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Mathew JKK, Gaikwad P, Pandian RMK, Rebekah G, Rabi S. Relation of Langerhans cell size to buccal carcinoma. Biotech Histochem 2024; 99:84-91. [PMID: 38293759 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2024.2305499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer decreases quality of life despite timely medical management. The carcinogens in tobacco products and their role in tumorigenesis are well documented. Langerhans cells (LCs) are a subset of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that monitor the tumor microenvironment and engulf carcinogens and foreign bodies. We investigated the distribution and size of LCs and their relation to the mode of tobacco consumption and clinical outcome in patients with buccal carcinoma. We recruited patients with oral cancer who were scheduled for tumor excision and men with urethral stricture undergoing substitution urethroplasty using buccal mucosa. Normal and tumor-adjacent tissues were stained with CD1a antibody. The distribution and mean diameter of 100 LCs/patient were determined. We found significantly smaller LCs in patients who chewed only tobacco compared to those who consumed tobacco by other means. The size of LCs decreased significantly with progressive stages of malignant disease. We found that patients with larger LCs survived longer than those with smaller LCs during an average follow-up of 24 months. We suggest a relation between the size of LCs and clinical outcomes in patients with buccal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pranay Gaikwad
- Department of General Surgery Unit I, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Grace Rebekah
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Suganthy Rabi
- Department of Anatomy, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Shafi S, Anjum R, Kaur M, Khajuria N. Langerhans cell expression in oral submucous fibrosis: An immunohistochemical analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2023; 27:668-673. [PMID: 38304517 PMCID: PMC10829435 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_95_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Langerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic cells (DCs) of the epithelium which play a role in an array of oral lesions from gingivitis to oral cancer. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), a potentially malignant disorder (PMD), is an insidious chronic disease with juxta-epithelial inflammatory changes leading to fibrosis. LCs may play a part in the ongoing inflammatory dysregulation of OSMF. Objective The study was aimed at elucidating the distribution of LCs in varying grades of OSMF. Materials and Methods A retrospective study using 18 cases of OSMF, graded using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained section. Immunohistochemistry was performed using polyclonal anti-CD1a antibodies to identify LCs in six cases of normal tissue and 18 samples of OSMF. The distribution of LCs among the various grades and normal mucosa analysed using Student's t-test. Results LC population in the OSMF was significantly higher when compared to the normal epithelium (p < 0.001). Within the grades, the advanced stage had more LCs than the other stages. Conclusion The increase in LCs might indicate the role of antigenic exposure in turn leading to cell-mediated immunity in OSMF. Thus, the fibrosis in OSMF might have a direct link to LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugufta Shafi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Dental College, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Rubeena Anjum
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Dental College, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Dental College, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Nidhi Khajuria
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Dental College, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Hanson SM, Singh S, Tabet A, Sastry KJ, Barry M, Wang C. Mucoadhesive wafers composed of binary polymer blends for sublingual delivery and preservation of protein vaccines. J Control Release 2021; 330:427-437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Chandavarkar V, Mishra MN, Sangeetha R, Premalatha BR. The Current Understanding on Langerhans' Cells and Its Role in Oral Lesions. Contemp Clin Dent 2020; 11:211-216. [PMID: 33776345 PMCID: PMC7989755 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Description of Langerhans' cells (LCs) as an important antigen-presenting cells responsible for detecting the antigens, recruiting T-cells, and thereby initiating the immune response. An adequate response of the mucosal immune system is essential to protect the mucosa against pathological conditions. Hence, a detailed review was planned about this unique antigen-presenting cell. METHODS A literature search of the electronic databases included the MEDLINE, EBSCOHOST, PUBMED, and hand searches of references retrieved were undertaken using the following MeSH terms "Langerhans cells," "LCs in Oral Lichen Planus," "Langerhans cell histiocytosis," "LCs and HIV," "LCs in Periodontitis." RESULTS LCs are present suprabasally in the epithelium of oral mucosa and in the epidermis of the skin. The role played by LCs though not fully elucidated, but several research studies indicate that these cells are involved in the pathogenesis of many oral diseases. In this article, the historical perspective, structure, function, origin, and phenotypic expressions of LCs are discussed in detail. The current understanding on the role of LCs in various oral lesions and its immunological characteristics are discussed. CONCLUSION LCs act as immune mediator cells, tumor cells, vectors of infected cells, and phagocytic cells. Further studies could bolster the knowledge about the role of Langerhans cells in the immune response of various oral diseases and thereby provide diagnostic tools and help for prognostic evaluation. This review illuminates the pivotal role of Langerhans cells and its immune surveillance as a "Sentinels" of the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyadevi Chandavarkar
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mithilesh N. Mishra
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R. Sangeetha
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B. R. Premalatha
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Kumar TA, Veeravarmal V, Nirmal RM, Amsaveni R, Nassar MHM, Kesavan G. Expression of Cluster of Differentiation 1a-Positive Langerhans Cells in Oral Lichen Planus. Indian J Dermatol 2019; 64:41-46. [PMID: 30745634 PMCID: PMC6340233 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_350_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose: Lichen planus is a T-cell-mediated mucocutaneous disorder characterized histopathologically by a band of chronic inflammatory cells in the subepithelial zone and degeneration of basal layer. The present study was aimed to evaluate the distribution and quantitative assessment of cluster of differentiation 1a (CD1a)-positive Langerhans cells (LCs) in oral lichen planus (OLP), thus to determine the role of LCs pertaining to the changes occurring in OLP. Materials and Methods: Five cases of normal oral mucosa and 20 cases of OLP were immunostained with CD1a antibody; the positive cells were counted manually in the photomicrographs and statistically analyzed using t-test, Mann–Whitney test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The average percentage of CD1a-positive LCs in normal subjects was 0.9%, and in the OLP cases higher percentage was observed (3.93%). The statistical comparison of these two parameters was significant (P=0.018). The degree of basal cell degeneration and density of subepithelial infiltrate on statistical comparison with the concentration of CD1a-positive LCs showed significant results. Conclusion: LCs play a pivotal role in the recruitment of CD4+ and CD8+ cells to the subepithelial region and basal keratinocytes apoptosis. A small number of study subjects, assessment of only CD1a molecule and LCs in the epidermis only were a few of the drawbacks of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thankanadar Arul Kumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veeran Veeravarmal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramdas Madhavan Nirmal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramamoorthy Amsaveni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohamed Hanifa Mohamed Nassar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesan Kesavan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yang JY, Zhang J, Zhou G. Black pepper and its bioactive constituent piperine: promising therapeutic strategies for oral lichen planus. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 27:5-13. [PMID: 30343451 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common T cell-mediated chronic inflammatory disease with malignant potential and unclear etiology. The present study suggests that antigen-specific mechanisms in which dentritic cells, T lymphocytes and NF-κB signaling pathway play critical roles, are involved in the pathogenesis of OLP. Additionally, it has been indicated that altered expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and imbalanced oxidant-antioxidant status as well as psychological issue may act as promoters to the development of OLP. Therapies for OLP are primarily aimed to control symptoms and a specific cure is not yet available. Black pepper and its principle bioactive compound piperine have been reported to possess remarkable pharmacological activities. Not only has piperine been evidenced to exhibit repressive effects on the maturation of dentritic cells, the proliferation, activation and function of T lymphocytes as well as the NF-κB signaling pathway, but also to suppress the overproduction of COX-2 and weaken the oxidative stress. Furthermore, piperine might be a possible agent for alleviating psychological disorders and preventing carcinogenesis. Given all these into consideration, piperine may be a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ya Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (HubeiMOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (HubeiMOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (HubeiMOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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Chang CH, Wu YC, Wu YH, Sun A, Kuo YS, Chiang CP. S100 protein-positive Langerhans cells in 80 dentigerous cysts. J Dent Sci 2017; 12:405-412. [PMID: 30895082 PMCID: PMC6395349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells. This study assessed the LC counts in 80 dentigerous cysts (DCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS The S100-positive LC numbers in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues were counted at 80 DC sites without inflammation, 33 DC sites with mild/moderate inflammation, and 9 DC sites with severe inflammation from 80 DC specimens. RESULTS The mean S100-positive LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues increased significantly from no inflammation (0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.7 ± 0.6 cell/high-power field or HPF, respectively) through mild/moderate inflammation (8.1 ± 2.0 and 4.5 ± 2.3 cells/HPF, respectively) to severe inflammation DC sites (21.0 ± 7.0 and 11.1 ± 6.5 cells/HPF, respectively; P-value < 0.001). DC sites with inflammation had thicker lining epithelia than those without inflammation. Moreover, the mean LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues of DCs were significantly higher in the thicker lining epithelium (>50 μm) group (8.6 ± 7.1 and 4.8 ± 4.5 cells/HPF, respectively) than in the thinner lining epithelium (≦50 μm) group (0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.6 ± 0.6 cells/HPF, respectively; both P-values < 0.001). CONCLUSION A significant association of high-grade inflammation and thick lining epithelium with the increased LC number in DCs is found. Very few LCs in the lining epithelia of DCs without inflammation indicate the reduced immunosurveillance ability against DC lining epithelial cells in DC patients. It needs further studies to confirm the role of reduced immunosurveillance in the enlargement of the DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Chang
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Che Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsueh Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Andy Sun
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shiung Kuo
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pin Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Chang CH, Wu YC, Wu YH, Sun A, Cheng SJ, Chen HM. Significant association of high-grade inflammation and thick lining epithelium with the increased number of Langerhans cells in dentigerous cysts. J Formos Med Assoc 2017; 116:837-843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Chang CH, Wu YC, Wu YH, Sun A, Chen HM, Lin HP. Langerhans cells in 60 odontogenic keratocysts. J Dent Sci 2017; 12:283-290. [PMID: 30895063 PMCID: PMC6399999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells. This study mainly evaluated the LC counts in 60 odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS The CD1a-positive LC numbers in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues were counted at 60 OKC sites without inflammation, 39 OKC sites with mild/moderate inflammation, and 13 OKC sites with severe inflammation from 60 OKC specimens. RESULTS The mean CD1a-positive LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues increased significantly from no inflammation (0.5 ± 0.4 and 0.2 ± 0.3 cell/high-power field or HPF, respectively) through mild/moderate inflammation (5.3 ± 2.5 and 2.5 ± 2.7 cells/HPF, respectively) to severe inflammation OKC sites (12.7 ± 5.6 and 9.3 ± 7.2 cells/HPF, respectively; all P-values < 0.001). OKC sites with inflammation had thicker lining epithelia than those without inflammation. Moreover, the mean CD1a-positive LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues of OKCs were significantly higher in the thicker lining epithelium (>100 μm) group (6.8 ± 5.1 and 3.7 ± 4.9 cells/HPF, respectively) than in the thinner lining epithelium (≦100 μm) group (1.0 ± 1.7 and 0.8 ± 2.5 cell/HPF, respectively; both P-values < 0.001). CONCLUSION There is a significant association of inflammation grade with the number of LCs in OKCs. The scarce LCs in the lining epithelia of OKCs without inflammation suggests the loss of immunosurveillance ability against the OKC lining epithelial cells; this can explain why OKCs have aggressive clinical behavior, a great growth potential, and a high recurrence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Chang
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Che Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsueh Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andy Sun
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Lin
- Department of Dentistry, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry and Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chang CH, Wu YC, Wu YH, Sun A, Cheng SJ, Chen HM. Significant association of inflammation grade with the number of Langerhans cells in odontogenic keratocysts. J Formos Med Assoc 2017; 116:798-805. [PMID: 28755796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells. This study assessed the LC counts in odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs). METHODS The LC numbers in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues were counted at 60 OKC sites without inflammation, 39 OKC sites with mild/moderate inflammation, and 13 OKC sites with severe inflammation from 60 OKC specimens immunostained with anti-S100 antibodies. RESULTS The mean LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues increased significantly from no inflammation (0.5 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.6 cell/high-power field or HPF, respectively) through mild/moderate inflammation (5.9 ± 2.7 and 5.0 ± 3.5 cells/HPF, respectively) to severe inflammation OKC sites (14.7 ± 5.3 and 13.3 ± 6.8 cells/HPF, respectively; all P-values < 0.001). OKC sites with inflammation had thicker lining epithelia than those without inflammation. Moreover, the mean LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues of OKCs were significantly higher in the thicker lining epithelium (>100 μm) group (7.7 ± 5.6 and 6.5 ± 5.8 cells/HPF, respectively) than in the thinner lining epithelium (≦ 100 μm) group (1.0 ± 2.0 and 1.4 ± 2.6 cells/HPF, respectively; both P-values < 0.001). CONCLUSION A significant association of inflammation grade with the number of LCs in OKCs is found. The paucity of finding LCs in the lining epithelia of OKCs without inflammation indicates the loss of immunosurveillance ability against the OKC lining epithelial cells; this can explain why OKCs have aggressive clinical behavior, a great growth potential, and a high recurrence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Chang
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Che Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsueh Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andy Sun
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kosten IJ, van de Ven R, Thon M, Gibbs S, de Gruijl TD. Comparative phenotypic and functional analysis of migratory dendritic cell subsets from human oral mucosa and skin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180333. [PMID: 28704477 PMCID: PMC5509153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen exposure to oral mucosa is generally thought to lead to immune tolerance induction. However, very little is known about the subset composition and function of dendritic cells (DC) migrating from human oral mucosa. Here we show that migratory DC from healthy human gingival explants consist of the same phenotypic subsets in the same frequency distribution as DC migrating from human skin. The gingival CD1a+ Langerhans cell and interstitial DC subsets lacked CXCR4 expression in contrast to their cutaneous counterparts, pointing to different migration mechanisms, consistent with previous observations in constructed skin and gingival equivalents. Remarkably, without any exogenous conditioning, gingival explants released higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than human skin explants, resulting in higher DC migration rates and a superior ability of migrated DC to prime allogeneic T cells and to induce type-1 effector T cell differentiation. From these observations we conclude that rather than an intrinsic ability to induce T cell tolerance, DC migrating from oral mucosa may have a propensity to induce effector T cell immunity and maintain a high state of alert against possible pathogenic intruders in the steady state. These findings may have implications for oral immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Thon
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Wang YP, Chen IC, Wu YH, Wu YC, Chen HM, Yu-Fong Chang J. Langerhans cell counts in oral epithelial dysplasia and their correlation to clinicopathological parameters. J Formos Med Assoc 2017; 116:457-463. [PMID: 28292622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen presenting cells. This study assessed the LC counts in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and their correlation to clinicopathological parameters. METHODS This study examined the LC counts in the epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues of 58 patients with OED (21 mild, 18 moderate, and 19 severe OED lesions) and 10 specimens of normal oral mucosa (NOM) by anti-S-100 protein immunostaining. RESULTS We found that the mean LC counts in the epithelia or subepithelial connective tissues increased significantly from NOM samples through mild and moderate OED to severe OED samples. In addition, a significant correlation was found between higher mean LC counts in the dysplastic epithelia of OED samples and OED lesions with thicker epithelial layers (p<0.001) or wider inflammatory zones (p<0.001), and between higher mean LC counts in the subepithelial connective tissues of OED samples and OED lesions with wider inflammatory zones (p<0.001). Moreover, the nine OED lesions with malignant transformation had a significantly lower mean LC count than the 49 OED lesions without malignant transformation. CONCLUSION The significant and gradual elevation in LC count from NOM through mild and moderate OED to severe OED lesions suggests an upregulation of immunosurveillance ability in OED patients during the early oral carcinogenesis process. A low LC count in OED lesions may suggest the partial loss of immunosurveillance ability against dysplastic cells; this in turn favors the malignant transformation of an OED lesion into oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsueh Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Che Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Julia Yu-Fong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Park JY, Chung H, Choi Y, Park JH. Phenotype and Tissue Residency of Lymphocytes in the Murine Oral Mucosa. Front Immunol 2017; 8:250. [PMID: 28337201 PMCID: PMC5340784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a critical barrier tissue that harbors a series of distinct immune cell subsets. Immune surveillance in the oral mucosa is important for both local and systemic immunity because the oral cavity is a heavily utilized route of pathogen entry and also serves as site of pathogen propagation. Nonetheless, composition and phenotype of the lymphocyte pool in the oral mucosa have remained poorly characterized. Utilizing a newly established protocol for mucosal immune cell isolation, here, we report that the oral mucosa features a unique cellular composition of immune cells, which differed not only from secondary lymphoid organs but also from mucosal tissues in the gut and lung. We observed profound accumulation of CD11b+Ly6Clo monocytes in the oral mucosa that were maintained independently of T- and B-lymphocytes. Unlike the gut mucosa, the oral mucosa neither contained CD8αα T cells nor was it enriched for CD103+CD69+ tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells. In fact, a major fraction of T cells circulated and trafficked through the mucosa as revealed by treatment with the S1P1 receptor antagonist, FTY720, a potent inhibitor of lymphocyte migration. Collectively, these results provide a comprehensive picture of immune cells in the oral mucosa as an active site of lymphocyte recruitment and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Hyunsoo Chung
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Sonis S, Andreotta PW, Lyng G. On the pathogenesis of mTOR inhibitor-associated stomatitis (mIAS)-studies using an organotypic model of the oral mucosa. Oral Dis 2017; 23:347-352. [PMID: 27896917 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE mTOR inhibitor treatment of solid cancers is associated with mTOR inhibitor-associated stomatitis (mIAS) a common, significant, dose-limiting toxicity, with aphthous-like lesions. Our objective was to assess the utility of a new organotypic model in defining mIAS' pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of everolimus on organotypic human oral mucosa was studied. Sterile specimens were assessed 24 and 48 h after exposure to varying concentrations of everolimus. Morphologic changes and measures of apoptosis, proliferation, and levels of six Th1 and Th2 cytokines were studied. RESULTS Following a 24-h incubation, concentrations of 500 ng ml-1 of everolimus resulted in histological changes consistent with epithelial injury, disorganization and pre- or early apoptosis, increased TUNEL-positive staining (P < 0.05) and reduced PCNA-positive staining cells (P < 0.001) and increased levels of IL-6 (P < 0.0001), IL-8 (P < 0.01), and IFN-γ (P < 0.09). CONCLUSIONS Everolimus elicited epithelial damage manifest by morphologic changes, increased apoptosis, and decreased proliferation with concurrent release of keratinocyte-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines in the absence of bacteria. The extent of the effect was concentration and time dependent. These results suggest that mIAS is likely initiated by direct epithelial injury, independent of the microbiome. Keratinocyte cytokine release could likely play a role in accelerating an inflammatory infiltrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sonis
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, MA, USA.,Division of Oral Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - G Lyng
- Biomodels, LLC, Watertown, MA, USA
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15
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Shakya AK, Chowdhury MYE, Tao W, Gill HS. Mucosal vaccine delivery: Current state and a pediatric perspective. J Control Release 2016; 240:394-413. [PMID: 26860287 PMCID: PMC5381653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most childhood infections occur via the mucosal surfaces, however, parenterally delivered vaccines are unable to induce protective immunity at these surfaces. In contrast, delivery of vaccines via the mucosal routes can allow antigens to interact with the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) to induce both mucosal and systemic immunity. The induced mucosal immunity can neutralize the pathogen on the mucosal surface before it can cause infection. In addition to reinforcing the defense at mucosal surfaces, mucosal vaccination is also expected to be needle-free, which can eliminate pain and the fear of vaccination. Thus, mucosal vaccination is highly appealing, especially for the pediatric population. However, vaccine delivery across mucosal surfaces is challenging because of the different barriers that naturally exist at the various mucosal surfaces to keep the pathogens out. There have been significant developments in delivery systems for mucosal vaccination. In this review we provide an introduction to the MALT, highlight barriers to vaccine delivery at different mucosal surfaces, discuss different approaches that have been investigated for vaccine delivery across mucosal surfaces, and conclude with an assessment of perspectives for mucosal vaccination in the context of the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenqian Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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16
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Hilly O, Strenov Y, Rath-Wolfson L, Hod R, Shkedy Y, Mizrachi A, Koren R, Shpitzer T. The predictive value of dendritic cells in early squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:1138-1143. [PMID: 27720281 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dendritic cell density in early squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue and patients' clinical outcome. METHODS Representative samples of low-risk SCC of the tongue (T1-2,N0,M0) from a homogeneous group of 18 patients following local complete excision and elective selective neck dissection, were immunostained with antibodies against S100 and CD1a. Dendritic cell density was analyzed by outcome. RESULTS Mean dendritic cell densities were 17 cells/HPF for tumoral S100 and CD1a counts, and 10 cells/HPF for peritumoral S100 and CD1a counts. Better disease-free survival was associated with low peritumoral S100- and CD1a- positive cell counts (p=0.006 and p=0.004, respectively), and with low tumoral S100- and CD1a- positive cell counts (p=0.037 and p=0.04, respectively). Lymphocytic response was decreased in tumors with high dendritic cell density (p=NS). There was no association of dendritic cell density with patient age, tumor size and depth of invasion. CONCLUSIONS These results may suggest an association between dendritic cell accumulation and functional immunologic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Hilly
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yulia Strenov
- Departments of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lea Rath-Wolfson
- Departments of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roy Hod
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yotam Shkedy
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aviram Mizrachi
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rumelia Koren
- Departments of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Thomas Shpitzer
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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17
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Coronel R, Jesus DM, Dalle Ore L, Mymryk JS, Hertel L. Activation of Langerhans-Type Dendritic Cells Alters Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Reactivation in a Stimulus-Dependent Manner. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1445. [PMID: 27683575 PMCID: PMC5021960 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucosal Langerhans cells (LC) are likely to play important roles in host defense against infection by human cytomegalovirus (CMV). We previously showed that in vitro-differentiated immature LC (iLC) populations contain smaller amounts of infected cells but produce higher yields than mature LC (mLC) cultures, obtained by iLC stimulation with fetal bovine serum (FBS), CD40 ligand (CD40L) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we sought to determine if exposure to select stimuli can improve LC permissiveness to infection, if specific components of the mLC cocktail are responsible for lowering viral yields, if this is due to defects in progeny production or release, and if these restrictions are also effective against reactivated virus. None of the stimuli tested extended the proportion of infected cells to 100%, suggesting that the block to infection onset cannot be fully removed. While CD40L and FBS exerted positive effects on viral progeny production per cell, stimulation with LPS alone or in combination with CD40L was detrimental. Reductions in viral titers were not due to defects in progeny release, and the permissive or restrictive intracellular environment established upon exposure to each stimulus appeared to act in a somewhat similar way toward lytic and latent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Coronel
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Desyree M Jesus
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Lucia Dalle Ore
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario London, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Hertel
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute Oakland, CA, USA
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18
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Kindt N, Descamps G, Seminerio I, Bellier J, Lechien JR, Pottier C, Larsimont D, Journé F, Delvenne P, Saussez S. Langerhans cell number is a strong and independent prognostic factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2016; 62:1-10. [PMID: 27865360 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) exhibit great biological heterogeneity and relatively poor prognosis. Tobacco and alcohol consumption is involved in the cause of the majority of these cancers, but over the last several years, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection has increased specifically in oropharyngeal cancers and become an additional risk factor. Here, we evaluated the number of Langerhans cells (LCs) in HNSCC and reporting its prognostic power in comparison to other risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our clinical series was composed of 25 tumor-free peritumoral epithelium, 64 low-grade dysplasia, 54 high-grade dysplasia and 125 carcinoma samples. HPV was detected by E6/E7 qPCR and p16 immunohistochemistry. CD1a-positive LCs were counted in intra-tumoral and stromal compartments as well as lymph nodes. MIP-3α was assessed in carcinomas using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Univariate Cox regression analyses demonstrated that high LC number is associated with longer recurrence-free survival in both intra-tumoral and stromal compartments and longer overall survival in stromal compartment. Tobacco and alcohol habits, but not HPV status, are also correlated with poor prognoses in terms of recurrence. Multivariate analyses reported stromal LC number as a strong prognostic factor independent of tobacco, alcohol and HPV status. Moreover, LC number is higher in tumors and invaded lymph nodes than dysplastic lesions but it decreases in HPV-positive cancer patients. Further, LC number correlates with MIP-3α expression. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that LC number is a significant and independent prognostic factor for HNSCC. LC infiltration is increased in cancer lesions but decrease with HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Kindt
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Descamps
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Imelda Seminerio
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Justine Bellier
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme R Lechien
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Charles Pottier
- Department of Pathology, C.H.U. - SART TILMAN, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Denis Larsimont
- Department of Anatomopathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journé
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium; Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Department of Pathology, C.H.U. - SART TILMAN, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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19
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Kulkarni G, Sakki EP, Kumar YV, Kolimi S, Perika R, Karthik KV, Kumar KM, Kalyan VS. Expression of CD1a by Langerhan's Cells in Oral Lichen Planus - A Retrospective Analysis. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC28-31. [PMID: 27504405 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/19189.7966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Langerhan's Cells (LCs) are dendritic cells of the oral epithelium which play a role in a series of oral lesions from gingivitis to oral cancer. Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is an oral mucosal T-lymphocyte mediated immunologic reaction to an unidentified putative antigen or allergen. AIM The aim of this study was to quantify the presence of immature LCs in OLP comparing them with normal epithelium. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study using 30 of OLP cases were conducted. Immunohistochemistry was performed using polyclonal anti-CD1a antibodies to identify LCs in 10 cases of normal tissue and 30 samples of OLP. The distribution of LCs among lesional tissue and normal mucosa was analysed using Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS LC population in OLP was significantly higher when compared to the normal epithelium (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The increase in LCs indicates the active role played during the antigen detection in OLP and subsequent presentation to T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kulkarni
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences , Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Esther Priyadarshini Sakki
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Meghana Institute of Dental sciences , Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| | - Yennavaram Vijay Kumar
- Associate Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, MNR Dental College and Hospital , Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Sadananda Kolimi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute , VIMS, Bellary, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Perika
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Dental Sciences , Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kalepu Venkata Karthik
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences , Mahbubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Kandukuri Mahesh Kumar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences , Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Venumbaka Siva Kalyan
- Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Mamatha Dental College , Khammam, Telangana, India
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20
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Rani SV, Aravindha B, Leena S, Balachander N, Malathi LK, Masthan MK. Role of abnormal Langerhans cells in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A pilot study. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2015; 6:S128-33. [PMID: 26604600 PMCID: PMC4630744 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.166120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), although initiated by tobacco carcinogens, their progression is due to inability of Langerhans cells (LCs) to detect these abnormal cells and promote lymphocytes to destroy these cells. We assessed and quantified the tumor associated LCs and inflammation in OED and OSCC to understand their role. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-five microscopic sections were assessed (27 OED and 28 OSCC). The LCs were detected using S-100 immunohistochemical marker. The number of tumor associated LCs were counted. The presence of abnormal appearing large cells and its relation to histopathologic grade and inflammation was assessed. RESULTS Significant increase in the LC count was observed in OSCC when compared to dysplasia. Large, abnormal appearing cells were observed in dysplasia and carcinomas however, these were more pronounced in moderate dysplasia and poorly-differentiated carcinomas. The presence of these abnormal appearing cells was associated with decrease in lymphocytic infiltrate. CONCLUSION The present study indicates more LC are recruited into the carcinoma. These accumulated nonfunctional LC in the tumor tissue are indicative of aggressive tumor with potential malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamsundar Vidya Rani
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Babu Aravindha
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sankari Leena
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nandagopal Balachander
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Letchumana Kumar Malathi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahaboob Kadar Masthan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Matsui K, Mori A, Ikeda R. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells stimulated with an adjuvant direct the development of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 182:101-7. [PMID: 26084192 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that Langerhans cells (LCs) work as the primary orchestrators in the polarization of immune responses towards a T helper type 1 (Th1) or Th2 milieu. In this study, we attempted to generate LCs from murine bone marrow cells and elicit a Th1- or Th2-prone immune response through the LCs after stimulation with Th1 or Th2 adjuvant. LCs were generated from murine bone marrow cells using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and were obtained as I-A(d) positive cells. Mice were primed with Th1/Th2 adjuvant- and ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsed LCs and then given a booster injection of OVA 2 days later via the hind footpad. Five days after the OVA injection, the cytokine response in the draining popliteal lymph nodes was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The generated LCs expressed typical LC surface markers, E-cadherin and Langerin, and were classified accordingly as LC-like dendritic cells (LDCs). Administration of Th1 adjuvant, cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG)-DNA- and OVA-pulsed LDCs into the hind footpads of mice induced a Th1-prone immune response, as represented by up-regulation of IFN-γ production and down-regulation of IL-4 production in the lymph node cells. Conversely, Th2 adjuvant, histamine-pulsed LDCs induced a Th2-prone immune response, as represented by up-regulation of IL-4 production and down-regulation of IFN-γ production. These results suggest that LDCs may be used as a substitute for LCs and have the ability to induce the development of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo. Our experimental system would therefore be useful for screening of inhibitors of Th1/Th2 differentiation in order to control allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsui
- Department of Microbial Science and Host Defense, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Mori
- Department of Microbial Science and Host Defense, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Ikeda
- Department of Microbial Science and Host Defense, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Trindade R, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Current Concepts for the Biological Basis of Dental Implants. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2015; 27:175-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Dynamics of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in CD34+ Hematopoietic Cells and Derived Langerhans-Type Dendritic Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:5615-32. [PMID: 25762731 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00305-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acquisition of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) usually occurs by contact between contaminated bodily fluids, such as urine and saliva, and host mucosal cells. Langerhans-type dendritic cells (LC) are the only type of immune cells found in the outermost layers of the oral mucosae, where they not only provide a first line of defense against CMV but can easily be targeted by orally administered vaccines, while their bone marrow resident progenitors are important sites of virus latency. In this work, we tracked the progress of infection in CD34(+) progenitor cells, immature LC (iLC), and mature LC (mLC) exposed to the clinical-like strain TB40-BAC4 or to the vaccine strain AD169varATCC, prior to their long-term maintenance under either immature or mature conditions. We show that the genomes of both strains are efficiently maintained in CD34(+) cells during their differentiation into iLC, although this requires the presence of larger amounts of input AD169varATCC DNA. Lipopolysaccharide- and CD40 ligand-induced maturation of iLC derived from latently infected progenitors was not associated with robust viral genome replication and progeny production, while maturation of directly infected iLC increased and prolonged expression of the viral immediate early proteins. While effective replication of viral genomes from both strains occurred only in mLC, both iLC and mLC produced viral progeny, suggesting that both types of LC may contribute to CMV horizontal transmission in vivo. IMPORTANCE Human CMV is usually acquired via the oral and nasal mucosae. Langerhans-type dendritic cells (LC) are the only type of immune cells found in the outermost layers of these tissues. Understanding how CMV interacts with LC and their hematopoietic progenitors is thus essential to develop innovative means of defense against this virus. Here we show that the genomes of a virulent and an attenuated strain of CMV are maintained in hematopoietic progenitor cells during their differentiation into immature LC and that maturation of these cells by exposure to lipopolysaccharide and CD40 ligand is not sufficient to trigger virus reactivation. While the extents of viral protein expression and genome replication were broadest in directly infected mature LC populations, similar amounts of viral progeny were detected in the supernatants of immature and mature LC, suggesting that these immune cells of the oral mucosa are likely to be important for CMV transmission within the human population.
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Wu RQ, Zhang DF, Tu E, Chen QM, Chen W. The mucosal immune system in the oral cavity-an orchestra of T cell diversity. Int J Oral Sci 2014; 6:125-32. [PMID: 25105816 PMCID: PMC4170154 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2014.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system defends against a vast array of pathogens, yet it exhibits limited responses to commensal microorganisms under healthy conditions. The oral-pharyngeal cavity, the gateway for both the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is composed of complex anatomical structures and is constantly challenged by antigens from air and food. The mucosal immune system of the oral-pharyngeal cavity must prevent pathogen entry while maintaining immune homeostasis, which is achieved via a range of mechanisms that are similar or different to those utilized by the gastrointestinal immune system. In this review, we summarize the features of the mucosal immune system, focusing on T cell subsets and their functions. We also discuss our current understanding of the oral-pharyngeal mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qing Wu
- 1] Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA [2] State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dun-Fang Zhang
- 1] Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA [2] State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Eric Tu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Qian-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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25
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Hertel L. Human cytomegalovirus tropism for mucosal myeloid dendritic cells. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:379-95. [PMID: 24888709 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human CMV infections are a serious source of morbidity and mortality for immunocompromised patients and for the developing fetus. Because of this, the development of new strategies to prevent CMV acquisition and transmission is a top priority. Myeloid dendritic cells (DC) residing in the oral and nasal mucosae are among the first immune cells to encounter CMV during entry and greatly contribute to virus dissemination, reactivation from latency, and horizontal spread. Albeit affected by the immunoevasive tactics of CMV, mucosal DC remain potent inducers of cellular and humoral immune responses against this virus. Their natural functions could thus be exploited to generate long-lasting protective immunity against CMV by vaccination via the oronasal mucosae. Although related, epithelial Langerhans-type DC and dermal monocyte-derived DC interact with CMV in dramatically different ways. Whereas immature monocyte-derived DC are fully permissive to infection, for instance, immature Langerhans-type DC are completely resistant. Understanding these differences is essential to design innovative vaccines and new antiviral compounds to protect these cells from CMV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hertel
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
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Liquid crystalline epoxy nanocomposite material for dental application. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 114:46-51. [PMID: 24594060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Novel liquid crystalline epoxy nanocomposites, which exhibit reduced polymerization shrinkage and effectively bond to tooth structures, can be applied in esthetic dentistry, including core and post systems, direct and indirect restorations, and dental brackets. The purposes of this study were to investigate the properties of liquid crystalline epoxy nanocomposites including biocompatibility, microhardness, and frictional forces of bracket-like blocks with different filler contents for further clinical applications. METHODS In this study, we evaluated liquid crystalline epoxy nanocomposite materials that exhibited various filler contents, by assessing their cell activity performance using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and their microhardness with or without thermocycling. We also evaluated the frictional force between bracket-like duplicates and commercially available esthetic bracket systems using Instron 5566. RESULTS The liquid crystalline epoxy nanocomposite materials showed good biocompatibility. The materials having high filler content demonstrated greater microhardness compared with commercially available bracket materials, before and after the thermocycling treatment. Thus, manufacturing processes are important to reduce frictional force experienced by orthodontic brackets. CONCLUSION The microhardness of the bracket-like blocks made by our new material is superior to the commercially available brackets, even after thermocycling. Our results indicate that the evaluated liquid crystalline epoxy nanocomposite materials are of an appropriate quality for application in dental core and post systems and in various restorations. By applying technology to refine manufacturing processes, these new materials could also be used to fabricate esthetic brackets for orthodontic treatment.
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Upadhyay J, Upadhyay RB, Agrawal P, Jaitley S, Shekhar R. Langerhans cells and their role in oral mucosal diseases. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:505-14. [PMID: 24251267 PMCID: PMC3818822 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.118923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are arguably the most potent antigen-presenting cells and may be the only cells capable of initiating the adaptive immune response. The epithelial residents of dendritic cells are Langerhans cells, which serve as the "sentinels" of the mucosa, altering the immune system not only to pathogen entry but also of tolerance to self antigen and commensal microbes. Oral mucosal Langerhans cells are capable of engaging and internalizing a wide variety of pathogens and have been found responsive to nickel in patients with nickel allergies, oral Candida species, oral lichen planus, lichenoid drug eruptions, graft versus host diseases, periodontal diseases median rhomboid glossitis, human immunodeficiency virus infection, hairy leukoplakia of the tongue, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Review focuses on the role of antigen-presenting cells in particular Langerhans cells to better understand the mechanisms underlying immune responses. In this review, comprehensive detail about mucosal diseases has been compiled using the PubMed database and through textbooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Upadhyay
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, India
| | - Ram B Upadhyay
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, India
| | - Pankaj Agrawal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, India
| | - Shweta Jaitley
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, India
| | - Rhitu Shekhar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Langerhans cells in the human tympanic membrane in health and disease: a morphometric analysis. Otol Neurotol 2013; 34:325-30. [PMID: 22996164 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0b013e31826dbce5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The normal tympanic membrane contains Langerhans dendritic cells, and they play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic suppurative otitis media. BACKGROUND The presence of Langerhans dendritic cells in the normal tympanic membrane is disputed. However, they have been identified in tympanic membranes of patients with otitis media. A quantitative analysis of the distribution and morphology of these cells in the types of chronic suppurative otitis media has not been undertaken. METHODS Samples of normal cadaveric tympanic membranes and those from patients with chronic suppurative otitis media of the tubotympanic and atticoantral varieties were stained with the immunohistochemical marker CD1a. The number of cells per unit length of basement membrane, diameters of cells, and number and length of dendritic processes were compared between the groups. RESULTS CD1a-positive Langerhans dendritic cells were present in the normal tympanic membrane. The number of cells per unit length of basement membrane, diameters of cells, and the length of dendritic processes increased significantly in tubotympanic disease and in atticoantral disease, the difference being more pronounced in the latter form of otitis media. CONCLUSION Langerhans cells are present in the normal tympanic membrane, and they probably play differing roles in the pathogenesis of tubotympanic and atticoantral forms of chronic suppurative otitis media.
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Varilla V, Atienza J, Dasanu CA. Immune alterations and immunotherapy prospects in head and neck cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 13:1241-56. [PMID: 23789839 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.810716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several literature sources have suggested that subjects with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) display significant abnormalities of immunocompetent cells and cytokine secretion. Serious side effects and only a limited success with traditional therapies in HNSCC dictate the need for newer therapies. AREAS COVERED This article comprehensively reviews the immune system alterations in HNSCC and the rationale behind various experimental immunotherapies, aiming at keeping this disease under control. Relevant publications were identified through the PubMed database search. The ongoing clinical trials regarding experimental immunotherapy agents in HNSCC were accessed at www.clinicaltrials.gov . The obtained information was thoroughly analyzed and systematized. EXPERT OPINION Important and severe immune defects including T-cell dysfunction, cytokine alterations and antigen presentation defects are present in patients with HNSCC. In addition, tumor microenvironment was shown to play a critical role in the HNSCC progression. These discoveries have triggered a growing interest in immunotherapy as a potential treatment strategy for HNSCC. Effective immunotherapy could avoid the toxic side effects plaguing the current management of HNSCC. It is also hoped that immunotherapy will have long-lasting effects due to induction of immunologic memory. Promising directions include nonspecific immune stimulation, targeting specific HNSCC tumor antigens and therapeutic vaccines among others. These new agents may expand the existing therapy options for HNSCC in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Varilla
- University of Connecticut Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
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Payeras MR, Cherubini K, Figueiredo MA, Salum FG. Oral lichen planus: focus on etiopathogenesis. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1057-69. [PMID: 23660124 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lichen planus is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disease, which frequently affects the oral mucosa of white females over 40 years old. Its aetiology remains uncertain and the pathogenesis is still the object of much speculation. The present paper presents the most well known antigens, and describes the action of different cells and proteins associated with the development of that disease, as well as the possible agents involved with its malignant transformation. Different external agents, especially virus, and internal agents, like stress, and the heat shock protein antigen expression, associated or not, can alter the basal keratinocytes of the oral mucosa making them susceptible to apoptosis by CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell as well as activate matrix metalloproteinase and mast cell degranulation, which produce a great range of inflammatory mediators and cytokines determining the clinical onset of the disease. Regarding carcinogenesis, since it is a complex process and presents multifactorial origin, it is believed that there may be a synergism between intrinsic, such as inflammation mediators, and extrinsic agents (tobacco, alcohol, viral infections) for the OLP malignant transformation to occur. However, further studies are needed to better understand the origin, pathogenesis and process of malignant transformation of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Rodrigues Payeras
- Oral Medicine Division, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sol, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Stelin S, Ramakrishan H, Talwar A, Arun KV, Kumar TSS. Immunohistological analysis of CD1a langerhans cells and CD57 natural killer cells in healthy and diseased human gingival tissue: A comparative study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011; 13:150-4. [PMID: 20379413 PMCID: PMC2848786 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.60228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cell interaction between dendritic cells (DC) and natural killer (NK) cells in the periodontal milieu is not yet fully known, although these cells are individually known to contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Fifty subjects (25 males and 25 females) were included in the study. The subjects were divided into three groups: Group A comprised 16 subjects with clinically healthy gingiva; group B 17 subjects with gingivitis; and group C 17 subjects with gingivitis; and group C 17 subjects with moderate periodontitis (PPD ≥ 5 mm and CAL ≥ 3 mm in at least six sites). Gingival samples were collected and immunohistochemical study was done using CD57 and CD1a antibody. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison for CD1a and Tukey's highly significant difference (HSD) test for CD57. Results and Conclusion: The study showed an inverse relationship between the CD1a+ (langerhans) cells and CD57+ (natural killer) cells. There was a significant increase in CD57+ cells and reduction in CD1a levels as periodontal disease progressed. The significant reduction in CD1a levels in periodontal disease when compared to health could possibly be a result of NK cells down regulating it. Reduction in CD1a levels may result in a low inflammatory response subsequently resulting in tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahaya Stelin
- Department of Periodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Uthandi, Chennai, India
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Immune suppression in head and neck cancers: a review. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2010:701657. [PMID: 21437225 PMCID: PMC3061296 DOI: 10.1155/2010/701657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are the sixth most common cancer in the world. Despite significant advances in the treatment modalities involving surgery, radiotherapy, and concomitant chemoradiotherapy, the 5-year survival rate remained below 50% for the past 30 years. The worse prognosis of these cancers must certainly be link to the fact that HNSCCs strongly influence the host immune system. We present a critical review of our understanding of the HNSCC escape to the antitumor immune response such as a downregulation of HLA class I and/or components of APM. Antitumor responses of HNSCC patients are compromised in the presence of functional defects or apoptosis of T-cells, both circulating and tumor-infiltrating. Langerhans cells are increased in the first steps of the carcinogenesis but decreased in invasive carcinomas. The accumulation of macrophages in the peritumoral areas seems to play a protumoral role by secreting VEGF and stimulating the neoangiogenesis.
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Arzi B, Murphy B, Baumgarth N, Vapniarsky N, Nemec A, Naydan DK, Cox DP, Verstraete FJM. Analysis of Immune Cells within the Healthy Oral Mucosa of Specific Pathogen-Free Cats. Anat Histol Embryol 2010; 40:1-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Needle-Free Delivery of Powdered Protein Vaccines: A New and Rapidly Developing Technique. J Pharm Innov 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-008-9039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ortega KL, Rezende NPM, Araújo NS, Magalhães MHCG. Effect of a topical antimicrobial paste on healing after extraction of molars in HIV positive patients: Randomised controlled clinical trial. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 45:27-9. [PMID: 16483699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy of a medicated dressing in the socket on the healing after dental extractions in HIV positive patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty HIV positive patients with CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm(3) who were to have molar teeth extracted were randomly allocated to have the socket dressed with a medicated paste (Rifocort) with camphorated parachlorophenol and iodoform) and sutured (treated group), or merely sutured (control group). RESULTS The sockets in the treated group healed more quickly than in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Ortega
- Special Care Dentistry Center School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
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Negishi A, Mogi K, Yamaguchi T. Histopathological Study on the Distribution of Langerhans Cells in Oral Mucosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2974/kmj.57.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bodineau A, Coulomb B, Folliguet M, Igondjo-Tchen S, Godeau G, Brousse N, Séguier S. Do Langerhans cells behave similarly in elderly and younger patients with chronic periodontitis? Arch Oral Biol 2006; 52:189-94. [PMID: 17116293 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the number, the distribution and the expression of markers of maturation of Langerhans cells (LC) in elderly and younger patients with chronic periodontitis in order to evidence the effect of aging on LC in inflammatory gingival tissue. METHODS Gingival tissue specimens presenting chronic periodontitis from 8 elderly patients aged >75 (group E) and from 8 younger patients aged 50-60 (considered as controls, group C) were used for immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies against CD45RB (leucocytes), CD1a (LC), markers of LC maturation (DC-LAMP, CD83) and number of immunolabelled cell subsets was evaluated using image analysis. RESULTS The difference in the number of CD45RB+ leucocytes in the upper connective tissue between groups was not significant. In group E, the number of CD1a+ LC was significantly decreased (P<0.002) in the epithelium and significantly increased (P<0.0004) in the upper connective tissue. Furthermore, in group E, intraepithelial CD1a+ LC are more often observed in the upper epithelium and their dendritic processes were shorter and less numerous. Concerning the expression of markers of maturation, the numbers of intraepithelial DC-LAMP+ cells and CD83+ cells were significantly increased (P<0.0007 and P<0.02, respectively) in group E. CONCLUSION During chronic periodontitis in elderly patients, the decrease in the number of intraepithelial LC and the alteration of dendritic processes could be balanced by a cellular distribution often observed in the upper epithelium associated with changes in cell maturation in response to bacterial elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Bodineau
- Laboratoire sur la Réparation et les Remodelages Oro-Faciaux (EA2496), Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université René Descartes - Paris 5, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
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Bodineau A, Godeau G, Brousse N, Pellat B, Folliguet M, Séguier S. Langerhans cells express matrix metalloproteinases 9 and 2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 in healthy human gingival tissue and in periodontitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 21:197-200. [PMID: 16626378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As antigen-presenting cells, Langerhans cells may play an important role in the initiation and maintenance of periodontal disease. This study is the first report that extends our knowledge of the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their endogenous tissue inhibitors by Langerhans cells in healthy and diseased gingival tissues. METHODS Single and double immunolabeling procedures were carried out using monoclonal antibodies against CD1a, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2, and analyzed by conventional and confocal microscopes. RESULTS Langerhans cells expressed matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2 in healthy and diseased gingival tissues. The tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-positive Langerhans cells were mainly observed in the upper epithelial layers. Matrix metalloproteinase 9-positive Langerhans cells were observed especially during periodontitis and in the basal epithelial layer or crossing the basement membrane. CONCLUSION During periodontal disease, changes in the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors by gingival Langerhans cells could be implicated in the migration of the cells towards the connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bodineau
- Faculty of Dental Surgery (EA 2496), University René Descartes-Paris 5, Montrouge, France
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de Repentigny L, Lewandowski D, Jolicoeur P. Immunopathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:729-59, table of contents. [PMID: 15489345 PMCID: PMC523562 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.729-759.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases remain significant causes of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, despite the dramatic ability of antiretroviral therapy to reconstitute immunity. Notable advances have been achieved in understanding, at the molecular level, the relationships between the progression of HIV infection, the acquisition, maintenance, and clonality of oral candidal populations, and the emergence of antifungal resistance. However, the critical immunological defects which are responsible for the onset and maintenance of mucosal candidiasis in patients with HIV infection have not been elucidated. The devastating impact of HIV infection on mucosal Langerhans' cell and CD4(+) cell populations is most probably central to the pathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. However, these defects may be partly compensated by preserved host defense mechanisms (calprotectin, keratinocytes, CD8(+) T cells, and phagocytes) which, individually or together, may limit Candida albicans proliferation to the superficial mucosa. The availability of CD4C/HIV transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 in immune cells has provided the opportunity to devise a novel model of mucosal candidiasis that closely mimics the clinical and pathological features of candidal infection in human HIV infection. These transgenic mice allow, for the first time, a precise cause-and-effect analysis of the immunopathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV infection under controlled conditions in a small laboratory animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis de Repentigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Lamarque S, Pellen-Mussi P, Rougier N, Le Lan J, Chesne C, Bonnaure-Mallet M. Gingival organotypic culture and langerhans cells: a tool for immunotoxicologic experiments. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004; 68:257-63. [PMID: 14704967 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic cells localized in epidermis and mucosal tissues, where they are responsible for triggering the immune response. To study LCs in the oral epithelium, organotypic cultures were prepared using gingival explants. Immunochemical techniques using anti-CD1a, anti-HLA-DR, and anti-Langerin antibodies were used to detect and quantify LCs at various times. Observations were made by light and confocal microscopy. Quantification studies showed that there is a statistically significant drop in LC numbers in the epithelial tissue after 96 h of incubation. Gingival organotypic cultures thus are a good model for studying the migration of LCs and their involvement in contact hypersensitivity and periodontal diseases. The model offers potential utility as a tool for the study of periodontal tissue in the presence of different stimuli and for conducting immunotoxicologic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Lamarque
- Equipe de Biologie Buccale UPRES-EA 1256, Université de Rennes I, 2 place Pasteur, 35000 Rennes, France
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Dean HJ, Fuller D, Osorio JE. Powder and particle-mediated approaches for delivery of DNA and protein vaccines into the epidermis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:373-88. [PMID: 12818623 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(03)00021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis of the skin is both a sensitive immune organ and a practical target site for vaccine administration. However, administration of vaccines into the epidermis is difficult to achieve using conventional vaccine delivery methods employing a needle and syringe. A needle-free vaccine delivery system has been developed that efficiently delivers powdered or particulate DNA and protein vaccines into the epidermal tissue. The delivery system can be used to directly transfect antigen presenting cells (APCs) by formulating DNA or protein vaccines onto gold particles (particle-mediated immunization). Antigen can be directly presented to the immune system by the transfected APCs. Antigen can also be expressed and secreted by transfected keratinocytes and picked up by resident APCs through the exogenous antigen presentation pathway. Alternatively, protein antigens can be formulated into a powder and delivered into the extracellular environment where they are picked up by APCs (epidermal powder immunization). Using any of these formulations, epidermal immunization offers the advantage of efficiently delivering vaccines into the APC-rich epidermis. Recent studies demonstrate that epidermal vaccine delivery induces humoral, cellular, and protective immune responses against infectious diseases in both laboratory animals and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansi J Dean
- PowderJect Vaccines Inc., 585 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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Stasulis CA, Hand AR. Immunohistochemical identification of antigen presenting cells in rat salivary glands. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48:691-9. [PMID: 12971946 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(03)00133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal dendritic cells affect immune responses through secretion of cytokines and exposure of naïve B- and T-lymphocytes to foreign matter as antigen presenting cells (APCs). APC in oral tissues may play a role in the development of local and secretory immune responses [Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 7 (1996) 36]. Previous studies have shown that APC are present in the interstitial tissues of rat salivary glands [Arch. Oral Biol. 40 (1995) 1015]. This study sought to further define the distribution of APC in salivary glands. The major glands and ducts of male Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and prepared for immunofluorescence and pre- and post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy. Monoclonal antibodies to the dendritic cell marker Ia antigen (OX-6 antibody), monocyte lineage cytoplasmic antigen (ED-1), and resident tissue macrophage antigen (ED-2) were visualized with FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies for light microscopy and HRP- and gold-labelled secondary antibodies for electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed numerous OX-6-positive cells with branching processes in the epithelium of striated and excretory ducts of both rat strains, as well as in the connective tissue stroma. ED-1-positive cells had a similar distribution but exhibited a more compact shape with fewer processes. ED-2-positive cells were found only in the connective tissue. Acinar and duct epithelial cells were unreactive. Electron microscopy confirmed that both OX-6-positive and ED-1-positive, non-epithelial cells were present within the duct epithelium. The presence of APC in the duct epithelium suggests that these ducts may be exposed to antigens, possibly by retrograde access from the oral cavity, and that APC located in the salivary gland epithelium may participate in local immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stasulis
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1610, USA
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Séguier S, Bodineau A, Godeau G, Pellat B, Brousse N. Langerin+ versus CD1a+ Langerhans cells in human gingival tissue: a comparative and quantitative immunohistochemical study. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48:255-62. [PMID: 12663070 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are dendritic cells of the immune system able to capture intraepithelial pathogens and migrate to regional lymph nodes to present them to naive T cells. Up to now immunohistological studies on human gingival LC have been carried out using antibodies against HLA-DR or CD1a molecules. A new marker of LC called Langerin (CD207) and described, among other subcellular localisations, in the Birbeck granules is now available in immunohistochemistry. The purpose of this in situ study was to quantify and to compare Langerin+ versus CD1a+ LC number in order to show differences in the expression of these molecules, if any, and to determine which marker is the most specific. The present study was conducted using nine frozen healthy gingival samples. Double immunofluorescence procedures were performed with an anti-Langerin antibody revealed by FITC and with an anti-CD1a-PE antibody. Mounted slides were analysed by fluorescence microscopy and quantifications were performed on projected slides associated with a grid of 0.015 mm(2). Our results have shown that 1/ the number of CD1a+ LC was significantly increased (P=0.01) when compared with Langerin+ LC 2/ 92% of Langerin+ LC co-expressed CD1a 3/ only 82% of CD1a+ cells co-expressed Langerin 4/ a positive correlation was noted between CD1a+ and Langerin+ LC numbers. The present study has revealed the heterogeneity in the phenotype of gingival LC population and shown that Langerin seems the most specific marker for the study of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Séguier
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Pérez-Torres A, Ustarroz-Cano M, Millán-Aldaco D. Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells in the cornea, tongue and oesophagus of the chicken (Gallus gallus). THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2002; 34:507-15. [PMID: 12945733 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024714107373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells are dendritic leucocytes which reside mainly within stratified squamous epithelia of skin and mucosa. Their visualization requires the use of ATPase histochemistry, electron microscopy for identifying the unique trilaminar cytoplasmic organelles (the Langerhans cell granules or Birbeck granules), and the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Following uptake of antigen, Langerhans cells migrate via the afferent lymphatics to the lymph nodes and undergo differentiation from an antigen-processing cell to an antigen-presenting cell. Using the same approach as that employed in previous studies for the identification of chicken epidermal Langerhans cells, we show here the presence of ATPase-positive and major histocompatibility complex class II-positive Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells at the mucosal surface of the eye, tongue and oesophagus of the chicken. Ultrastructurally, these cells qualified as Langerhans cells except that they lack Langerhans cell granules. Thus, as in mammalian skin and mucosa, chicken mucosa contains mucosal dendritic cells with morphological and phenotypical features for the engagement of incoming antigens within epithelium and lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisología Celular Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. CP 04510
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Aframian DJ, Redman RS, Yamano S, Nikolovski J, Cukierman E, Yamada KM, Kriete MF, Swaim WD, Mooney DJ, Baum BJ. Tissue compatibility of two biodegradable tubular scaffolds implanted adjacent to skin or buccal mucosa in mice. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2002; 8:649-59. [PMID: 12202004 DOI: 10.1089/107632702760240562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy for cancer in the head and neck region leads to a marked loss of salivary gland parenchyma, resulting in a severe reduction of salivary secretions. Currently, there is no satisfactory treatment for these patients. To address this problem, we are using both tissue engineering and gene transfer principles to develop an orally implantable, artificial fluid-secreting device. In the present study, we examined the tissue compatibility of two biodegradable substrata potentially useful in fabricating such a device. We implanted in Balb/c mice tubular scaffolds of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), poly-glycolic acid coated with PLLA (PGA/PLLA), or nothing (sham-operated controls) either beneath the skin on the back, a site widely used in earlier toxicity and biocompatibility studies, or adjacent to the buccal mucosa, a site quite different functionally and immunologically. At 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days postimplantation, implant sites were examined histologically, and systemic responses were assessed by conventional clinical chemistry and hematology analyses. Inflammatory responses in the connective tissue were similar regardless of site or type of polymer implant used. However, inflammatory reactions were shorter and without epithelioid and giant cells in sham-operated controls. Also, biodegradation proceeded more slowly with the PLLA tubules than with the PGA/PLLA tubules. No significant changes in clinical chemistry and hematology were seen due to the implantation of tubular scaffolds. These results indicate that the tissue responses to PLLA and PGA/PLLA scaffolds are generally similar in areas subjacent to skin in the back and oral cavity. However, these studies also identified several potentially significant concerns that must be addressed prior to initiating any clinical applications of this device.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Aframian
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Cui Z, Mumper RJ. Bilayer films for mucosal (genetic) immunization via the buccal route in rabbits. Pharm Res 2002; 19:947-53. [PMID: 12180546 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016454003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The oral buccal mucosa may be an ideal site for mucosal immunization, allowing for the needle-free administration of cost-effective vaccines. A novel mucoadhesive bilayer film was developed to test the feasibility of this route of immunization in rabbits. METHODS Bilayer films were developed using different ratios of Noveon and Eudragit S-100 as the mucoadhesive layer and a pharmaceutical wax as the impermeable backing layer. Optimal 3/8-inch films were post-loaded with 100 microg of plasmid DNA (CMV-beta-gal) or beta-galactosidase protein. The in vitro release rates and stability of the postloaded antigens were determined. The films were applied to the buccal pouch of rabbits on days 0. 7, and 14, and the humoral and splenocyte proliferative immune responses to beta-gal were determined through day 28 and compared to those responses after conventional subcutaneous injection of adjuvanted protein. RESULTS The weight ratio of Noveon and Eudragit S-100 had a significant effect on adhesion time of bilayer films. Postloaded plasmid DNA and beta-gal remained stable after being released from bilayer films (release of -60-80% in 2 h for both). Buccal immunization using novel bilayer films (109 +/- 6-microm thickness) containing plasmid DNA led to comparable antigen-specific IgG titer to that of subcutaneous protein injection. All rabbits immunized with plasmid DNA via the buccal route but none by the subcutaneous route with protein antigen demonstrated splenocyte proliferative immune responses. CONCLUSION The feasibility of buccal (genetic) immunization with these novel bilayer films was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Cui
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0082, USA
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Wang J, Murakami T, Hakamata Y, Ajiki T, Jinbu Y, Akasaka Y, Ohtsuki M, Nakagawa H, Kobayashi E. Gene gun-mediated oral mucosal transfer of interleukin 12 cDNA coupled with an irradiated melanoma vaccine in a hamster model: successful treatment of oral melanoma and distant skin lesion. Cancer Gene Ther 2001; 8:705-12. [PMID: 11687893 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2001] [Accepted: 06/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma involving the oral cavity has a highly metastatic potential. Curative surgery is required to resect extensive oral tissues and often results in dysfunction as well as a severe cosmetic deformity in patients with the disease. An alternative technology for the local and sustained delivery of cytokines for cancer immunotherapy has been shown to induce tumor regression, suppression of metastasis, and development of systemic antitumor immunity. However, local immunization of the oral cavity has not previously been studied. In this study, we examined the efficacy of particle-mediated oral gene transfer on luciferase and green fluorescent protein production. The results showed that these proteins were more significantly expressed in oral mucosa than the skin, stomach, liver, and muscle. Using an established oral melanoma model in hamsters, particle-mediated oral gene gun therapy with interleukin (IL) 12 cDNA was then conducted. The results indicated that direct bombardment of mouse IL-12 cDNA suppressed tumor formation and improved the survival rate. The skin tumor model created by inoculation of melanoma cells was also significantly inhibited by the oral bombardment of IL-12 cDNA coupled with an irradiated melanoma vaccine administrated to the oral mucosa, compared to treatment with a percutaneous vaccine. IL-12 gene gun therapy, combined with an oral mucosal vaccine, induced interferon-gamma mRNA expression in the host spleen for a long time. These results suggest that immunization of oral mucosa may induce systemic antitumor immunity more efficiently than immunization of the skin and that oral mucosa may be one of the most suitable tissues for cancer gene therapy by means of particle-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Division of Organ Replacement Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Chen D, Periwal SB, Larrivee K, Zuleger C, Erickson CA, Endres RL, Payne LG. Serum and mucosal immune responses to an inactivated influenza virus vaccine induced by epidermal powder immunization. J Virol 2001; 75:7956-65. [PMID: 11483740 PMCID: PMC115039 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.17.7956-7965.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both circulating and mucosal antibodies are considered important for protection against infection by influenza virus in humans and animals. However, current inactivated vaccines administered by intramuscular injection using a syringe and needle elicit primarily circulating antibodies. In this study, we report that epidermal powder immunization (EPI) via a unique powder delivery system elicits both serum and mucosal antibodies to an inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Serum antibody responses to influenza vaccine following EPI were enhanced by codelivery of cholera toxin (CT), a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG DNA), or the combination of these two adjuvants. In addition, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) antibodies were detected in the saliva and mucosal lavages of the small intestine, trachea, and vaginal tract, although the titers were much lower than the IgG titers. The local origin of the sIgA antibodies was further shown by measuring antibodies released from cultured tracheal and small intestinal fragments and by detecting antigen-specific IgA-secreting cells in the lamina propria using ELISPOT assays. EPI with a single dose of influenza vaccine containing CT or CT and CpG DNA conferred complete protection against lethal challenges with an influenza virus isolated 30 years ago, whereas a prime and boost immunizations were required for protection in the absence of an adjuvant. The ability to elicit augmented circulating antibody and mucosal antibody responses makes EPI a promising alternative to needle injection for administering vaccines against influenza and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA.
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50
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Etchart N, Desmoulins PO, Chemin K, Maliszewski C, Dubois B, Wild F, Kaiserlian D. Dendritic cells recruitment and in vivo priming of CD8+ CTL induced by a single topical or transepithelial immunization via the buccal mucosa with measles virus nucleoprotein. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:384-91. [PMID: 11418674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The buccal mucosa, a prototype of pluristratified mucosal epithelia, contains a network of directly accessible class II(+) epithelial dendritic cells (DC), similar to skin Langerhans cells. We showed that a single buccal immunization with measles virus nucleoprotein (NP), by either topical application onto or intradermal injection in the buccal mucosa, induced in vivo priming of protective class I-restricted specific CD8(+) CTL. Both routes of immunization with NP induced a rapid recruitment of DC into the mucosa, which peaked at 2 h and decreased by 24 h. Treatment of mice with Flt3 ligand resulted in an increased number of DC in the buccal mucosa and enhanced the frequency of IFN-gamma-producing NP-specific effectors and the NP-specific CTL response generated after buccal immunization with NP. Finally, NP-pulsed bone marrow-derived DC induced NP-specific IFN-gamma-producing cells upon adoptive transfer to naive mice. These data demonstrate that a viral protein delivered to DC of the buccal mucosa induces in vivo priming of protective anti-viral CD8(+) CTL.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Buccal
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/virology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Distemper/mortality
- Distemper/prevention & control
- Distemper Virus, Canine/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Injections, Intradermal
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Measles Vaccine/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mouth Mucosa/cytology
- Mouth Mucosa/immunology
- Mouth Mucosa/virology
- Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Nucleoproteins/administration & dosage
- Nucleoproteins/genetics
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Etchart
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 404, Immunité et Vaccination, Lyon, France
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