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Hamilton SL, Jones L, Penny M, Pell C, Ilich N, Michie C, Mutch R, O’Donnell M, Shepherd C, Farrant B. Ngulluk Moort, Ngulluk Boodja, Ngulluk Wirin (our family, our country, our spirit): An Aboriginal Participatory Action Research study protocol. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301237. [PMID: 38959283 PMCID: PMC11221671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, Indigenous children have historical and contemporary connections with government child protection services that have caused significant harm to their long-term health and wellbeing. Innovative, culturally secure and recovery focussed service provision is required. This paper describes a research protocol that has been designed by Indigenous researchers led by Indigenous Elders, to explore culturally secure care planning and service delivery in out-of-home care agencies in Australia. Using participatory action research methods, we will collect data using a variety of forums, including focus groups and semi-structured interviews. These data will explore the challenges for out-of-home care agencies in providing culturally secure care-planning, cultural activity and resources, and explore solutions to address factors that influence health and can assist to redress social inequities for Indigenous children. We aim to recruit approximately 100 participants for the qualitative study and 40 participants for the quantitative survey. Study participants will initially be recruited using purposive sampling, and as the study progresses will be recruited using a mixture of purposive and convenience sampling techniques. The rich data that this study is expected to yield, will inform ways to collect cultural information about Indigenous children and ways to provide cultural connections and activities that will have benefit to Indigenous children and families, and a broad range of social services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharynne Lee Hamilton
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Larissa Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Millie Penny
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Charmaine Pell
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicole Ilich
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Carol Michie
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Raewyn Mutch
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Melissa O’Donnell
- Australian Centre for Child Protection, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Carrington Shepherd
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Ngangk Yira Institute for Change, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Brad Farrant
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Jewell E, Dunleavy B, Faitakis M, Pun JW, Moss S, Pei J, Mela M, Flannigan K, Tremblay M, McLachlan K. Screening and identification of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in criminal legal settings: A realist review. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2024; 34:208-270. [PMID: 38660916 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been identified as a promising approach to improve recognition, understanding and effective response to the unique needs of those with FASD in criminal legal settings. However, to date, there has been limited synthesis of relevant screening tools, indicators, or implementation considerations in this context. AIMS The present review aimed to synthesise evidence and develop a conceptual framework for understanding how, when, why, for whom and by whom FASD screening tools, items and/or indicators and characteristics serve to accurately identify people with FASD in criminal legal contexts, with consideration of individual and system needs relevant to effective implementation and response. METHODS A preregistered search was conducted using a modified realist review framework for both peer-reviewed articles and grey literature. Included sources were available in English, which focused on individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure and/or FASD with criminal legal involvement and offered new empirical evidence. Sources were reviewed using the Quality Control Tool for Screening Titles and Abstracts by Second Reviewer framework, extracted using a structured coding form and narratively synthesised. RESULTS The search yielded 52 sources, 11 FASD screening tools designed for or applied in criminal legal settings and 38 potential FASD indicators or characteristics relevant to identifying people who may have FASD in criminal legal settings, organised into six conceptually related domains. There was limited evidence supporting the psychometric properties of screening tools across populations or settings, though growing evidence highlights the promise of some instruments. Although few studies characterised potential considerations to be made when implementing a screening tool or approach, both system and individual level needs related to recognising and effectively responding to FASD in criminal legal contexts were identified, and findings revealed strong support among legal and clinical professionals regarding the need for FASD screening in these settings. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this review can be used to inform the development, selection, implementation and evaluation of FASD screening tools in criminal legal settings and underscore a continued need for enhanced resources, policy and cross-sectoral response to better support the needs of people with FASD in the criminal legal contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jewell
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Canada FASD Research Network, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bianka Dunleavy
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martina Faitakis
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica W Pun
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Moss
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mansfield Mela
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | | | - Kaitlyn McLachlan
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Kerry J, Tan GKY, Panton KR, Mutch R, Freeman J, Passmore H, Pestell CF. Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents sentenced to detention in Western Australia with and without prenatal alcohol exposure. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2024; 34:163-181. [PMID: 38268129 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Youth with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) are under-recognised in the justice system, warranting improved identification. This study aimed to compare neuropsychological profiles of adolescents, with and without PAE and identify neuropsychological tasks predictive of PAE-group membership. It was hypothesised that participants with PAE would score significantly lower on neuropsychological tests. METHODS Participants included 85 young people sentenced to detention (mean 15.7 years, 78 males), 46 with PAE. A one-way-multivariate analysis of variance tested differences in neuropsychological functioning between PAE/No-PAE groups, while logistic regression determined tests predictive of PAE. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in test scores emerged between groups, and regression was not indicative of any models predictive of PAE-group membership. Neuropsychological profiles were characterised by both strengths and weaknesses, with lower verbal and mathematical skills. CONCLUSION(S) While no statistically significant differences were found between the groups, the results provided a unique insight into the neurocognitive profile of Australian youth in detention. Routine screening assessments were recommended for young people sentenced to detention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed Kerry
- School of Psychological Science, University of WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Grace Kuen Yee Tan
- School of Psychological Science, University of WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kirsten R Panton
- School of Psychological Science, University of WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Raewyn Mutch
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of General Paediatrics, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Health, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Invited Faculty, Harvard Program for Refugee Trauma, Harvard Medical School and School of Public Health and Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacinta Freeman
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hayley Passmore
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Law, University of WA, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carmela F Pestell
- School of Psychological Science, University of WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Camiré M, Santos F, Newman T, Vella S, MacDonald DJ, Milistetd M, Pierce S, Strachan L. Positive youth development as a guiding framework in sport research: Is it time to plan for a transition? PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 69:102505. [PMID: 37665940 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Positive youth development is a popular guiding framework for studying the psychosocial development of youth. In sport research, for more than two decades, this framework has enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms involved in successful shifts from youth to adulthood. Nonetheless, scholars have recently taken a more critical stance on the positive youth development framework by elucidating some of its shortcomings. To help determine whether it may be warranted to plan for a transition from the positive youth development framework in sport research, a critical commentary is offered. The purpose of this commentary lies in situating three ontologically distinct arguments that depict the shortcomings of the positive youth development framework, namely the operationalization argument, the social justice argument, and the posthumanist argument. This paper is offered as an open invitation to instigate dialogue on what may come next for youth development in sport research and whether planning for a transition is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Camiré
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Fernando Santos
- Higher School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal; InED, Center for Research and Innovation in Education, Portugal
| | | | - Stewart Vella
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dany J MacDonald
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Michel Milistetd
- Sports Pedagogy Research Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Scott Pierce
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, USA
| | - Leisha Strachan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Manitoba, Canada
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Hewlett N, Hayes L, Williams R, Hamilton S, Holland L, Gall A, Doyle M, Goldsbury S, Boaden N, Reid N. Development of an Australian FASD Indigenous Framework: Aboriginal Healing-Informed and Strengths-Based Ways of Knowing, Being and Doing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20065215. [PMID: 36982125 PMCID: PMC10049125 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aboriginal culture intuitively embodies and interconnects the threads of life that are known to be intrinsic to human wellbeing: connection. Therefore, Aboriginal wisdom and practices are inherently strengths-based and healing-informed. Underpinned by an Indigenist research methodology, this article presents findings from a collaboration of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples to develop an Australian Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Indigenous Framework during 2021 to 2023. The FASD Indigenous Framework unfolds the changes that non-Aboriginal clinicians and Aboriginal peoples each need to make in their respective ways of knowing, being and doing in order to facilitate access to healing-informed, strengths-based and culturally responsive FASD knowledge, assessment, diagnosis and support services among Aboriginal peoples. Drawing on the Aboriginal practices of yarning and Dadirri, written and oral knowledges were gathered. These knowledges were mapped against Aboriginal cultural responsiveness and wellbeing frameworks and collaboratively and iteratively reflected upon throughout. This article brings together Aboriginal wisdom (strengths-based, healing-informed approaches grounded in holistic and integrated support) and Western wisdom (biomedicine and therapeutic models) in relation to FASD. From a place of still awareness (Dadirri), both forms of wisdom were drawn upon to create Australia's first FASD Indigenous Framework, a new practice in the assessment and diagnosis of FASD, which offers immense benefit to equity, justice, support and healing for Aboriginal families with a lived experience of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hewlett
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lorian Hayes
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robyn Williams
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Sharynne Hamilton
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lorelle Holland
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alana Gall
- National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Michael Doyle
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sarah Goldsbury
- Māori/Indigenous Health Innovation, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8013, New Zealand
| | - Nirosha Boaden
- Faculty of Social Work, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Natasha Reid
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Kennedy M, Maddox R, Booth K, Maidment S, Chamberlain C, Bessarab D. Decolonising qualitative research with respectful, reciprocal, and responsible research practice: a narrative review of the application of Yarning method in qualitative Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health research. Int J Equity Health 2022; 21:134. [PMID: 36100899 PMCID: PMC9472448 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-022-01738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigenous academics have advocated for the use and validity of Indigenous methodologies and methods to centre Indigenous ways of knowing, being and doing in research. Yarning is the most reported Indigenous method used in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander qualitative health research. Despite this, there has been no critical analysis of how Yarning methods are applied to research conduct and particularly how they privilege Indigenous peoples. OBJECTIVE To investigate how researchers are applying Yarning method to health research and examine the role of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander researchers in the Yarning process as reported in health publications. DESIGN Narrative review of qualitative studies. DATA SOURCES Lowitja Institute LitSearch January 2008 to December 2021 to access all literature reporting on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health research in the PubMed database. A subset of extracted data was used for this review to focus on qualitative publications that reported using Yarning methods. METHODS Thematic analysis was conducted using hybrid of inductive and deductive coding. Initial analysis involved independent coding by two authors, with checking by a third member. Once codes were developed and agreed, the remaining publications were coded and checked by a third team member. RESULTS Forty-six publications were included for review. Yarning was considered a culturally safe data collection process that privileges Indigenous knowledge systems. Details of the Yarning processes and team positioning were vague. Some publications offered a more comprehensive description of the research team, positioning and demonstrated reflexive practice. Training and experience in both qualitative and Indigenous methods were often not reported. Only 11 publications reported being Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander led. Half the publications reported Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander involvement in data collection, and 24 reported involvement in analysis. Details regarding the role and involvement of study reference or advisory groups were limited. CONCLUSION Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be at the forefront of Indigenous research. While Yarning method has been identified as a legitimate research method to decolonising research practice, it must be followed and reported accurately. Researcher reflexivity and positioning, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ownership, stewardship and custodianship of data collected were significantly under detailed in the publications included in our review. Journals and other establishments should review their processes to ensure necessary details are reported in publications and engage Indigenous Editors and peer reviewers to uphold respectful, reciprocal, responsible and ethical research practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kennedy
- College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
| | - Raglan Maddox
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Kade Booth
- College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Sian Maidment
- College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Chamberlain
- School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Equity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Judith Lumley Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Ngangk Yira Research Centre for Aboriginal Health and Social Equity, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dawn Bessarab
- Centre for Aboriginal Medical and Dental Health, UWA Medical School, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Finlay-Jones A, Elliott E, Chapman A, Halliday J, Jones H, Kippin N, Mullan N, Passmore H, Reibel T, Reynolds N, Symons M, Tsang TW, Watkins R, Bower C. It takes a village: Influencing policy and practice to prevent alcohol use in pregnancy and promote better outcomes for individuals living with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Int J Popul Data Sci 2022; 6:1703. [PMID: 35309099 PMCID: PMC8900649 DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v6i1.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by exposure to alcohol in utero. It has pervasive, lifelong impacts and is recognised as a major public health concern in many countries where alcohol is used. The FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council to generate and translate evidence to address prevention, diagnosis, and management of FASD in Australia. The current paper describes the approach to policy and practice impact taken by our CRE, including our stakeholder engagement processes and the key principles that underlie our approach. We provide examples of policy and practice influence in FASD prevention, diagnosis and management that have been achieved over the past five years and discuss challenges that are routinely faced in the translation of our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Finlay-Jones
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, 6009
| | - Elizabeth Elliott
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145
- Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Kids Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145
| | - Astrid Chapman
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
| | - Jane Halliday
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- Reproductive Epidemiology, Genetics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Heather Jones
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, 6009
| | - Natalie Kippin
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, 6009
| | - Narelle Mullan
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, 6009
| | - Hayley Passmore
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, 6009
| | - Tracy Reibel
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- Ngangk Yira Research Centre for Aboriginal Health and Social Equity, Murdoch University, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Neil Reynolds
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
| | - Martyn Symons
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, 6009
| | - Tracey W Tsang
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145
- Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Kids Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145
| | - Rochelle Watkins
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, 6009
| | - Carol Bower
- FASD Research Australia Centre of Research Excellence, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, 6009
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8
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Sessa F, Salerno M, Esposito M, Di Nunno N, Li Rosi G, Roccuzzo S, Pomara C. Understanding the Relationship between Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and Criminal Justice: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10010084. [PMID: 35052248 PMCID: PMC8775242 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure is considered one of the main causes of preventable birth disorders; however, it represents the main form of developmental delay in the world. Among the so-called secondary disabilities related to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), there is a close connection with criminal behavior. This systematic review aims to provide up-to-date information about the relationship between FASD subjects and criminal justice analyzing different aspects. In light of the results of this review, a further goal is to provide several suggestions in order to reduce the public cost impact of FASD. A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, producing 20 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results published in the selected studies, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a leading cause of preventable birth disorders and developmental disabilities in newborns. Moreover, these subjects seem to be more inclined to criminal acts compared to others. In conclusion, it should be pointed out that FASD entails high public health costs, both regarding the support measures provided to the affected individual and to their family, as well as the cost and social impact of any criminal offenses committed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Massimiliano Esposito
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Nunzio Di Nunno
- Department of History, Society and Studies on Humanity, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Li Rosi
- Department of Law, Criminology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Roccuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy;
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-3782-153 or +39-333-2466-148
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9
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Brown J, Madore E, Carter MN, Spiller V, Jozan A. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and suggestibility: A survey of United States federal case law. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2022; 80:101763. [PMID: 34902756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes four federal criminal cases that illustrate how suggestibility can impact defendants with FASD in the criminal justice system. Four cases were identified via a Google Scholar search of "suggestibility" and "fetal alcohol" in the federal case law database. These cases are illustrative of how FASD can affect legal defendants, including vulnerability to peer pressure, being easily manipulated, insufficient comprehension of legal proceedings, difficulty in assisting legal counsel, learning impairment, acquiescence or higher levels of suggestibility, and difficulty understanding consequences. The cases presented here provided the most comprehensive discussion of FASD and suggestibility issues but are by no means an exhaustive review of case law. Because defendants with FASD are the focal point of this article, we intentionally excluded cases involving eyewitness suggestibility, the suggestibility of child witnesses, and the suggestibility of those under hypnosis. Therefore, this review has been developed to explicate and illustrate problems common to FASD defendants within legal settings, especially regarding risk for suggestibility. The information provided from this discussion may better guide legal professionals who regularly come into contact with persons affected by FASD on how to more readily detect this neurodevelopmental condition and mitigate the likelihood of injustice during criminal proceedings. Additionally, we include suggestions on how to attenuate miscarriages of justice as a result of faulty confessions, wrongful convictions, and vulnerability of suggestibility in persons affected by FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrod Brown
- Pathways Counseling Center, Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA; Concordia University, St. Paul, MN, USA; American Institute for the Advancement of Forensic Studies, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Erica Madore
- American Institute for the Advancement of Forensic Studies, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Megan N Carter
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Social and Health Services, Special Commitment Center, Steilacoom, WA, USA
| | | | - Amy Jozan
- American Institute for the Advancement of Forensic Studies, St. Paul, MN, USA
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10
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Chan AW, Reid C, Skeffington P, Gorman E, Marriott R. Experiences of using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in the context of antenatal care for Aboriginal mothers: Women and midwives' perspectives. Women Birth 2021; 35:367-377. [PMID: 34531165 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Routine administration of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is intended to promote early detection and preventative support for those who may be at risk of perinatal depression and anxiety. The cultural suitability of the EPDS has not been validated in the Aboriginal Australian context. BACKGROUND Marked differences in health outcomes and service access between Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women and infants continue to exist. AIM This study aimed to explore the cultural validity of the EPDS through understanding the experiences of Aboriginal women and midwives. METHODS Qualitative data was drawn from semi-structured interviews/yarns with 13 Perth-based Aboriginal antenatal women and 10 non-Aboriginal midwives. FINDINGS Utilising a grounded theory approach, thematic analysis of verbatim transcripts revealed that, surprisingly, women expressed generally favourable views of the EPDS, especially when the relationships between women and midwives were focused on. Midwives, however, expressed reservations about administering the EPDS and used the EPDS as a conversation-starter rather than as a standardised, standalone tool. DISCUSSION In attempt to reconcile conflicting perspectives, analysis of recordings extended to evaluate micro-processes in the interviews. At the process level, it was clear that demand characteristics operated in some interviews, including socially desirable response biases, demand biases and acquiescent response styles. CONCLUSION This highlights the need for researchers and clinicians to be trained in non-leading interview questioning techniques and in yarning methodology. Researchers and clinicians should also be aware of the cognitive biases and demand characteristics that may influence responding, likely perpetuated by dominant forces of a colonised society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Reid
- Victoria University, Australia; Ngangk Yira: Research Centre for Aboriginal Health and Social Equity, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - Petra Skeffington
- Murdoch University, Australia; Ngangk Yira: Research Centre for Aboriginal Health and Social Equity, Murdoch University, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda Marriott
- Murdoch University, Australia; Ngangk Yira: Research Centre for Aboriginal Health and Social Equity, Murdoch University, Australia
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Oei JL. Alcohol use in pregnancy and its impact on the mother and child. Addiction 2020; 115:2148-2163. [PMID: 32149441 DOI: 10.1111/add.15036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To review the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on the outcomes of the mother and child. DESIGN Narrative review. SETTING Review of literature. PARTICIPANTS Mothers and infants affected by prenatal alcohol use. MEASUREMENTS Outcomes of mothers and children. FINDINGS Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the most important causes of preventable cognitive impairment in the world. The developing neurological system is exquisitely sensitive to harm from alcohol and there is now also substantial evidence that alcohol-related harm can extend beyond the individual person, leading to epigenetic changes and intergenerational vulnerability and disadvantage. There is no known safe level or timing of drinking for pregnant or lactating women and binge drinking (> four drinks within 2 hours for women) is the most harmful. Alcohol-exposure increases the risk of congenital problems, including Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and its most severe form, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). CONCLUSION The impact of FASD and FAS is enduring and life-long with no current treatment or cure. Emerging therapeutic options may mitigate the worst impact of alcohol exposure but significant knowledge gaps remain. This review discusses the history, epidemiology and clinical presentations of prenatal alcohol exposure, focusing on FASD and FAS, and the impact of evidence on future research, practice and policy directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Lee Oei
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Department of Newborn Care, the Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Drug and Alcohol Services, Murrumbidgee Local Health District, NSW, Australia
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Hamilton SL, Maslen S, Watkins R, Conigrave K, Freeman J, O'Donnell M, Mutch RC, Bower C. 'That thing in his head': Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australian caregiver responses to neurodevelopmental disability diagnoses. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2020; 42:1581-1596. [PMID: 32579286 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the significance of cultural differences to how caregivers receive a diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disability. As part of a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder prevalence study among sentenced, detained youth, our qualitative study explored the experiences of diagnostic assessment among detained young people and their caregivers. We present findings from the perspectives of caregivers. In conversation with the sociology of diagnosis literature, we present vignettes of three Aboriginal and two non-Aboriginal caregivers' experiences of the diagnostic assessment process. We found that Aboriginal caregivers conceptualised their children's diagnosis and ongoing management in the context of their family networks and community. In contrast, non-Aboriginal caregivers focused on how the diagnosis would affect their child and interactions with various institutions including healthcare systems and schools. Caregivers' engagement with diagnostic reports and resources also followed cultural lines. Reflections on intergenerational drinking were voiced by Aboriginal caregivers, who expressed shame at receiving diagnosis. These findings advance our appreciation of cultural difference in receiving a diagnosis, the examination of which is in its nascent stages. We also suggest ways to mitigate harm from a stigmatising diagnosis and soften the well-established effects of medical dominance over the process of defining a person's capacity and status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharynne L Hamilton
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sarah Maslen
- Faculty of Business, Government and Law, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rochelle Watkins
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Katherine Conigrave
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacinta Freeman
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Melissa O'Donnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Raewyn C Mutch
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Carol Bower
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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