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Yoo KC, Kim DH, Park S, Yun H, Ryu DH, Lee J, Son SM. Gastric Metastasis Mimicking Early Gastric Cancer from Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast: Case Report and Literature Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:980. [PMID: 38929597 PMCID: PMC11205986 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Backgound and Objectives: Gastric metastasis from invasive ductal breast cancer (BC) is rare. It mainly occurs in patients with lobular BC. The occurrence of multiple metastases is typically observed several years after the primary diagnosis. Endoscopic findings of gastric metastasis of the BC were usually the linitis plastic type. Case presentation: A 72-year-old women who underwent right modified radical mastectomy (MRM) 10 month ago was referred after being diagnosed with early gastric cancer (EGC) during systemic chemotherapy. EGC type I was found at gastric fundus, and pathologic finding showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Metachronous double primary tumor EGC was considered. Management and Outcome: A laparoscopic total gastrectomy was performed, and postoperative pathology revealed submucosa invasion and two lymph node metastases. A pathologic review that focused on immunohistochemical studies of selected antibodies such as GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), cytokeratin 7 (CK7) was performed again, comparing previous results. As a result, gastric metastasis from BC was diagnosed. After totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy, palliative first-line chemotherapy with paclitaxel/CDDP was performed. Two months after gastrectomy, she was diagnosed with para-aortic lymph node metastasis and multiple bone metastases. She expired six months after gastrectomy. Conclusions: Gastric metastasis from invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, which is clinically manifested as EGC, is a very rare condition. If there is a history of BC, careful pathological review will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwon Cheol Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hoon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Park
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoYung Yun
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Ryu
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (K.C.Y.)
- Department of Surgery, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Myoung Son
- Department of Pathology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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Andreou M, Jąkalski M, Duzowska K, Filipowicz N, Kostecka A, Davies H, Horbacz M, Ławrynowicz U, Chojnowska K, Bruhn-Olszewska B, Jankau J, Śrutek E, Las-Jankowska M, Bała D, Hoffman J, Hartman J, Pęksa R, Skokowski J, Jankowski M, Szylberg Ł, Maniewski M, Zegarski W, Nowikiewicz M, Nowikiewicz T, Dumanski JP, Mieczkowski J, Piotrowski A. Prelude to malignancy: A gene expression signature in normal mammary gland from breast cancer patients suggests pre-tumorous alterations and is associated with adverse outcomes. Int J Cancer 2024. [PMID: 38850108 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.35050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite advances in early detection and treatment strategies, breast cancer recurrence and mortality remain a significant health issue. Recent insights suggest the prognostic potential of microscopically healthy mammary gland, in the vicinity of the breast lesion. Nonetheless, a comprehensive understanding of the gene expression profiles in these tissues and their relationship to patient outcomes remain missing. Furthermore, the increasing trend towards breast-conserving surgery may inadvertently lead to the retention of existing cancer-predisposing mutations within the normal mammary gland. This study assessed the transcriptomic profiles of 242 samples from 83 breast cancer patients with unfavorable outcomes, including paired uninvolved mammary gland samples collected at varying distances from primary lesions. As a reference, control samples from 53 mammoplasty individuals without cancer history were studied. A custom panel of 634 genes linked to breast cancer progression and metastasis was employed for expression profiling, followed by whole-transcriptome verification experiments and statistical analyses to discern molecular signatures and their clinical relevance. A distinct gene expression signature was identified in uninvolved mammary gland samples, featuring key cellular components encoding keratins, CDH1, CDH3, EPCAM cell adhesion proteins, matrix metallopeptidases, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, along with crucial genes (FOXA1, RAB25, NRG1, SPDEF, TRIM29, and GABRP) having dual roles in cancer. Enrichment analyses revealed disruptions in epithelial integrity, cell adhesion, and estrogen signaling. This signature, named KAOS for Keratin-Adhesion-Oncogenes-Suppressors, was significantly associated with reduced tumor size but increased mortality rates. Integrating molecular assessment of non-malignant mammary tissue into disease management could enhance survival prediction and facilitate personalized patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andreou
- 3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Jąkalski
- 3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Kostecka
- 3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Davies
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Horbacz
- 3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Bożena Bruhn-Olszewska
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Jankau
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Śrutek
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier's Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center-Prof Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Manuela Las-Jankowska
- Chair of Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier's Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Oncology Center-Prof Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bała
- Chair of Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier's Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center-Prof Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek Hoffman
- Department of Clinical Breast Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery, Oncology Center-Prof Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Johan Hartman
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- MedTech Labs, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rafał Pęksa
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Michał Jankowski
- Chair of Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier's Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center-Prof Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center-Prof Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maniewski
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Center-Prof Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zegarski
- Chair of Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier's Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center-Prof Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Nowikiewicz
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowikiewicz
- Chair of Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier's Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Clinical Breast Cancer and Reconstructive Surgery, Oncology Center-Prof Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan P Dumanski
- 3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Mieczkowski
- 3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Piotrowski
- 3P-Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Wu Y, Chen F, Pan L, Chao X, Li M, Luo R, Chen K, Zheng C, Du T, He J, Sun P. Diagnostic utility and sensitivities of matrix Gla protein (MGP), TRPS1 and GATA3 in breast cancer: focusing on metastatic breast cancer, invasive breast carcinoma with special features, and salivary gland-type tumours. Pathology 2024; 56:516-527. [PMID: 38570266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) and trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) have recently emerged as novel breast-specific immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, particularly for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and metaplastic carcinoma. The present study aimed to validate and compare the expression of MGP, TRPS1 and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) in metastatic breast carcinoma (MBC), invasive breast carcinoma (IBC) with special features, including special types of invasive breast carcinoma (IBC-STs) and invasive breast carcinoma of no special type with unique features, and mammary and non-mammary salivary gland-type tumours (SGTs). Among all enrolled cases, MGP, TRPS1 and GATA3 had comparable high positivity for ER/PR-positive (p=0.148) and HER2-positive (p=0.310) breast carcinoma (BC), while GATA3 positivity was significantly lower in TNBC (p<0.001). Similarly, the positive rates of MGP and TRPS1 in MBCs (99.4%), were higher than in GATA3 (90.9%, p<0.001). Among the IBC-STs, 98.4% of invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs) were positive for all three markers. Among neuroendocrine tumours (NTs), all cases were positive for TRPS1 and GATA3, while MGP positivity was relatively low (81.8%, p=0.313). In the neuroendocrine carcinoma (NC) subgroup, all cases were positive for GATA3 and MGP, while one case was negative for TRPS1. All carcinomas with apocrine differentiation (APOs) were positive for GATA3 and MGP, while only 60% of the cases demonstrated moderate staining for TRPS1. Among mammary SGTs, MGP demonstrated the highest positivity (100%), followed by TRPS1 (96.0%) and GATA3 (72.0%). Positive staining for these markers was also frequently observed in non-mammary SGTs. Our findings further validate the high sensitivity of MGP and TRPS1 in MBCs, IBC-STs, and breast SGTs. However, none of these markers are capable of distinguishing between mammary and non-mammary SGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xue Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Rongzhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Keming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Tian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Breast Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Jiehua He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Han R, Nofech-Mozes S, Boles D, Wu H, Curcin N, Slodkowska E. Immunohistochemical Characterization of a Large Cohort of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Surg Pathol 2024; 32:239-251. [PMID: 37306115 PMCID: PMC10949410 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231171936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Triple negative breast carcinomas are characterized by a lack of hormone receptor and HER2 expression and inconsistent expression of breast-specific immunohistochemical markers. The expression of many site-specific markers in these tumors is largely unknown. The objective of the study was to examine the expression of widely used immunohistochemical markers on a large cohort of triple negative breast cancer. Methods. Sections from tissue microarrays were stained with 47 markers using routine protocols. Most markers were scored using a modified Allred method. ATRX, BAP1, SMAD4, e-cadherin, and beta-catenin were scored as retained or lost. Mammaglobin was considered positive if there was at least moderate intensity staining in any tumor cells. P16 was scored as overexpressed or not overexpressed; p53 was scored as wildtype, overexpressed, null, or cytoplasmic. Results. The cohort consisted of 639 tumors including 601 primary and 32 metastases. Overall, 96% expressed GATA3, mammaglobin, and/or SOX10 while 97% of no special type tumors expressed this panel. Carcinoma of apocrine differentiation demonstrated an AR positive, SOX10 negative, K5 negative/focal immunophenotype. PAX8 (SP348), WT1, Napsin A, and TTF1 (8G7G3/1) were never or rarely expressed while CA9, CDX2, NKX3.1, SATB2 (SATBA410), synaptophysin, and vimentin were variably expressed. Conclusions. Almost all TNBC express at least 1 of the 3 IHC markers: GATA3, mammaglobin, and/or SOX10. Carcinoma of apocrine differentiation is characterized by an AR positive, SOX10 negative, K5 negative or focal immunophenotype. Cautious interpretation of so-called site-specific markers, with knowledge of antibody clones, is required in excluding the diagnosis of triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharon Nofech-Mozes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dina Boles
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Markham Stouffville Hospital, Markham, Canada
| | - Hannah Wu
- Department of Pathology, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, Canada
| | - Nikolina Curcin
- Department of Pathology, William Osler Health System, Brampton, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Slodkowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
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Hosseinalizadeh H, Hussain QM, Poshtchaman Z, Ahsan M, Amin AH, Naghavi S, Mahabady MK. Emerging insights into keratin 7 roles in tumor progression and metastasis of cancers. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1243871. [PMID: 38260844 PMCID: PMC10800941 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1243871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Keratin 7 (KRT7), also known as cytokeratin-7 (CK-7) or K7, constitutes the principal constituent of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton and is primarily expressed in the simple epithelia lining the cavities of the internal organs, glandular ducts, and blood vessels. Various pathological conditions, including cancer, have been linked to the abnormal expression of KRT7. KRT7 overexpression promotes tumor progression and metastasis in different human cancers, although the mechanisms of these processes caused by KRT7 have yet to be established. Studies have indicated that the suppression of KRT7 leads to rapid regression of tumors, highlighting the potential of KRT7 as a novel candidate for therapeutic interventions. This review aims to delineate the various roles played by KRT7 in the progression and metastasis of different human malignancies and to investigate its prognostic significance in cancer treatment. Finally, the differential diagnosis of cancers based on the KRT7 is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hosseinalizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Poshtchaman
- Department of Nursing, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran
| | | | - Ali H. Amin
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Soroush Naghavi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Khaksary Mahabady
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Wnt Family Member 9b (Wnt9b) Is a Sensitive and Specific Marker for Triple-negative Breast Carcinoma Including Metaplastic Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2023; 47:47-54. [PMID: 36525542 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wnt9b was recently identified as a highly sensitive and specific marker for breast carcinomas. Due to the limited number of triple-negative breast carcinomas (TNBCs) in previous study, we further explored Wnt9b's utility in breast carcinoma, especially in TNBCs including metaplastic carcinomas. We systematically evaluated Wnt9b expression on tissue microarrays (TMAs) from 413 breast carcinomas, 208 urothelial carcinomas, 102 endometrial carcinomas, 109 cholangiocarcinomas, 192 ovarian carcinomas, 48 lung adenocarcinomas, 69 colorectal adenocarcinomas, and 78 melanomas, and whole tissue section (WTS) from 20 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, 34 nonmetaplastic TNBCs, and 67 invasive metaplastic carcinomas. The results showed Wnt9b was highly expressed in breast carcinomas (91% on TMA and 98% on WTS) and in nonmetaplastic TNBCs (91% on TMA and 97% on WTS), but almost completely negative in other tested tumor types. Wnt9b was also highly expressed in metaplastic carcinomas (80%), significantly higher than GATA3 (56%) and SOX10 (48%), but slightly lower than TRPS1 (90%). In summary, our results demonstrate that Wnt9b is a highly sensitive marker for breast carcinomas, including TNBCs and metaplastic carcinomas. Further, we compared its utility with other breast markers including TRPS1, GATA3, and SOX10 in metaplastic carcinomas.
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Li Z, Dabbs DJ. Avoiding "False Positive" and "False Negative" Immunohistochemical Results in Breast Pathology. Pathobiology 2022; 89:309-323. [PMID: 35249034 DOI: 10.1159/000521682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays an important role in the evaluation of breast pathology specimens to provide both diagnostic and prognostic/therapeutic information. Although most IHCs used in breast pathology can be easily interpreted, pitfalls do exist, especially in some uncommon scenarios. This review intends to focus on the challenging areas such as the interpretation of myoepithelial cell markers in differentiating benign proliferation and in situ carcinoma from invasive carcinoma, lobular cell markers in differentiating lobular from ductal carcinoma, cytokeratin and other markers in diagnosing metaplastic carcinoma, and breast tissue origin markers in diagnosing breast primary carcinoma. The challenges in interpreting prognostic and predictive markers will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibo Li
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - David J Dabbs
- Chief of Pathology and Director of Second Opinion Service, PreludeDx, Laguna Hills, California, USA
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Differential Regulation of Lacto-/Neolacto- Glycosphingolipid Biosynthesis Pathway Reveals Transcription Factors as Potential Candidates in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133330. [PMID: 34283051 PMCID: PMC8268693 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer with limited treatment options. Glycosylation has been implicated in cancer development, but TNBC-specific glycosylation pathways have not been examined. Here, we applied bioinformatic analyses on public datasets to discover TNBC-specific glycogenes and pathways, as well as their upstream regulatory mechanisms. Unsupervised clustering of 345 glycogene expressions in breast cancer datasets revealed a relative homogenous expression pattern in basal-like TNBC subtype. Differential expression analyses of the 345 glycogenes between basal-like TNBC (hereafter termed TNBC) and other BC subtypes, or normal controls, revealed 84 differential glycogenes in TNBC. Pathway enrichment showed two common TNBC-enriched pathways across all three datasets, cell cycle and lacto-/neolacto- glycosphingolipid (GSL) biosynthesis, while a total of four glycosylation-related pathways were significantly enriched in TNBC. We applied a selection criterion of the top 50% differential anabolic/catabolic glycogenes in the enriched pathways to define 34 TNBC-specific glycogenes. The lacto-/neolacto- GSL biosynthesis pathway was the most highly enriched, with seven glycogenes all up-regulated in TNBC. This data led us to investigate the hypothesis that a common upstream mechanism in TNBC up-regulates the lacto-/neolacto-GSL biosynthesis pathway. Using public multi-omic datasets, we excluded the involvement of copy-number alteration and DNA methylation, but identified three transcription factors (AR, GATA3 and ZNG622) that each target three candidate genes in the lacto-/neolacto- GSL biosynthesis pathway. Interestingly, a subset of TNBC has been reported to express AR and GATA3, and AR antagonists are being trialed for TNBC. Our findings suggest that AR and GATA3 may contribute to TNBC via GSL regulation, and provide a list of candidate glycogenes for further investigation.
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