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Sugimori E, Yamaguchi M, Kusumi T. Writing to your past-self can make you feel better. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1327595. [PMID: 38476384 PMCID: PMC10927754 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1327595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-compassionate writing has been shown to be helpful for improving the mental state in some individuals. Here, we investigated how the writer's attitude toward his/her past, present and future and the focus of the writing, i.e., social experience in the past versus self-experience, modulate these effects. In Experiment 1, 150 undergraduates wrote a compassionate letter to their past-self and to their future-self and responded to the Japanese version of the Adolescent Time Inventory-Time Attitudes (ATI-TA) questionnaire. Writing to past-self decreased negative feelings more than writing to future-self. Further, participants who had negative feelings toward their past, present, and future, as assessed by the ATI-TA, were more likely to be emotionally affected by writing a letter to their past-self. In Experiment 2, 31 undergraduates wrote a letter focusing on what they had experienced together with someone, and another 31 undergraduates wrote focusing on what they had experienced alone. Focusing on a social experience was more helpful for recovering from negative feelings than focusing on a self-experience. In conclusion, writing a compassionate letter to one's past-self can improve mood, especially in individuals with a negative time attitude who focus their writing on a social connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Sugimori
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamaguchi
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusumi
- Division of Cognitive Psychology in Education, Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Chiang WC, Chen SH. Time attitudes affecting psychological health during COVID-19 pandemic: a two-wave, six-month prospective study in Taiwan. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37359570 PMCID: PMC10131497 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has induced traumatic and fear responses globally. Time attitudes, which refer to one's feelings toward the past, present and future, may have certain effects on psychological adaptations during this crisis period. This study employed a person-centered approach and a two-wave prospective design to investigate how people with different time attitude profiles change differently in their PTSD symptoms and COVID-19-related fears from a low-risk stage to the first big COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan. Participants were 354 adults with a mean age of 27.79 years. The result provided support for the theoretical six-factor structure of the traditional Chinese Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory-Time Attitudes Scale (AATI-TA). Four clusters of time attitude profiles were identified (Positives, Negatives, Past Negatives and Pessimists). At both waves, Positives had lower levels of PTSD severity and COVID-19-related fears than most of the other groups, and the reverse was noted for Negatives. As for time effects, people across all profiles were significantly affected during the outbreak, but Negatives showed a greater increase in PTSD severity than other groups. In conclusion, mental health services should put efforts into early identification of those with highly negative time attitudes and implement interventions that nudge people toward a more balanced or positive attitude in each temporal frame, especially during adversity such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chiang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Sue-Huei Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
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Przepiórka A, Błachnio A, Jankowski T, Mello ZR, Worrell FC. The Assessment of Time Attitudes Among Adolescents and Young Adults With the Polish Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory – Time Attitude Scale (AATI-TA-Polish). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. In this paper, we examined the dimensionality, reliability, structural validity, and convergent validity of scores on the Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory – Time Attitude Scale (AATI-TA) in a sample of 989 Polish adolescents and young adults. Two studies were conducted. In Study 1, confirmatory factor analyses supported both the original 6-factor model (Past Positive, Past Negative, Positive Present, Negative Present, Future Positive, and Future Negative) and an alternative time-valence model with two factors related to valence (Positivity and Negativity) and three temporal factors (Past, Present, and Future). Study 1 results also provided evidence of invariance between adolescents and adults up to latent means. AATI-TA scores were also found to be invariant by gender and national context with scores from American adolescents. AATI-TA scores also yielded satisfactory reliability estimates. In Study 2, the incremental validity of AATI-TA scores over the contributions of ZTPI scores was assessed for and demonstrated with satisfaction with life and self-esteem. Overall, the results suggest that the Polish version of the AATI-TA yields psychometrically sound scores in Polish adolescents and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Przepiórka
- Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Błachnio
- Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jankowski
- Institute of Psychology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Zena R. Mello
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, CA, USA
| | - Frank C. Worrell
- Graduate School of Education, The University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Reliability, validity, and factor structure of future time perspective scale for adolescents and young adults (FTPS-AYA) in an Iranian female sample. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chishima Y, Nagamine M. Unpredictable Changes: Different Effects of Derailment on Well-Being Between North American and East Asian Samples. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2021; 22:3457-3478. [PMID: 33716559 PMCID: PMC7938291 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-021-00375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Some individuals experience the feeling that they have become a person they had not anticipated. The life path they had expected to take is not consonant with the one they are taking in reality. This perception of "off-course" in identity and self-direction is referred to as derailment. Although previous studies have postulated and demonstrated that derailment causes a low level of well-being, no studies have examined its existence and effect across cultures. We hypothesized that East Asians (Japanese) are less vulnerable to feeling derailed than North Americans (Canadians/Americans), and that those Japanese who feel derailed do not necessarily experience long-term damage to their well-being. Two correlational studies and one longitudinal study with a one-year interval supported these hypotheses and also demonstrated metric invariance of the Derailment Scale between countries. We discuss that these findings may be explained by East Asian's dialectical thinking, in which the perception of one's life direction is flexible. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s10902-021-00375-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Chishima
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 3058572 Japan
| | - Masato Nagamine
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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McKay MT, Worrell FC, Cole JC. Searching for Something Positive in Future Negative: The Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory-Time Attitudes Scale. Eval Health Prof 2020; 45:168-175. [PMID: 33375831 DOI: 10.1177/0163278720985597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory-Time Attitudes Scale (AATI-TA) measures emotional engagement with the past, present, and future, and scores have been shown to relate meaningfully to health outcomes. For past, present, and future, five items are used to assess both positive and negative attitudes. Although evidence for the hypothesized six-factor solution has been widely reported, some studies have indicated problems with the Future Negative items. Given that a large and growing literature has emerged on the six-factor AATI-TA, and that AATI-TA scores have shown much better and more consistent fit than other temporal psychology measures, we sought to investigate the future negative factor in detail. Secondary analyses were performed on two datasets. The first was a University convenience sample (N = 410) and the second was an adolescent sample (N = 1,612). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the fit for the five Future Negative items was poor. Modification indices suggested that a correlated error term between Items 4 and 10 would result in good fit, and this was indeed the case. Models without Item 4 or Item 10 also yielded acceptable fit. Analyses using all four operationalizations of Future Negative (original scale, without Item 4 or Item 10, or with the correlated error between Items 4 and 10) to predict symptoms of anxiety and depression, and emotional self-efficacy revealed minor differences in the predictive validity coefficients. Potential ways forward, including a correlated error term or the dropping or replacement of Item 10, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McKay
- Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Yacob ET, Bezabih BM, Worrell FC, Mello ZR. Measuring time perspective in Ethiopian young adults using the Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory (AATI). JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2020.1842598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ephrem T. Yacob
- College of Education and Behavioural Studies, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beide M. Bezabih
- College of Education and Behavioural Studies, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Frank C. Worrell
- Graduate School of Education, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Zena R. Mello
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, USA
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Time Attitude Profiles and Health-Related Behaviors: Validation of a Spanish Version of the Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory-Time Attitudes (AATI-TA). SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 23:e51. [PMID: 33213606 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2020.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Temporal psychology constructs are an individual difference variable related to behavioral outcomes. Recent research has shown that there are different time attitude profiles based on different configurations of the six Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory-Time Attitude (AATI-TA) subscales. The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of AATI-TA scores in Uruguay and determine the existence of temporal profiles in this context. Participants were a convenience sample of 446 (36.5% males) adults in Uruguay with a mean age of 34.53 years (SD = 13.17, range 18-75 years). Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the AATI-TA, and questionnaires on intentions, behaviors, and attitudes towards healthy food consumption and physical activity. AATI-TA scores had good reliabilities (> .70). The six-factor solution was supported and invariance by gender and age group was established. We identified five profiles - Resilients, High Positives, Negatives, Present Negatives, and Moderate Positives - which were associated differently with healthy food consumption patterns. Negative profiles were related to higher levels of unhealthy food consumption.
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McKay M, Healy C, O'Donnell L. The Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory-Time Attitudes Scale: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis of Psychometric Studies. J Pers Assess 2020; 103:576-587. [PMID: 32990472 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1818573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The exponential growth in studies demonstrating the utility of temporal psychology has been accompanied by many studies criticizing the psychometric properties of many of its assessment measures. The Adolescent (and Adult) Time Inventory-Time Attitudes Scale (AATI-TA) has been relatively immune to these criticisms. Given the increase in the use of this particular measure, we undertook a comprehensive review of studies assessing the psychometric validity and internal consistency of the AATI-TA. Computerized searches were conducted in Scopus, PsycINFO, and EMBASE databases, with 19 manuscripts ultimately retained, and data from a total of 29 samples analyzed. Results revealed that at a broad level, these analyses supported both the psychometric validity, and internal consistency of AATI-TA scores, with some minor issues identified with the Future Negative dimension. Meta-regression analyses revealed some small-sized but significant effects for age, language, and location on RMSEA, alpha values, and mean scores. However, these did not survive the Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Observed heterogeneity among studies has implications for any future creation of scale norms. Future directions for research include an exploration of the readability and appropriateness of Future Negative items, temporal stability of scores, and more psychometric studies with adult samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McKay
- Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Laurie O'Donnell
- Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Worrell FC, Mello ZR, Laghi F, Baiocco R, Lonigro A. Time Perspective Constructs in Albanian and Italian Adolescents: Exploratory Analyses. Psychol Rep 2020; 124:693-719. [PMID: 32216518 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120913493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Time perspective is an important correlate of developmental outcomes in adolescence, and research has highlighted the importance of assessing the past, the present, and the future. However, there are few instruments that assess all three time periods. In the current study, we examined the responses of Italian and Albanian adolescents on the time frequency, time orientation, time relation, and time attitude subscales of the Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory. Participants consisted of two samples of adolescents-246 Italians and 312 Albanians-who completed translated versions of the Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory. Italian and Albanian adolescents had similar responses to time frequency and time attitudes but differed in time orientation and time relation. Additionally, psychometric evidence supported the internal consistency and structural validity of scores on five of the six time attitude subscales-Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Positive, Present Negative, and Future Positive-but provided less support for Future Negative subscale scores. Time attitude scores showed strong invariance across countries. Comparisons of time attitude mean scores in this study with time attitude means in samples from Germany, Japan, Italy, New Zealand, Turkey, and the United States revealed similarities and differences. Finally, time constructs did not have substantial associations with risky behaviors or seatbelt use. The findings suggest that the Adolescent and Adult Time Inventory can be used in cross-cultural research on time perspective and may help us understand adolescents in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Worrell
- Graduate School of Education, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zena R Mello
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, CA, USA
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Lonigro
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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