvaccination. Histologic examination of the tissue revealed significant differences among the cats, mink, and ferrets in the local response to the commercial vaccines. When compared with ferrets and mink, cats had more lymphocytes in response to all three rabies vaccines. Production of fibroblasts, collagen, and macrophages differed among the three killed aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines in cats but did not differ significantly in mink or ferrets. Cats produced fewer binucleate cells than did mink or ferrets in response to the two adjuvanted leukemia virus vaccines. Differences seen in early tissue response of cats to commercial vaccines may be related to the increased predisposition of cats to vaccine-associated sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Eggers Carroll
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA.
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29
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Couto SS, Griffey SM, Duarte PC, Madewell BR. Feline vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma: morphologic distinctions. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:33-41. [PMID: 12102217 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-1-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Forty-four primary feline vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas and 16 recurrences were examined histologically for detailed morphologic characterization with emphasis on tumor grade, presence of neoplastic multinucleated giant cells, presence and proportion of T and B lymphocytes within the tumor, and thin and intermediate filament contents of neoplastic and stromal cells. The microvascularity and proliferation rates of central and peripheral areas of the tumors were also quantified by computerized image analysis. For primary fibrosarcomas, 11 of 44 (25%) were grade I, 21 of 44 (47.7%) were grade II, and 12 of 44 (27.3%) were grade III. The recurrences followed a similar pattern: 4 of 16 (25%) were grade I, 8 of 16 (50%) were grade II, and 4 of 16 (25%) were grade III. A positive correlation was found between the presence of neoplastic multinucleated giant cells and tumor grade. These cells were present in 9 of 12 (75%) of grade III and none of the grade I tumors. Prominent peritumoral lymphoid aggregates or follicles were present in 59% of the tumors, and many contained high proportions of T lymphocytes, varying from 19 to 87%. All fibrosarcomas were immunoreactive for vimentin and 28 of 44 (64%) were reactive for alpha-smooth muscle actin. The actin-positive cells were either part of the tumor or formed a capsule around tumor nodules. The peripheral vascularity was significantly higher than the central vascular density but no difference was found in tumor cell proliferation rates between the two areas. Centrally located, fluid-filled micro- or macrocavitations were frequently observed in the large vaccine sarcomas and probably formed secondary to rapid tumor growth and central necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Couto
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, USA.
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30
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31
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Madewell BR, Griffey SM, McEntee MC, Leppert VJ, Munn RJ. Feline vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma: an ultrastructural study of 20 tumors (1996-1999). Vet Pathol 2001; 38:196-202. [PMID: 11280376 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-2-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty feline vaccine-associated sarcomas were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Tumors contained pleomorphic spindle cells, histiocytoid cells, and giant cells. Most tumors contained myofibroblasts, which had morphologic features similar to those of fibroblasts. These cells were further distinguished by subplasmalemmal dense plaques and thin cytoplasmic actin myofilaments organized as elongated bundles concentrated at irregular intervals forming characteristic dense bodies. Intracellular crystalline particulate material was found in 5 of the 20 tumors. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to identify the crystalline material within one tumor as aluminum-based. One tumor from a feline leukemia virus-infected cat contained budding and immature retroviral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Madewell
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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32
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Kubota Y, Ishikawa Y, Shibahara T, Kadota K. Myofibroblastic sarcoma of the pleura in a pig. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:913-6. [PMID: 10993193 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An intrathoracic sarcoma from a 7-month-old female pig was studied by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The tumor tissue of varied cell density consisted chiefly of spindle-shaped cells, some of which grew around blood vessels in a concentric fashion. Many tumor cells were positive for alpha smooth muscle actin and not for desmin, though some cells were reactive for both antigens. A majority of tumor cells had ultrastructural features characteristic of myofibroblasts, but a few cells resembled vascular smooth muscle cells in the synthetic state. This neoplasm may have arisen from vascular smooth muscle with features indicating a transition to myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kubota
- Higashihiroshima Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Japan
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Hikita M, Yabuki Y, Ishikawa Y, Shibahara T, Kadota K. Myofibroblastoma of the neck in a heifer. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61:1157-9. [PMID: 10563296 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.61.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 1.5-year-old Holstein heifer had a subcutaneous tumor mass (20 cm diameter) on the ventral portion of the neck, and the tumor was diagnosed as a locally invasive myofibroblastoma. It consisted of moderately cellular fibrous tissue, and the interlobular septum of the thymus was invaded by tumor cells. The neoplastic cells were positive for alpha smooth muscle actin and vimentin, but not for desmin. Electron microscopy disclosed the presence of moderately developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and microfilaments with focal densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hikita
- Ishikari Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Sapporo, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hendrick
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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35
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Newman SJ, Cheramie H, Duniho SM, Scarratt WK. Abdominal spindle cell sarcoma of probable myofibroblastic origin in a horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999; 11:278-82. [PMID: 10353361 DOI: 10.1177/104063879901100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S J Newman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg 24061-0442, USA
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36
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Osorio JE, Tomlinson CC, Frank RS, Haanes EJ, Rushlow K, Haynes JR, Stinchcomb DT. Immunization of dogs and cats with a DNA vaccine against rabies virus. Vaccine 1999; 17:1109-16. [PMID: 10195621 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of DNA immunization technology for vaccine development in companion animals was investigated by immunizing dogs and cats by the intramuscular (i.m.) and intradermal (i.d.) routes with a plasmid DNA vector encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein G. In dogs, administration of 100 microg DNA doses by the i.m. route resulted in stronger and more durable rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers than those obtained by i.d. inoculation. In contrast, i.m. vaccination of cats with a similar dose was less effective in terms of mean titer and seroconversion frequency. However, efficacy was improved by increasing the dosage to 300 microg of DNA per immunization. Interestingly, i.d. inoculation of cats appeared to be a superior route of delivery in this species, resulting in higher seroconversion frequency than i.m. administration. In addition, geometric mean RVNA titers in i.d. inoculated cats increased over four-fold during a seven month period following a second and final immunization. These results demonstrate that non-facilitated, naked DNA vaccines can elicit strong, antigen-specific immune responses in dogs and cats, and DNA immunization may be a useful tool for future development of novel vaccines for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Osorio
- Heska Corporation, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Macy
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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38
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the tumor-free interval and survival times of cats who had one (group 1) or more (group 2) surgeries, or surgery and radiation therapy (RTH) (group 3) for treatment of soft tissue fibrosarcomas (FSA). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION 45 client-owned cats. METHODS Medical records of cats with soft tissue FSA were examined. Vaccination and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) status, age, sex, breed, tumor location, number of surgeries, completeness of excision, and histopathological grade were evaluated to correlate with tumor-free interval and survival periods. RESULTS Overall median tumor-free interval and survival times were 10 and 11.5 (range, 1 to 40) months. Median tumor-free interval and survival times were more than 16 months each in group 1, more than 5 and 13 months in group 2, and 4.5 and 9 months in group 3. Age, sex, breed, vaccination or FeLV status, tumor location, or histopathological grade did not affect median tumor-free interval or survival times (P > .05). Cats with complete excisions had significantly longer median tumor-free interval (> 16 versus 4 months) and survival time (> 16 versus 9 months) than those with incomplete excisions (P = .008). Radiation therapy did not seem to extend tumor-free interval and survival times (P = .013). However, most group 3 cats had incomplete surgical excisions, resulting in recurrent or progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS Complete surgical excision of FSA in cats is possible and can be curative. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Aggressive surgical excision with wide margins appears to contribute to extended tumor-free interval and survival times in cats with soft tissue FSA. Controlled prospective studies are needed to determine the efficacy of RTH in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Davidson
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616-8745, USA
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Rudmann DG, Van Alstine WG, Doddy F, Sandusky GE, Barkdull T, Janovitz EB. Pulmonary and mediastinal metastases of a vaccination-site sarcoma in a cat. Vet Pathol 1996; 33:466-9. [PMID: 8817854 DOI: 10.1177/030098589603300422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas at vaccination sites in cats were first reported in 1992. Recent retrospective studies have confirmed an association between these vaccination-site sarcomas (VSS) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and/ or rabies vaccines. In most cases, VSS are locally invasive fibrosarcomas that tend to recur but rarely metastasize. We report the mediastinal and pulmonary metastases of a VSS in a FeLV-and feline immunodeficiency virus-negative, 8-year-old, domestic short-haired cat. The primary sarcoma was removed from an interscapular vaccination site and diagnosed as a VSS 3 months prior to radiographic lesions suggestive of pulmonary and mediastinal metastases. At necropsy, there were multiple pulmonary and mediastinal nodules that histologically and ultrastructurally were fibrosarcomas, cytomorphologically similar to the VSS. In addition, immunohistochemical staining patterns of the VSS and metastatic sites were consistent with that described for VSS. Recent reports of pulmonary and mediastinal metastases of interscapular VSS emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Rudmann
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Doddy FD, Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Janovitz EB. Feline fibrosarcomas at vaccination sites and non-vaccination sites. J Comp Pathol 1996; 114:165-74. [PMID: 8920216 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(96)80005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective study of 195 feline sarcomas diagnosed histologically between July 1988 and June 1994 showed that 170 (87.2%) were fibrosarcomas. Cats with vaccination site (VS) fibrosarcomas were younger (8.6 +/- 3.9 years; median = 8 years) than cats with non-vaccination site (NVS) fibrosarcomas (10.2 +/- 4.7 years; median = 11 years) (P = 0.03), but there was no such association with breed, sex, or "neuter status". Microscopical features more characteristic of VS fibrosarcomas than of NVS fibrosarcomas were (1) subcutaneous location (P < 0.001), (2) necrosis (P < 0.001), (3) inflammatory cell infiltration (P < 0.001), (4) increased mitotic activity (P < 0.02), (5) pleomorphism (P < 0.001), and (6) variability in the density of the extracellular matrix (P < 0.001). When these data were fitted to a logistic regression model, younger age (P = 0.003), subcutaneous location of the fibrosarcoma (P = 0.0002), and the presence of inflammation (P = 0.017) were more characteristic of VS fibrosarcomas than of NVS fibrosarcomas. The study showed that in the absence of any vaccination history, the age of a cat, coupled with certain histological characteristics (e.g., tumour location in skin, and inflammation), may help in distinguishing VS fibrosarcomas from NVS fibrosarcomas. The characteristic histological features of VS fibrosarcomas, such as necrosis, increased mitotic activity and pleomorphism, are those of aggressive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Doddy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Macy DW, Hendrick MJ. The potential role of inflammation in the development of postvaccinal sarcomas in cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996; 26:103-9. [PMID: 8825569 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence shows a strong association between the administration of inactivated feline vaccines (feline leukemia virus and rabies) and subsequent soft tissue sarcoma development at vaccine sites. Although more research is needed to understand the complete pathogenesis of vaccine-induced tumors in cats, good evidence exists that inflammation plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Macy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State College, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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