Examination of the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory-Short Form Among Portuguese Young Adults: Psychometrics and Measurement Invariance

The Weinberger Adjustment Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF) is a multidimensional measure of behavioral adjustment frequently used with forensic, clinical, and community populations. However, no previous studies have examined the WAI-SF from a more modern psychometric perspective including second-order models, measurement invariance and a better estimation of reliability. The current sample is composed of female and male young adults (N = 610, M = 21.33 years, SD = 3.09, range = 18-37) from a university context in Portugal. Results indicated that both the four-factor intercorrelated and the four-factor second order models of the WAI-SF Distress and Restraint scales showed good fits. The WAI-SF Distress and Restraint scales were negatively and significantly correlated, and the intercorrelations between the subscales of each scale ranged from moderate to high. The WAI-SF scales and subscales mostly showed adequate to good reliability in terms of McDonald's Omega and the more traditional Cronbach's Alpha. Strong cross-gender measurement invariance was demonstrated, with females scoring significantly higher than males on the Anxiety subscale of the Distress scale, and on the Suppression of Aggression, Impulse Control, Consideration of Others, Responsibility subscales, and Restraint scale. The WAI-SF scales and subscales showed distinctive correlates with other measures (e.g., low self-control, psychopathy) and variables (e.g., delinquency seriousness, substance use). Considering our findings, the use of the WAI-SF is recommended among the Portuguese young adult population and its use in criminological research is encouraged.

Negative Affectivity and Emotion-Focused Coping in Spouse Caregivers of Persons With Alzheimer's Disease

Several studies have noted that spouse caregivers'negative affectivity, or neuroticism, is associated with the use of emotion-focused coping strategies. This association may be artificially inflated, however, due to the common mode of assessment used in these studies or to the reactive relationship between negative affectivity and coping. To address this issue, this study examined the relationship between self-reporting and informant reporting of negative affectivity and selfreported coping. Informants, adult children (N = 39) of caregivers, completed the NEO–Five Factor Index, in which they described their caregiver parent prior to the onset of dementia in their other parent. Caregivers completed measures of current coping and distress. Only emotion-focused coping showed a tendency to be more highly correlated with self-reported than with informant-reported negative affectivity. Correlations between self-reports of negative affectivity and use of emotion-focused coping may reflect a reciprocal interaction between these two variables and therefore may overestimate their association.

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the Brief Symptom Inventory among substance abusers

The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) is a multidimensional measure of psychological and somatic distress that is used to obtain detailed symptom profiles. The BSI has been questioned regarding its ability to differentiate among its proposed nine dimensions, and the factor structure underlying the BSI has not been confirmed with substance abusers. Exploratory factor analyses were completed on substance abusers (ntotal = 453; nwomen = 121; nmen = 332); nine factors were not identified. Five models were then submitted to confirmatory factor analyses using an independent sample of substance abusers (ntotal = 456; nwomen = 127; nmen = 329). A one-factor model (i.e., global psychological distress) best represented the data. Implications for using the BSI in research and counseling are discussed.

Prospects for the assessment of normal and abnormal interpersonal behavior

The Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS) and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) are current representatives of a long-standing tradition and their use as assessment instruments is expected to become increasingly widespread in the near future and beyond. The IAS is a direct descendent of the interpersonal circumplex tradition and is characterized by an extraordinarily close relation between theory and method in the assessment of both normal and disordered personalities. The IIP stems from a more recent conceptual distinction between psychiatric symptoms and problems of living that has been linked directly to the interpersonal circumplex. This review is meant to alert clinicians to promising supplements to traditional intrapsychic and symptomatic psychodiagnostic batteries.

Social-emotional adjustment and patterns of alcohol use among young adults

Individual differences in social-emotional adjustment, jointly defined by levels of distress and self-restraint, were used to evaluate (a) patterns of alcohol use, (b) reasons for use, and (c) associated problems in two college samples of young adults (N = 287 and N = 215). As hypothesized, low self-restraint was associated with high levels of alcohol use, drinking to increase positive affect, and high levels of alcohol-related problems. Subjective distress was not related to levels of use; however, it was associated with drinking to escape negative moods and social discomfort and with excessive alcohol-related problems. Both high distress and low self-restraint predicted problem drinking beyond what could be accounted for by quantity or frequency of alcohol use or by peers' use. Within Weinberger and Schwartz's (1990) six-group typology, reactive individuals (high distress-low restraint) were especially likely to be problem drinkers, even when compared to groups with equivalent alcohol use. In a separate study, knowledgeable peers' reports validated the differences between reactive and repressive individuals, the two groups most likely to have inaccurate self-reports.