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Gertzen M, Karcher S, Schwarz J, Rosenberger C, Strasburger M, Rabenstein A, Strasser AM, Palm U, Rüther T. "I Can't Get No Satisfaction"-Psychosocial Aspects and Awareness of Negative Impacts in Chemsex Users: Results from an Anonymous Online Survey. Brain Sci 2024; 14:666. [PMID: 39061406 PMCID: PMC11275116 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemsex is the interplay of substance use by men who have sex with men (MSM) in sexual contexts. The minority stress model and the identity process theory are explanatory models. In this study, we investigated whether (i) differences in certain psychosocial aspects (i.e., shame, aspects of queer identity, and sexual self-concepts) exist between chemsex users and non-users, and (ii) which factors influence an awareness of negative impacts in chemsex users. We conducted an anonymous, cross-sectional, online survey, including sociodemography, sexual history, history of substance use, validated scales for shame-proneness, aspects of queer identity, and sexual self-concepts. Our analysis comprised descriptive statistics, t-tests, Spearman's correlations, and a multiple linear regression model. We recorded a total of 3257 datasets with 107 chemsex users. Chemsex users showed higher rates for risky sexual behavior. Values for shame proneness, more negative aspects of queer identity, and sexual self-concepts were elevated in chemsex users with an awareness of negative impacts. Sexual anxiety, intravenous substance use, and having had a difficult process coming out were significant predictors of feeling negative impacts. Aspects of shame, queer identity aspects, and sexual self-concepts play an important role in the field of chemsex. Different explanatory models seem to be relevant for different subgroups of chemsex users. Chemsex users with an awareness of a problem were particularly vulnerable and distressed but had the highest motivation for change. Prevention, counseling, and care might profit from the inclusion of these aspects. Further anti-stigma campaigns and a specialization of the healthcare system are needed. Registration: DRKS00022336, date: 29th of October, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Gertzen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Sinan Karcher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Rosenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Strasburger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Rabenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Martina Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Palm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- P3 Clinic, 82327 Tutzing, Germany
| | - Tobias Rüther
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Biermann M, Schulze A, Vonderlin R, Bohus M, Lyssenko L, Lis S. Shame, self-disgust, and envy: An experimental study on negative emotional response in borderline personality disorder during the confrontation with the own face. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1082785. [PMID: 36970260 PMCID: PMC10030617 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1082785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundA markedly negative self-image and pervasive shame proneness have consistently been associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The present experimental study investigated the intensity of negative emotional responses with a focus on shame in BPD compared to healthy control persons (HCs) during an experimental paradigm promoting self-awareness, self-reflection, and self-evaluation. Furthermore, the relationship between levels of state shame during the experiment and shame proneness in BPD compared to HCs was examined.MethodsA sample of 62 individuals with BPD and 47 HCs participated in the study. During the experimental paradigm, participants were presented with photos of (i) the own face, (ii) the face of a well-known person, and (iii) of an unknown person. They were asked to describe positive facets of these faces. Participants rated the intensity of negative emotions induced by the experimental task as well the pleasantness of the presented faces. Shame-proneness was assessed using the Test of the Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA-3).ResultsIndividuals with BPD experienced significantly higher levels of negative emotions than HCs both before and during the experimental task. While HC participants responded to their own face particularly with an increase in shame compared to the other-referential condition, the BPD patients responded above all with a strong increase of disgust. Furthermore, the confrontation with an unknown or well-known face resulted in a strong increase of envy in BPD compared to HC. Individuals with BPD reported higher levels of shame-proneness than HCs. Higher levels of shame-proneness were related to higher levels of state shame during the experiment across all participants.ConclusionOur study is the first experimental study on negative emotional responses and its relationship to shame proneness in BPD compared to HC using the own face as a cue promoting self-awareness, self-reflection, and self-evaluation. Our data confirm a prominent role of shame when describing positive features of the own face, but they emphasize also disgust and envy as distinct emotional experience characterizing individuals with BPD when being confronted with the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Biermann
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Miriam Biermann,
| | - Anna Schulze
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ruben Vonderlin
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Bohus
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lisa Lyssenko
- Department of Public Health, Freiburg University of Education, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lis
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Hashemi Golpayegani F, Hosseinian S, Rezaeian H, Pourshahriari M, Rasouli R. Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of Adolescent Shame‐Proneness Scale. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simin Hosseinian
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology Alzahra University Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Rezaeian
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology Alzahra University Tehran Iran
| | - Mahsima Pourshahriari
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology Alzahra University Tehran Iran
| | - Roya Rasouli
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology Alzahra University Tehran Iran
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Lear MK, Lee EB, Smith SM, Luoma JB. A systematic review of self-report measures of generalized shame. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:1288-1330. [PMID: 34997972 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shame is a transdiagnostic emotion of strong clinical and research interest. Yet, there is a lack of consensus on the definition and varying methods employed across self-report measures, potentially affecting our ability to accurately study shame and examine whether clinical interventions to alter shame are effective. This paper offers a systematic review of self-report measures of generalized shame. METHODS PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science were searched. Studies were included when they were available in English and the primary aim was to evaluate measurement properties of scales or subscales designed to measure generalized shame in adults. RESULTS Thirty-six papers examining 19 scales were identified, with measures of trait shame more common than state shame. Construct validity, internal consistency, and structural validity were relative strengths. Development and content validity studies were lacking and suffered from low methodological quality. CONCLUSIONS All measures evaluated needed additional research to meet criteria for recommended use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kati Lear
- Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Research, and Training Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Eric B Lee
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah M Smith
- Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Research, and Training Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason B Luoma
- Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Research, and Training Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Zhao J, Chi Y, Ju Y, Liu X, Wang J, Liu X, Lew B, Siau CS, Jia C. Shame and Suicidal Ideation among Undergraduates in China: The Mediating Effect of Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072360. [PMID: 32244371 PMCID: PMC7178018 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Undergraduate students with shame are more likely to experience suicidal ideation, but there remains a lack of research investigating the factors underlying this relationship. The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that suicidal ideation is influenced by the simultaneous presence of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. We examined the prevalence of suicidal ideation among undergraduate students in China and examined the association between shame and suicidal ideation mediated by perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. A survey was conducted in July 2018 involving 2320 undergraduate students, and the twelve-month prevalence of suicidal ideation was 8.95%. Shame played a crucial role in predicting suicidal ideation, and the mediating effects of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness between shame and suicidal ideation were significant. Suicidal ideation is common among undergraduate students in China and merits greater attention. Shame, perceived burdensomeness, and thwarted belongingness may be important factors to assess among undergraduate students in suicide risk assessment and psychological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- School of Marxism, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yanna Chi
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yanli Ju
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiyao Liu
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinglai Liu
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Bob Lew
- Department of Social Psychology, Putra University of Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ching Sin Siau
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Liberal Arts, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Cunxian Jia
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0531-8838-2141-8803
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