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Yin F, Guo Z, Sun W, Hou C, Wang S, Ji F, Liu Y, Fu S, Liu C, Li R, Wang Y, Sun D. Comparing overall survival between pediatric and adult retinoblastoma with the construction of nomogram for adult retinoblastoma: A SEER population-based analysis. Asian J Surg 2024; 47:2178-2187. [PMID: 38395709 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare primary malignant tumor primarily affecting children. Our study aims to compare the overall survival (OS) between pediatric and adult RB patients and establish a predictive model for adult RB patients' OS to assist clinical decision-making. METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed data from 1938 RB patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, covering the period from 2000 to 2015. Propensity score matching (PSM) ensured balanced characteristics between pediatric and adult groups. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess prognostic factors, and selected variables were utilized to construct a predictive survival model. The Nomogram model's performance was evaluated through the C-index, time-dependent ROC curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS Following PSM, adult RB patients had lower OS compared to pediatric RB patients. Independent prognostic factors for adult RB OS included age, gender, disease stage, radiation therapy, income, and diagnosis confirmation. In the training cohort, the Nomogram achieved a C-index for OS of 0.686 and accurately predicted 2-year, 3-year, and 5-year OS with AUC values of 0.672, 0.680, and 0.660, respectively. The C-index, time-dependent ROC curves, calibration curves, and DCA in both training and validation cohorts confirmed the Nomogram's excellent performance. CONCLUSION In this study, adult RB patients have worse OS than pediatric RB patients. Consequently, we constructed a Nomogram to predict the risk for adult RB patients. The Nomogram demonstrated good accuracy and reliability, making it suitable for widespread application in clinical practice to assist healthcare professionals in assessing patients' prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxu Yin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chong Hou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fulong Ji
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Siqi Fu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Daqing Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Ansari M, Kulkarni YA, Singh K. Advanced Technologies of Drug Delivery to the Posterior Eye Segment Targeting Angiogenesis and Ocular Cancer. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:85-124. [PMID: 37824419 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023045298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB), a childhood retinal cancer is caused due to RB1 gene mutation which affects the child below 5 years of age. Angiogenesis has been proven its role in RB metastasis due to the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in RB cells. Therefore, exploring angiogenic pathway by inhibiting VEGF in treating RB would pave the way for future treatment. In preclinical studies, anti-VEGF molecule have shown their efficacy in treating RB. However, treatment requires recurrent intra-vitreal injections causing various side effects along with patient nonadherence. As a result, delivery of anti-VEGF agent to retina requires an ocular delivery system that can transport it in a non-invasive manner to achieve patient compliance. Moreover, development of these type of systems are challenging due to the complicated physiological barriers of eye. Adopting a non-invasive or minimally invasive approach for delivery of anti-VEGF agents would not only address the bioavailability issues but also improve patient adherence to therapy overcoming the side effects associated with invasive approach. The present review focuses on the eye cancer, angiogenesis and various novel ocular drug delivery systems that can facilitate inhibition of VEGF in the posterior eye segment by overcoming the eye barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Ansari
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
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Figueiredo D, Marques IA, Pires AS, Cavaleiro CF, Costa LC, Castela G, Murta JN, Botelho MF, Abrantes AM. Risk of Second Tumors in Retinoblastoma Survivors after Ionizing Radiation: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5336. [PMID: 38001596 PMCID: PMC10670427 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common ocular neoplasm in children, whose development depends on two mutational events that occur in both alleles of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1). Regarding the nature of these mutational events, RB can be classified as hereditary if the first event is a germline mutation and the second one is a somatic mutation in retina cells or nonhereditary if both mutational events occur in somatic cells. Although the rate of survival of RB is significantly elevated, the incidence of second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) is a concern, since SMNs are the main cause of death in these patients. Effectively, RB patients present a higher risk of SMN incidence compared to other oncology patients. Furthermore, evidence confirms that hereditary RB survivors are at a higher risk for SMNs than nonhereditary RB survivors. Over the decades, some studies have been performed to better understand this subject, evaluating the risk of the development of SMNs in RB patients. Furthermore, this risk seems to increase with the use of ionizing radiation in some therapeutic approaches commonly used in the treatment of RB. This review aims to clarify the effect of ionizing radiation in RB patients and to understand the association between the risk of SMN incidence in patients that underwent radiation therapy, especially in hereditary RB individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.F.); (I.A.M.); (A.S.P.)
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês A. Marques
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.F.); (I.A.M.); (A.S.P.)
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Salomé Pires
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.F.); (I.A.M.); (A.S.P.)
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal; (G.C.); (J.N.M.)
| | - Claudia F. Cavaleiro
- Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.F.C.); (L.C.C.)
| | - Luís C. Costa
- Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.F.C.); (L.C.C.)
| | - Guilherme Castela
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal; (G.C.); (J.N.M.)
- Pediatric Oncology Service, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro de Responsabilidade Integrado de Oftalmologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim N. Murta
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal; (G.C.); (J.N.M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro de Responsabilidade Integrado de Oftalmologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.F.); (I.A.M.); (A.S.P.)
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal; (G.C.); (J.N.M.)
| | - Ana Margarida Abrantes
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.F.); (I.A.M.); (A.S.P.)
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061 Coimbra, Portugal; (G.C.); (J.N.M.)
- Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.F.C.); (L.C.C.)
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Atima MO, Idakwo U, Komolafe O, Eisuke S, Shintaro N, Balogun EO, Dingwoke EJ, Orugun AJ, Ukumobe KO, Pam JD, Aladiuba A. Presentation pattern and survival rate of retinoblastoma following chemotherapy: a prospective study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:538. [PMID: 37891551 PMCID: PMC10612210 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04347-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study presents the clinical pattern of presentation and survival rate of retinoblastoma, which is the most prevalent form of pediatric intraocular cancer. The aim of this study is to provide baseline information about the clinical presentation and management of retinoblastoma at ECWA Eye Hospital. Additionally, the study identifies priority areas for enhancing medical care for children diagnosed with this cancer. ECWA Eye Hospital, situated in Kano State, Nigeria, is a specialized eye center located in the North-Western region of the country. METHODS A prospective study spanning five years was conducted at ECWA Eye Hospital to investigate clinically diagnosed cases of retinoblastoma. The study took place from January 2018 to December 2022. The patients received standardized pre-medication and chemotherapy protocols for retinoblastoma. Subsequently, a five-year follow-up was conducted to monitor the patients' progress. The collected data was analyzed, descriptive statistics were generated, and the survival rate was calculated. RESULTS During the five-year study period, a total of 35 cases of retinoblastoma were diagnosed. The patients had an average age of 3.21 ± 1.32 years. The most common presentation patterns observed were fungating ocular mass and proptosis. Among the cases, there were 10 instances of bilateral proptosis and 25 instances of unilateral proptosis. While no patients exhibited bilateral leukocoria, eight cases of unilateral leukocoria with anterior segment seedlings were identified. The additional patterns of presentation are proptosis, leukocoria, fungating orbital mass, redness and loss of vision. The mortality rate was 80% (28 cases), while the survival rate was 20% (7 cases). Notably, all the survivors had unilateral retinoblastoma. CONCLUSION The majority of cases observed at ECWA Eye Hospital involve advanced retinoblastoma. In low-resource settings where alternative treatment options are limited, chemotherapy is considered a viable treatment option. Early presentation of retinoblastoma in patients may lead to a higher survival rate when chemotherapy is administered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shimizu Eisuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nakayama Shintaro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuel Oluwadare Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Emeka John Dingwoke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
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Talapatra J, Reddy MM. Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming in Embryonal Neoplasms with MYCN Amplification. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072144. [PMID: 37046804 PMCID: PMC10093342 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells reprogram their metabolism, including glucose, glutamine, nucleotide, lipid, and amino acids to meet their enhanced energy demands, redox balance, and requirement of biosynthetic substrates for uncontrolled cell proliferation. Altered lipid metabolism in cancer provides lipids for rapid membrane biogenesis, generates the energy required for unrestricted cell proliferation, and some of the lipids act as signaling pathway mediators. In this review, we focus on the role of lipid metabolism in embryonal neoplasms with MYCN dysregulation. We specifically review lipid metabolic reactions in neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, Wilms tumor, and rhabdomyosarcoma and the possibility of targeting lipid metabolism. Additionally, the regulation of lipid metabolism by the MYCN oncogene is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmayee Talapatra
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Mamatha M Reddy
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
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Belson PJ, Pike NA, Eastwood JA, Brecht ML, Berry JL, Hays RD. Vision-related quality of life compared to generic measures in retinoblastoma survivors. Qual Life Res 2023; 32:1095-1105. [PMID: 36520266 PMCID: PMC9753081 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-022-03315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To (1) Compare vision-related quality of life (VRQOL) in adolescent and young adult (AYA) unilateral versus bilateral retinoblastoma (RB) survivors using a vision-targeted measure and a generic health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measure and (2) Assess associations among VRQOL and generic HRQOL domains and overall QOL and estimate associations of the VRQOL and HRQOL domains with overall QOL. METHODS The National Institute for Health (NIH) Toolbox® VRQOL instrument, PROMIS®-29 Profile v 2.1, and a single-item QOL measure were administered in a cross-sectional study of 101 RB survivors. Reliability for multi-item scales was estimated. Product-moment and Spearman rank correlation coefficients and stepwise ordinary least squares were used to measure associations of other variables with overall QOL. RESULTS Significantly worse VRQOL was reported by bilateral than unilateral RB survivors. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all VRQOL scales ranged from 0.83 to 0.95. Medium to large correlations were found between all NIH Toolbox® VRQOL scales and the PROMIS®-29 measures. Depression and ability to participate in social roles and activities from the PROMIS®-29 Profile accounted for 38% of the variance in overall QOL with the psychosocial domain of the NIH Toolbox® VRQOL explaining 16% of the variance. CONCLUSION VRQOL is impaired in bilateral RB survivors. VRQOL is associated substantially with the PROMIS-29 generic HRQOL measure but has significant unique associations with overall QOL. The NIH Toolbox® VRQOL measure provides important information about the vision-related effects on daily life of AYA RB survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J. Belson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd. Mailstop #12, CA 90027 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nancy A. Pike
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd. Mailstop #12, CA 90027 Los Angeles, USA
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jo-Ann Eastwood
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Mary-Lynn Brecht
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd. Mailstop #12, CA 90027 Los Angeles, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ron D. Hays
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA USA
- School of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of California. Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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Sánchez-Cañal B, Bosch Canto V. Presence of cataract in patients treated for retinoblastoma at the national institute of pediatrics in Mexico (2011-2021). J Fr Ophtalmol 2023; 46:216-222. [PMID: 36642598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study is to describe the presence of secondary cataract in patients with retinoblastoma treated at the National Institute of Pediatrics of Mexico (INP) over the past 10 years. METHODS This was a single center observational, retrospective and descriptive study. We included all eyes diagnosed with retinoblastoma and cataract between June 2011 and June 2021. RESULTS In total, 833 records of patients diagnosed with Retinoblastoma at the National Institute of Pediatrics during the period between June 2011 and June 2021 were reviewed. Out of all of them, only 14 developed cataract (1.6%). The median age at retinoblastoma diagnosis was 10.5 months (Rank: 6-13 months), and the median age at cataract diagnosis was 51.5 months (Rank: 25-73 months). The majority (13, 92.9%) of the patients had bilateral involvement. 42% of the eyes were Stage D according to the international classification of retinoblastoma. Cryotherapy was applied in 57.1%, intravitreal chemotherapy in 85.7%, radiation therapy in 42.6%, and only 7.1% of cases were treated with intra-arterial chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The presence of cataract in patients with retinoblastoma is a rare but important entity impacting the development of vision in children and detection of intraocular tumors. These probably occur late as a result of the multiple treatments to which the children have been subjected, without being able to determine in this study which is the risk factor most associated with the development of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sánchez-Cañal
- Insurgentes Sur 3700 Letra C, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, 04530 Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - V Bosch Canto
- Insurgentes Sur 3700 Letra C, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, 04530 Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
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Selective Induction of Intrinsic Apoptosis in Retinoblastoma Cells by Novel Cationic Antimicrobial Dodecapeptides. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112507. [PMID: 36432697 PMCID: PMC9694048 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides represent an important component of innate immunity. In this work, we report the anticancer properties of a panel of hyper-charged wholly cationic antimicrobial dodecapeptides (CAPs) containing multiple canonical forms of lysine and arginine residues. These CAPs displayed excellent bactericidal activities against a broad range of pathogenic bacteria by dissipating the cytoplasmic membrane potential. Specifically, we identified two CAPs, named HC3 and HC5, that effectively killed a significant number of retinoblastoma (WERI-Rb1) cells (p ≤ 0.01). These two CAPs caused the shrinkage of WERI-Rb1 tumor spheroids (p ≤ 0.01), induced intrinsic apoptosis in WERI-Rb1 cells via activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3, cleaved the PARP protein, and triggered off the phosphorylation of p53 and γH2A.X. Combining HC3 or HC5 with the standard chemotherapeutic drug topotecan showed synergistic anti-cancer activities. Overall, these results suggest that HC3 and HC5 can be exploited as potential therapeutic agents in retinoblastoma as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy to enhance the effectiveness of currently used treatment modalities.
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Belson PJ, Eastwood JA, Brecht ML, Kim JW, Hays RD, Pike NA. Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent and Young Adult Retinoblastoma Survivors. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY NURSING 2022; 39:342-357. [PMID: 35674414 PMCID: PMC9807776 DOI: 10.1177/27527530221073766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant intraocular tumor diagnosed in early childhood that requires extensive medical and surgical treatment at a young age. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is thought to be diminished due to visual impairment, facial deformities, and fear of recurrence or secondary cancer. However, few studies have identified variables associated with HRQOL among those with RB. Purpose: To compare HRQOL of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with RB to matched controls and to identify predictors of HRQOL in RB survivors. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, 198 AYAs (101 RBs and 97 controls) completed HRQOL (PROMIS®-29 profile) and psychosocial questionnaires (Rosenberg self-esteem scale, multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and Hollingshead index for socioeconomic status). Clinical variables (age at diagnosis, visual acuity, laterality, heredity, treatment regime, and anesthesia exposure) were extracted from the medical record. Correlates of HRQOL were estimated using linear regression models. Results: RB survivors reported similar HRQOL compared to controls. Physical function (p < .001), social support (p = .013), and self-esteem (p = .028) were lower in the RB group compared to controls. Visual acuity and self-esteem accounted for 52% of the variance in PROMIS physical health summary scores and self-esteem accounted for 38% of the variance in mental health summary scores. Conclusion: Despite deficits in physical function and self-esteem HRQOL in RB survivors was comparable to healthy counterparts. However, the majority of RB survivors in this study had normal visual acuity. Clinicians should explore ways to enhance self-esteem in RB survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonathan W. Kim
- Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ron D. Hays
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Nancy A. Pike
- Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Clinical presentation and outcomes in children with retinoblastoma managed at the Uganda Cancer Institute. J Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 2022:8817215. [PMID: 35308301 PMCID: PMC8924608 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8817215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of patients with retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer of childhood, are found in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), with leukocoria being the most common initial presenting sign and indication for referral. Findings from the current study serve to augment earlier findings on the clinical presentation and outcomes of children with retinoblastoma in Uganda. Methods This was a retrospective study in which we reviewed records of children admitted with a diagnosis of retinoblastoma at the Uganda Cancer Institute from January 2009 to February 2020. From the electronic database, using admission numbers, files were retrieved. Patient information was recorded in a data extraction tool. Results A total of 90 retinoblastoma patients were studied, with a mean age at the first Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI) presentation of 36.7 months. There were more males (57.8%) than females, with a male to female ratio of 1.37 : 1. The majority (54.4%) had retinoblastoma treatment prior to UCI admission. The most common presenting symptoms were leukocoria (85.6%), eye reddening (64.4%), and eye swelling (63.3%). At 3 years of follow-up after index admission at UCI, 36.7% of the patients had died, 41.1% were alive, and 22.2% had been lost to follow-up. The median 3-year survival for children with retinoblastoma in our study was 2.18 years. Significant predictors of survival in the multivariate analysis were follow-up duration (P¯<0.001), features of metastatic spread (P = 0.001), history of eye swelling (P = 0.012), and bilateral enucleation (P = 0.011). Conclusions The majority of children who presented to the Uganda Cancer Institute were referred with advanced retinoblastoma, and there was a high mortality rate. Retinoblastoma management requires a multidisciplinary team that should include paediatric ophthalmologists, paediatric oncologists, ocular oncologists, radiation oncologists, and nurses.
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Yang W, Jiang XX, Zhao XY, Mao PA. Treatment of RB-deficient retinoblastoma with Aurora-A kinase inhibitor. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:244-252. [PMID: 34741392 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma, also known as ocular cancer, usually affects children under the age of five. The standard of care for managing early-stage retinoblastoma is a combination of vincristine, carboplatin, and etoposide. However, this combination-based modality has limited applications owing to its side and late effects. Moreover, in advanced tumor stages, nearly 50% of patients would suffer a partial or full loss of vision. Therefore, therapies that preserve vision and reduce side effects are urgently required. Here, we focused mainly on the common loss-of-function (LOF) mutation of retinoblastoma gene 1 (RB1) in advanced retinoblastoma and investigated the synthetic lethality between RB1-LOF and Aurora kinase inhibition. We showed that Aurora kinase A inhibition could lead to cell mitotic abnormality and apoptosis, and demonstrated in vivo efficacy in a mouse model xenografted with RB1-deficient retinoblastoma. Our findings provide a promising druggable molecular target and potential clinical strategy for tackling retinoblastoma disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xing-Xiu Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhou Jintan First People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ping-An Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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Yin DF, Zhou XJ, Li N, Liu HJ, Yuan H. Long non-coding RNA SND1-IT1 accelerates cell proliferation, invasion and migration via regulating miR-132-3p/SMAD2 axis in retinoblastoma. Bioengineered 2022; 12:1189-1201. [PMID: 34969359 PMCID: PMC8806201 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1909962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as prognostic biomarkers and functional regulators in human tumors. In our study, we aim to investigate the roles of lncRNA SND1-IT1 (SND1-IT1) in retinoblastoma (RB). We observed that SND1-IT1 was highly expressed in both RB specimens and cells, and associated with poorer prognosis of RB patients. Functional investigation revealed that downregulation of SND1-IT1 suppressed RB cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and restrained RB tumorigenesis in vivo. MiR-132-3p was predicted to interact with SND1-IT1. RT-qPCR and dual-luciferase reporter assays verified the regulation of miR-132-3p by SND1-IT1 in RB cells. In addition, SND1-IT1 enhanced the expression of SMAD2 by sponging miR-132-3p. Rescue experiments revealed that knockdown of miR-132-3p reversed the inhibiting effects of miR-132-3p knockdown on RB cells. Overall, SND1-IT1 can promote the progression of RB cells through miR-132-3p/SMAD2 axis, suggesting that l SND1-IT1 might be a novel biomarker and potential target for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Fang Yin
- Medical Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Jun Zhou
- Medical Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Medical Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Jie Liu
- Medical Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Yuan
- Medical Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Sradhanjali S, Rout P, Tripathy D, Kaliki S, Rath S, Modak R, Mittal R, Chowdary TK, Reddy MM. The Oncogene MYCN Modulates Glycolytic and Invasive Genes to Enhance Cell Viability and Migration in Human Retinoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205248. [PMID: 34680394 PMCID: PMC8533785 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is usually initiated by biallelic RB1 gene inactivation. In addition, MYCN copy number alterations also contribute to RB pathogenesis. However, MYCN expression, its role in disease progression and correlation with RB histological risk factors are not well understood. We studied the expression of MYCN in enucleated RB patient specimens by immunohistochemistry. MYCN is overexpressed in RB compared to control retina. Our microarray gene expression analysis followed by qRT-PCR validation revealed that genes involved in glucose metabolism and migration are significantly downregulated in MYCN knockdown cells. Further, targeting MYCN in RB cells using small molecule compounds or shRNAs led to decreased cell survival and migration, increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, suggesting that MYCN inhibition can be a potential therapeutic strategy. We also noted that MYCN inhibition results in reduction in glucose uptake, lactate production, ROS levels and gelatinolytic activity of active-MMP9, explaining a possible mechanism of MYCN in RB. Taking clues from our findings, we tested a combination treatment of RB cells with carboplatin and MYCN inhibitors to find enhanced therapeutic efficacy compared to single drug treatment. Thus, MYCN inhibition can be a potential therapeutic strategy in combination with existing chemotherapy drugs to restrict tumor cell growth in RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swatishree Sradhanjali
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (S.S.); (P.R.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
| | - Padmalochan Rout
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (S.S.); (P.R.)
- Novo Nordisk, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Devjyoti Tripathy
- Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbit and Ocular Oncology Service, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (D.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, Telangana, India;
| | - Suryasnata Rath
- Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbit and Ocular Oncology Service, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (D.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Rahul Modak
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
| | - Ruchi Mittal
- Kanupriya Dalmia Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Tirumala Kumar Chowdary
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India;
| | - Mamatha M. Reddy
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (S.S.); (P.R.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-674-3987175
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14
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Abdi F, Mohammadi SS, Falavarjani KG. Intravitreal Methotrexate. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2021; 16:657-669. [PMID: 34840688 PMCID: PMC8593537 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v16i4.9756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravitreal methotrexate (MTX) has been proven to be an effective treatment for various intraocular diseases. In this article, a comprehensive review was performed on intravitreal applications of methotrexate. Different aspects of the administration of intravitreal MTX for various clinical conditions such as intraocular tumors, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and uveitis were reviewed and the adverse effects of intravitreal injection of MTX were discussed. The most common indications are intraocular lymphoma and uveitis. Other applications remain challenging and more studies are needed to establish the role of intravitreal MTX in the management of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abdi
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Saeed Mohammadi
- Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Martinez-Ávila MC, Carrasquilla R, Oyola A, Rodriguez J, Castro-Dager A, Almeida Pérez R, De la Rosa G, Orozco-Gómez F, Quintero-Consuegra M. Cardiorespiratory Events in Children During Chemoembolization of Ophthalmic Artery for Retinoblastoma. Cureus 2021; 13:e16630. [PMID: 34466315 PMCID: PMC8396419 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common eye neoplasm in childhood, accounting for 2.5% to 4% of all pediatric cancers. Recent approaches to treat RB include localized administration of chemotherapy, such as super-selective ophthalmic artery chemotherapy. Although localized chemotherapy aims that minimize systemic side effects, some adverse cardio-respiratory reactions have been described as associated with this therapy. Our case report describes the cardiorespiratory severe events presented secondary to super-selective chemotherapy of the ophthalmic artery, to which we must be prepared to avoid fatal outcomes
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Oyola
- Anesthesia and Critical Care, Neurodinamia, Cartagena, COL
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16
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Boddu D, Thankamony P, Prakasam R, Sugath S, Kumar A, Nair S. Successful Treatment of Late Isolated Bone Metastasis in a Patient with Bilateral Retinoblastoma Using an Unconventional Method. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2021; 7:262-266. [PMID: 34604198 PMCID: PMC8443926 DOI: 10.1159/000514620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Though survival in bilateral retinoblastoma (RB) has improved due to advancement in diagnostics and treatment modalities, children require long-term follow-ups for recurrence and second malignancies. We report a case of bilateral RB in a 7-month-old baby who was treated with chemotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, and periocular carboplatin for both eyes following which there was complete regression of tumour. Six and a half years after treatment, the child presented with metastatic recurrence of tumour in the left ulna. He was treated successfully with chemotherapy, extracorporeal radiation and reimplantation therapy. A less aggressive treatment approach for isolated bone relapse may be considered in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Boddu
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Reshma Prakasam
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Subin Sugath
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Aswin Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sindhu Nair
- Department of Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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17
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Xie Y, Xu XL, Wei WB. The RB1 Mutation Spectrum and Genetic Management Consultation in Pediatric Patients with Retinoblastoma in Beijing, China. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:3453-3463. [PMID: 34456592 PMCID: PMC8387327 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s322373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study screened the structural mutations of the retinoblastoma (RB1) gene using gene capture and a preliminary exploration of the correlation between the genotypes and phenotypes. Methods A total of 45 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples and 12 peripheral venous blood samples from patients with retinoblastoma (RB) confirmed by pathological examination at Beijing Tongren Hospital were collected between May 2019 and May 2021. DNA from the samples was extracted, sequenced, and analyzed to detect the mutations in the RB1 gene by designing the targeted capture probes for exons and the flanking sequences of the gene. Results Of the 45 FFPE tissue samples, 23 were from male patients and 22 were from female patients, all aged between 4 months and 10 years, with an average age of 2.5 ± 1.3 years. Two of these patients had bilateral RB and 43 had unilateral RB (23 in the right eye and 20 in the left eye). Of the 12 peripheral venous blood samples, 7 were from male patients and 5 were from female patients, all aged between 8 months and 4 years, with an average age of 1.3 ± 0.9 years. Two of these patients had bilateral RB and 10 had unilateral RB (8 in the right eye and 2 in the left eye). Three de novo pathogenic mutations were found in the FFPE tissues, along with one de novo potentially pathogenic mutation, while three de novo potentially pathogenic mutations were found in the blood samples. Conclusion Gene capture is a low-cost and efficient method for the gene sequencing of RB. A total of seven de novo mutations were identified through mutation testing of the pathogenic gene RB1 in 56 pediatric patients with RB. This complemented the mutation spectrum of the RB1 gene and helped to improve the molecular diagnosis of RB, thereby providing a basis for genetic counseling and prediction of the clinical phenotype, as well as for the genetic testing of the offspring of patients with RB. Clinical Registration Number ChiCTR-EPC-17013892.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.,Department of Opthalmology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, 030012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Xu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research and Verification Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
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18
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Persaud Y, Seddiq M, Wu YM, Robinson DR, Poulik J, Altinok D, Roarty JD, Mody R, Taub JW. Unusual clinical behavior of a very late retinoblastoma relapse in a patient with a germline RB mutation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29064. [PMID: 34003562 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogindra Persaud
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Marjilla Seddiq
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yi-Mi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dan R Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Janet Poulik
- Division of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Deniz Altinok
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - John D Roarty
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Rajen Mody
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Taub
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA
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19
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Arshad R, Barani M, Rahdar A, Sargazi S, Cucchiarini M, Pandey S, Kang M. Multi-Functionalized Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinoblastoma. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:97. [PMID: 33810621 PMCID: PMC8066896 DOI: 10.3390/bios11040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare type of cancer, and its treatment, as well as diagnosis, is challenging, owing to mutations in the tumor-suppressor genes and lack of targeted, efficient, cost-effective therapy, exhibiting a significant need for novel approaches to address these concerns. For this purpose, nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of medicine with versatile potential capabilities for both the diagnosis, as well as the treatment, of retinoblastoma via the targeted and controlled delivery of anticancer drugs via binding to the overexpressed retinoblastoma gene. Nanotechnology has also generated massive advancements in the treatment of retinoblastoma based on the use of surface-tailored multi-functionalized nanocarriers; overexpressed receptor-based nanocarriers ligands (folate, galactose, and hyaluronic acid); lipid-based nanocarriers; and metallic nanocarriers. These nanocarriers seem to benchmark in mitigating a plethora of malignant retinoblastoma via targeted delivery at a specified site, resulting in programmed apoptosis in cancer cells. The effectiveness of these nanoplatforms in diagnosing and treating intraocular cancers such as retinoblastoma has not been properly discussed, despite the increasing significance of nanomedicine in cancer management. This article reviewed the recent milestones and future development areas in the field of intraocular drug delivery and diagnostic platforms focused on nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry, ShahidBahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran;
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran;
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany;
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- Particulate Matter Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology (RIST), 187-12, Geumho-ro, Gwangyang-si 57801, Korea
| | - Misook Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
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20
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Borah NA, Sradhanjali S, Barik MR, Jha A, Tripathy D, Kaliki S, Rath S, Raghav SK, Patnaik S, Mittal R, Reddy MM. Aurora Kinase B Expression, Its Regulation and Therapeutic Targeting in Human Retinoblastoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:16. [PMID: 33704359 PMCID: PMC7960835 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Aurora kinase B (AURKB) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of mitosis and is gaining prominence as a therapeutic target in cancers; however, the role of AURKB in retinoblastoma (RB) has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine if AURKB plays a role in RB, how its expression is regulated, and whether it could be specifically targeted. Methods The protein expression of AURKB was determined using immunohistochemistry in human RB patient specimens and immunoblotting in cell lines. Pharmacological inhibition and shRNA-mediated knockdown were used to understand the role of AURKB in cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle distribution. Cell viability in response to AURKB inhibition was also assessed in enucleated RB specimens. Immunoblotting was employed to determine the protein levels of phospho-histone H3, p53, p21, and MYCN. Chromatin immunoprecipitation–qPCR was performed to verify the binding of MYCN on the promoter region of AURKB. Results The expression of AURKB was found to be markedly elevated in human RB tissues, and the overexpression significantly correlated with optic nerve and anterior chamber invasion. Targeting AURKB with small-molecule inhibitors and shRNAs resulted in reduced cell survival and increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. More importantly, primary RB specimens showed decreased cell viability in response to pharmacological AURKB inhibition. Additional studies have demonstrated that the MYCN oncogene regulates the expression of AURKB in RB. Conclusions AURKB is overexpressed in RB, and targeting it could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy to restrict tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Arfin Borah
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Swatishree Sradhanjali
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Barik
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Atimukta Jha
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Devjyoti Tripathy
- Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbit and Ocular Oncology Service, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suryasnata Rath
- Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbit and Ocular Oncology Service, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sunil K Raghav
- Immuno-Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Ruchi Mittal
- Kanupriya Dalmia Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India.,Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mamatha M Reddy
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, India.,School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
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21
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Bas Z, Dalvin LA, Tadepalli S, Rao R, Shah A, Leahey AM, Shields CL. Outcomes of Intravenous Chemotherapy (Chemoreduction) for Retinoblastoma Based on Patient Age in 964 Eyes of 554 Patients. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2021; 10:373-380. [PMID: 33481399 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate retinoblastoma control after intravenous chemotherapy (chemoreduction) by patient age at presentation. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS This study included 964 eyes of 554 patients treated with chemoreduction at Ocular Oncology Service at Wills Eye Hospital. Patients received 6 monthly cycles of standard chemoreduction. Additional therapies for tumor control were performed as needed. RESULTS Of 964 eyes, a comparison by age group (<6 months vs. 6-12 months vs. 13-24 months vs. >24 months) revealed more advanced age group with higher frequency of group E tumor (15% vs. 25% vs. 32% vs. 39%, P < 0.001). By treatment outcomes, complete tumor control was achieved with chemoreduction alone more often in less advanced age group (46% vs. 30% vs. 17% vs. 8%, P < 0.001). Additional treatment after chemoreduction was needed more often in more advanced age group with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT; 9% vs. 16% vs. 20% vs. 15%, P = 0.006) or enucleation (12% vs. 18% vs. 26% vs. 37%, P < 0.001). Over time (1994-1998 vs. 1999-2003 vs. 2004-2008 vs. 2009-2013 vs. 2014-2019), the paradigm for additional required treatment after chemoreduction shifted toward less EBRT (27% vs. 24% vs. 14% vs. 7% vs. 2%, P < 0.001) and more intra-arterial (0% vs. 0% vs. 1% vs. 25% vs. 48%, P < 0.001) and intravitreal (0% vs. 0% vs. 3% vs. 10% vs. 20%, P < 0.001) chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Chemoreduction is a safe and effective treatment method for patients with retinoblastoma, demonstrating the best tumor control in the younger age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Bas
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lauren A Dalvin
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sameeksha Tadepalli
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Raksha Rao
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amish Shah
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ann M Leahey
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Carol L Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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22
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Mirzayev I, Gündüz AK, Yavuz K, Şekkeli MZ, Özalp Ateş FS, Ünal E, Taçyıldız N. Secondary intra-arterial chemotherapy and/or intravitreal chemotherapy as salvage treatment for retinoblastoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:2692-2698. [PMID: 32962409 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120957587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the results of secondary intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) and/or intravitreal chemotherapy (IVC) as a salvage treatment for retinoblastoma (RB). MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of 31 (20 male, 11 female) cases (with 38 eyes) who underwent secondary IAC and/or IVC between February 2010 and June 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Thirteen (41.9%) cases had unilateral and 18 (58.1%) had bilateral RB. According to the International Classification of RB, 6 (15.8%) eyes had group B, 9 (23.7%) eyes had group C, 16 (42.1%) eyes had group D, and 7 (18.4%) eyes had group E RB at diagnosis. All patients underwent six-cycle intravenous chemotherapy as primary treatment and 8 eyes received external radiotherapy before IAC/IVC. Secondary IAC was performed in 21 (55.3%) eyes, IVC in 10 (26.3%) eyes, and IAC + IVC in 7 (18.4%) eyes. External radiotherapy was applied in 2 (5.3%) eyes after IAC/IVC, one of which was later enucleated. In total, 17 (44.7%) eyes undergoing secondary IAC/IVC treatments were enucleated. Metastasis and death were not observed in any case during the mean follow-up period of 59.3 (median 61, range: 10-98) months. DISCUSSION Although 60.5% of the eyes undergoing IAC/IVC consisted of groups D and E RB, globe salvage and survival rates were 55.3% and 100.0%, respectively. External radiotherapy was required in 5.3% of the eyes after IAC/IVC. In conclusion, IAC and IVC are safe and effective treatment methods in eyes with RB unresponsive to other eye-preserving treatments and those demonstrating recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibadulla Mirzayev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kaan Gündüz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kıvılcım Yavuz
- Department of Radiology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zahid Şekkeli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Emel Ünal
- Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Taçyıldız
- Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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23
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Kashyap S, Singh L, Kumar N, Singh MK, Pushker N, Bakhshi S, Sen S, Lomi N, Meel R, Chawla B. Combined association of massive choroidal and optic nerve invasion as a prognostic relevance in primary retinoblastoma: A 10-year study. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2020; 17:e100-e108. [PMID: 32710815 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the significance of both massive choroidal invasion and optic nerve invasion (retrolaminar [(RL]+cut end [CE]) as a criterion for classifying high metastatic potential retinoblastoma and their relationship with other known histopathological high-risk features. METHODS A retrospective review of 650 eyes diagnosed as retinoblastoma over a 10-year period. In our study, there is male predominance and a higher percentage of the poorly differentiated tumors. The age of most of the patients ranges from 1 month to 8 years with a median age of 2 years. RESULTS There were 24% of eyes with massive choroidal invasion and 18% of eyes with optic nerve invasion up to the cut end. On performing Cox-proportional hazard analysis, it was found that massive choroidal invasion in association with optic nerve invasion up to the cut end was an independent prognostic parameter. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, overall survival had reduced in patients having both massive choroidal invasion and an optic nerve cut end invasion along with orbital invasion (P < .05). CONCLUSION The presence of massive choroidal invasion in association with optic nerve cut end invasion (RL+CE) could be used as a better prognostic predictor in assessing retinoblastoma patients with high metastatic potential and need to be kept for longer follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lata Singh
- Department of Biosciences, JMI, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Kumar
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mithalesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Pushker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neiwete Lomi
- Department of Biosciences, JMI, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Meel
- Department of Biosciences, JMI, New Delhi, India
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Kim U, Rathi G, Chowdhary G, Srinavasan KG, Shanthi R, Krishna RSP. Accuracy of preoperative imaging in predicting optic nerve invasion in retinoblastoma: A retrospective study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 67:2019-2022. [PMID: 31755442 PMCID: PMC6896533 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1611_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Optic nerve invasion is an important cause of mortality in retinoblastoma. We aimed correlate preoperative imaging and surgical histopathology findings in enucleated eyes with retinoblastoma to determine the efficacy of preoperative imaging in predicting optic nerve invasion in retinoblastoma. Methods: A retrospective review of records of all patients undergoing primary enucleation for retinoblastoma at a tertiary eyecare system between March 2013 and December 2017 with all patients having undergone preoperative imaging, either CT scan or MRI. Data was analyzed statistically to determine the correlation between preoperative CT scan/MRI and histopathology. Results: Totally, 97 eyes of 97 patients were included in the study who underwent primary enucleation for unilateral retinoblastoma. The average age at presentation was 27.8 months with the chief complaint being leukocoria in all the cases. 14 patients (14.43%) had evidence of optic nerve involvement in preoperative imaging. 30 patients had optic nerve invasion on histopathology (laminar and retrolaminar). Spearman's rank correlation test revealed a significant correlation between MRI findings and HP and an insignficant correlation between CT findings and HP. The CT scan had a sensitivity of 20%, specificity of 88.89%, 50% positive predictive value and 66.67% negative predictive value. MRI had a sensitivity of 40%, specificity of 93.55%, positive predictive value of 66.67% and a negative predictive value of 82.86%. Conclusion: MRI showed significant moderate correlation with surgical histopathology for predicting optic nerve invasion in retinoblastoma whereas CT shows insignificant correlation with HPE. Therefore, we recommend MRI for predicting optic nerve invasion in cases of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Kim
- Department of Orbit and Oculoplasty, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunjan Rathi
- Department of Orbit and Oculoplasty, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunja Chowdhary
- Department of Orbit and Oculoplasty, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K G Srinavasan
- Department of Orbit and Oculoplasty, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Shanthi
- Department of Orbit and Oculoplasty, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R S Prabhu Krishna
- Department of Orbit and Oculoplasty, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sun J, Feng D, Xi H, Luo J, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Chen Y, Shao Q. CD24 blunts the sensitivity of retinoblastoma to vincristine by modulating autophagy. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1740-1759. [PMID: 32394616 PMCID: PMC7400807 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common childhood malignant intraocular tumor. The clinical efficacy of vincristine (VCR) in the treatment of RB is severely limited by drug resistance. Here, we found that CD24, a GPI-anchored protein, was overexpressed in human RB tissues and RB cell lines, and was associated with the sensitivity of RB cells in response to VCR therapy. We demonstrated that CD24 plays a critical role in impairing RB sensitivity to VCR via regulating autophagy. Mechanistically, CD24 recruits PTEN to the lipid raft domain and regulates the PTEN/AKT/mTORC1 pathway to activate autophagy. Lipid raft localization was essential for CD24 recruitment function. Collectively, our findings revealed a novel role of CD24 in regulating RB sensitivity to VCR and showed that CD24 is a potential target for improving chemotherapeutic sensitivity and RB patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongju Feng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyu Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xuzhou First People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Eye Research Institute, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Luo
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zewei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Gündüz AK, Mirzayev I, Temel E, Ünal E, Taçyıldız N, Dinçaslan H, Köse SK, Özalp Ateş FS, Işık MU. A 20-year audit of retinoblastoma treatment outcomes. Eye (Lond) 2020; 34:1916-1924. [PMID: 32376976 PMCID: PMC7608123 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-0898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the long-term treatment outcomes in intraocular retinoblastoma (RB) including the associated factors for eventual treatment with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and enucleation as well as to analyse the risk factors for metastasis and death in extraocular RB. Methods Retrospective analysis of 390 eyes from 256 (89.8%) intraocular RB and 29 (10.2%) extraocular RB cases diagnosed and treated between October 1998 and May 2018 at one of the largest tertiary care centers in Turkey. Results Of 351 intraocular RB eyes, 53.3% had group D/E disease at presentation. 75 (21.4%) of 351 eyes underwent primary enucleation. Of the remaining 276 eyes undergoing eye-conserving treatments, 201 (72.8%) were salvaged. Most of these eyes were treated using intravenous chemotherapy and/or focal treatments [transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) and cryotherapy] initially. EBRT was eventually required in 48 (17.4%) eyes and secondary enucleation in 75 (27.2%) eyes. At mean follow-ups of 76.7 and 39.7 months for intraocular and extraocular RB cohorts, respectively, 180 (46.2%) eyes underwent primary/secondary enucleation and exenteration. Overall, 13 cases developed metastasis and 9 died. Two patients with trilateral RB also expired. Multivariable risk factors for enucleation were the presence of vitreous seeds (p < 0.001), absence of EBRT administration (p = 0.033), 5–9 TTT applications compared with no TTT (p = 0.031), and each 1 mm increase in tumour base diameter (p < 0.001). Univariate factors predictive of metastasis were the presence of extraocular RB detected by imaging methods (p < 0.001) and extrascleral/optic nerve cut end involvement at histopathological examination (p < 0.001). Conclusions In our series, 72.8% of the intraocular RB eyes undergoing eye-conserving treatments were saved. The globe salvage rate for all intraocular and extraocular RB eyes was 53.8% and the overall survival rate was 96.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kaan Gündüz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ibadulla Mirzayev
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Temel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emel Ünal
- Departmant of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Taçyıldız
- Departmant of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Handan Dinçaslan
- Departmant of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdal Kenan Köse
- Department of Biostatistics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Background::Human tumor cells lines and tumor samples overexpress the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R). Substance P (SP), after binding to NK-1Rs, induces tumor cell proliferation, an antiapoptotic effect and promotes angiogenesis and the migration of cancer cells for invasion and metastasis.Methods: :In contrast, NK-1R antagonists block the previous pathophysiological actions mediated by SP. These antagonists promote the death of tumor cells by apoptosis. Peptide and non-peptide NK-1R antagonists have been reported.Results: :Peptide NK-1R antagonists show chemical modifications of the SP molecule (L-amino acids being replaced by D-amino acids), whereas non-peptide NK-1R antagonists include numerous compounds with different chemical compositions while showing similar stereochemical features (affinity for the NK- 1R). Currently, there are more than 300 NK-1R antagonists.Conclusion::In combination therapy with classic cytostatics, NK-1R antagonists have additive or synergic effects and minimize the side-effects of cytostatics. The effect of NK-1R antagonists as broad-spectrum anticancer drugs is reviewed and the use of these antagonists for the treatment of cancer is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Muñoz
- Research Laboratory on Neuropeptides, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL) University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Impact of yoga based lifestyle intervention on psychological stress and quality of life in the parents of children with retinoblastoma. Ann Neurosci 2019; 26:66-74. [PMID: 31975776 PMCID: PMC6894619 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.260206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood cancers are associated with a psychological burden to the parents and hence, decline their mental and physical health and overall quality of life. Purpose The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of 12-weeks yoga based lifestyle intervention on psychological stress and quality of life in the parents of children affected with retinoblastoma. Method Single arm prospective clinical trial conducted from October 2015 to October 2017 at the Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. A pre-tested 12-weeks yoga based lifestyle intervention included asanas (physical postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), dhyana (meditation), relaxation techniques, lectures and films on yoga, interactive sessions and individualized advice was administered to the participants. Results 12-weeks of yoga based lifestyle intervention programme leads to a significant improvement in psychological stress and overall quality of life in the parents of retinoblastoma patients. There was a significant improvement in all the domains (physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment) of WHOQOL-BREF from baseline (day 0) to 12-weeks of yoga based lifestyle intervention. Yoga based lifestyle intervention also led to a significant increase in the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, sirtuin 1 and decreased the cortisol and IL-6 levels. Conclusion Yoga based lifestyle intervention reduced the severity of psychological stress and resulted in improvement in overall quality of life and upregulation in levels of systemic biomarkers of neuroplasticity. YBLI may serve as a beneficial therapy and may also act as an effective medium for better stress management to develop better coping strategies in the parents of retinoblastoma patients.
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Steinmeier T, Schulze Schleithoff S, Timmermann B. Evolving Radiotherapy Techniques in Paediatric Oncology. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2019; 31:142-150. [PMID: 30639254 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Childhood cancer is rare and survival of childhood cancer has increased up to 80% at 5 years after diagnosis. Radiotherapy is an important element of the multimodal treatment concept. However, due to growing tissue, children are particularly sensitive to radiation-related side-effects and the induction of secondary malignancies. However, radiotherapy techniques have continuously progressed. In addition, modern treatment concepts have been improved in order to minimise long-term effects. Today, radiotherapy is used for various tumour types in childhood, such as sarcomas and tumours of the central nervous system. MATERIALS AND METHODS External beam therapy with either photons or protons and brachytherapy are predominantly used for the treatment of childhood tumours. Technical developments and features, as well as clinical outcomes, for several tumour entities are presented. RESULTS The development of radiotherapy techniques, as well as risk-adapted therapy concepts, resulted in promising outcome regarding tumour control, survival and therapy-related side-effects. It is assumed that proton therapy will be increasingly used for treating children in the future. However, more data have to be collected through multi-institutional registries in order to strengthen the evidence. CONCLUSION The development of radiotherapy techniques is beneficial for children in terms of reducing dose exposure. As compared with other modern and highly conformal techniques, particularly proton therapy may achieve high survival rates and tumour control rates while decreasing the risk for side-effects. However, clinical evidence for modern radiotherapy techniques is still limited today. An optimal patient triaging with the selection of the most appropriate radiation technique for each individual patient will be an important goal for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Steinmeier
- Clinic for Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; West German Proton Therapy Center Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany; West German Cancer Center (WTZ), Essen, Germany
| | - S Schulze Schleithoff
- Clinic for Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; West German Proton Therapy Center Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany; West German Cancer Center (WTZ), Essen, Germany
| | - B Timmermann
- Clinic for Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; West German Proton Therapy Center Essen (WPE), Essen, Germany; West German Cancer Center (WTZ), Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen/Düsseldorf, Germany.
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30
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Zhao D, Cui Z. MicroRNA-361-3p regulates retinoblastoma cell proliferation and stemness by targeting hedgehog signaling. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:1154-1162. [PMID: 30679988 PMCID: PMC6327618 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common type of intraocular malignancy in children. During RB oncogenesis, sonic hedgehog (SHH) is commonly differentially expressed. Additionally, microRNAs (miRs) are known to serve crucial roles as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Specifically, miR-361-3p has been revealed to serve a vital role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer and lung cancer. However, the role of miR-361-3p in RB and the potential molecular mechanisms involved remain unknown. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the involvement of miR-361-3p in the development of RB by targeting SHH signaling. In the present study, miR-361-3p expression levels in RB tissue and serum samples obtained from 10 patients with RB, normal retinal tissue and serum samples obtained from 10 healthy controls, and two human RB cell lines (Y79 and Weri-Rb-1) were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, a cell counting kit-8 assay, a cell transfection assay, a MTT assay, western blotting, a tumor sphere formation assay and a luciferase assay were used to assess the expression, function and molecular mechanism of miR-361-3p in human RB. It was demonstrated that miR-361-3p was significantly downregulated in RB tissues, RB serum and RB cell lines compared with normal retinal tissues and normal serum. The ectopic expression of miR-361-3p decreased RB cell proliferation and stemness. Furthermore, GLI1 and GLI3 were verified as potential direct targets of miR-361-3p. miR-361-3p was also revealed to exhibit a negative correlation with GLI1/3 expression in RB samples. Taken together, the results indicate that miR-361-3p functions as a tumor suppressor in the carcinogenesis and progression of RB by targeting SHH signaling. Thus, miR-361-3p should be further assessed as a potential therapeutic target for RB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
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31
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Liu M, Wang SM, Jiang ZX, Lauren H, Tao LM. Effects of miR-22 on viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis in retinoblastoma Y79 cells by targeting high-mobility group box 1. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1600-1607. [PMID: 30364183 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.10.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the effect of miR-22 on viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis in retinoblastoma (RB) Y79 cells and to further detect the potential mechanism. METHODS Plasmids were constructed to change the expression level of miR-22 in Y79 cells. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted to test the expression level of miR-22. After changing the expression of miR-22, the mRNA and protein levels of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were investigated using RT-PCR and Western blotting. The effect of miR-22 on viability was analyzed by using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and the effect on apoptosis was detected by the flow cytometry. Wound healing migration assay and Transwell invasion assay were used to detect the effects of miR-22 on cell motility. RESULTS miR-22 inhibited viability, migration and invasion, while promoting apoptosis, in RB Y79 cells. The inhibition rate of miR-22 overexpression group at 12, 24, 48h was 11.71%±2.54%, 21.36%±1.39% and 29.44%±1.15%, respectively. Cellular apoptosis was higher in miR-22 overexpression group (17.00%±0.39%) compared with negative control (4.38%±0.38%). miR-22 negatively mediated the expression of HMGB1. Furthermore, decreased HMGB1 significantly attenuated viability, migration and invasion, while promoting apoptosis. Enforced expression of HMGB1 partially rescued the effects of miR-22 overexpression on cell viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis. Moreover, the phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) was significantly downregulated in the HMGB1 shRNA group and miR-22 overexpression group and elevated in the HMGB1 overexpression group compared with the normal control. CONCLUSION miR-22 inhibites viability, migration and invasion and increases apoptosis in Y79 cells by targeting HMGB1. These findings may provide a therapeutic strategy for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shuo-Min Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zheng-Xuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hennein Lauren
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0730, California, USA
| | - Li-Ming Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the quality of life of Chinese pediatric patients with retinoblastoma (RB) after enucleation and the influencing factors. METHODS A questionnaire survey was performed on 71 cases of pediatric patients with RB after enucleation and 80 cases of healthy children, using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQL™ 4.0). RESULTS The social dimension scores, school dimension scores, and total scores for the PedsQL™ 4.0 among the pediatric patients with RB were statistically significantly lower than those of healthy children. The influencing factors were unilateral/bilateral affected eyes, diagnosis age, and ocular prosthesis satisfaction. CONCLUSION Early discovery, timely treatment, increased eye salvage rate, and cosmetic effects of ocular prosthesis were key factors for increasing the quality of life of pediatric patients with RB. Attention should be paid to the health, social, and school development of pediatric patients with RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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33
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Kamihara J, Bourdeaut F, Foulkes WD, Molenaar JJ, Mossé YP, Nakagawara A, Parareda A, Scollon SR, Schneider KW, Skalet AH, States LJ, Walsh MF, Diller LR, Brodeur GM. Retinoblastoma and Neuroblastoma Predisposition and Surveillance. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 23:e98-e106. [PMID: 28674118 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular malignancy in childhood. Approximately 40% of retinoblastomas are hereditary and due to germline mutations in the RB1 gene. Children with hereditary RB are also at risk for developing a midline intracranial tumor, most commonly pineoblastoma. We recommend intensive ocular screening for patients with germline RB1 mutations for retinoblastoma as well as neuroimaging for pineoblastoma surveillance. There is an approximately 20% risk of developing second primary cancers among individuals with hereditary RB, higher among those who received radiotherapy for their primary RB tumors. However, there is not yet a clear consensus on what, if any, screening protocol would be most appropriate and effective. Neuroblastoma (NB), an embryonal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, accounts for 15% of pediatric cancer deaths. Prior studies suggest that about 2% of patients with NB have an underlying genetic predisposition that may have contributed to the development of NB. Germline mutations in ALK and PHOX2B account for most familial NB cases. However, other cancer predisposition syndromes, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, RASopathies, and others, may be associated with an increased risk for NB. No established protocols for NB surveillance currently exist. Here, we describe consensus recommendations on hereditary RB and NB from the AACR Childhood Cancer Predisposition Workshop. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); e98-e106. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in the online-only CCR Pediatric Oncology Series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junne Kamihara
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - William D Foulkes
- Human Genetics, Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jan J Molenaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yaël P Mossé
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Andreu Parareda
- Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona Children's Hospital, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Alison H Skalet
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lisa J States
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Lisa R Diller
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Shukla S, Srivastava A, Kumar S, Singh U, Goswami S, Chawla B, Bajaj MS, Kashyap S, Kaur J. Expression of multidrug resistance proteins in retinoblastoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1655-1661. [PMID: 29181307 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.11.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the mechanism of multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma, and to acquire more insights into in vivo drug resistance. METHODS Three anticancer drug resistant Y79 human RB cells were generated against vincristine, etoposide or carboplatin, which are used for conventional chemotherapy in RB. Primary cultures from enucleated eyes after chemotherapy (PCNC) were also prepared. Their chemosensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents (vincristine, etoposide and carboplatin) were measured using MTT assay. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of p53, Bcl-2 and various multidrug resistant proteins in retinoblastoma cells. RESULTS Following exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs, PCNC showed less sensitivity to drugs. No significant changes observed in the p53 expression, whereas Bcl-2 expression was found to be increased in the drug resistant cells as well as in PCNC. Increased expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was observed in drug resistant Y79 cells; however there was no significant change in the expression of P-gp found between primary cultures of primarily enucleated eyes and PCNC. Multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mrp-1) expression was found to be elevated in the drug resistant Y79 cells as well as in PCNC. No significant change in the expression of lung resistance associated protein (Lrp) was observed in the drug resistant Y79 cells as well as in PCNC. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that multidrug resistant proteins are intrinsically present in retinoblastoma which causes treatment failure in managing retinoblastoma with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shukla
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Arpna Srivastava
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Usha Singh
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Bhavna Chawla
- Oculoplasty & Pediatric Opthalmology Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Mandeep Singh Bajaj
- Oculoplasty & Pediatric Opthalmology Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Jasbir Kaur
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Singh U, Katoch D, Kaur S, Dogra MR, Bansal D, Kapoor R. Retinoblastoma: A Sixteen-Year Review of the Presentation, Treatment, and Outcome from a Tertiary Care Institute in Northern India. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2017; 4:23-32. [PMID: 29344495 DOI: 10.1159/000477408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study epidemiology, demographic profile, clinical characteristics, and outcome in pediatric patients with retinoblastoma. Methods This was a retrospective review of retinoblastoma patients of a tertiary institute from January 1st 1998 to December 31st 2014. Results The study included 467 patients (618 eyes) with a mean age of 34.7 ± 24.6 months (median = 30; 15 days to 144 months). Retinoblastoma was bilateral in 151 (32.3%) and there were 61.7% males. Intraocular disease was seen in 301 patients (451 eyes [72.9%]) and extraocular in 166 patients (167 eyes; 27.0%). Out of the 347 (74.3%) who received treatment, primary treatment was chemoreduction in 228 (65.7%) and enucleation in 117 (33.7%), while 25.6% of patients refused treatment and 151 (43.5%) defaulted therapy. Local recurrence was seen in 20 (4.3%), metastasis in 2 (0.4%), and deaths in 13 (2.8%) (average follow-up 28.5 ± 44.4 months). Histopathological high risk features were significantly less in the eyes that received chemoreduction (5.0%) versus primary enucleation (20.8%) (p < 0.0004), but there was no difference in the rate of metastasis, recurrence, and death between the two. Conclusions The majority of retinoblastoma patients in our study had advanced disease, and nearly a third had extraocular extension. There were a significant number of therapy refusals and dropouts. Chemoreduction led to a significant decrease in the histopathological risk factors without affecting the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Singh
- Advanced Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deeksha Katoch
- Advanced Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Savleen Kaur
- Advanced Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mangat Ram Dogra
- Advanced Eye Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Kapoor
- Department of Radiotherapy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Zhao Y, Zhang S, Zhang Y. MicroRNA-320 inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion in retinoblastoma by targeting specificity protein 1. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627594 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into the expression and function of microRNAs (miRNAs/miR) in human cancer has provided novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Aberrant miRNA expression has been reported in retinoblastoma (RB) and several other types of human cancer. The present study demonstrated that miR‑320 is significantly downregulated in RB tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, overexpression of miR‑320 was demonstrated to inhibit proliferation, migration and invasion of RB cells. Bioinformatic analysis identified specificity protein 1 (SP1) as a potential target gene of miR‑320. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that the SP1 3'‑untranslated region contains a direct binding site for miR‑320, and restoration of miR‑320 expression decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of SP1. Notably, SP1 silencing induced a similar effect on the proliferation, migration and invasion of RB cells as that observed with miR‑320 overexpression, further supporting the hypothesis that SP1 is a direct functional target of miR‑320 in RB. In conclusion, these findings indicate that miR‑320 may be an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Shilian Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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Cassoux N, Lumbroso L, Levy-Gabriel C, Aerts I, Doz F, Desjardins L. Retinoblastoma: Update on Current Management. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2017; 6:290-295. [PMID: 28558178 DOI: 10.22608/apo.201778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer in children, where in less than a century of dire mortality there has been a cure in industrialized countries. Unfortunately, mortality remains high in emerging countries. The evolution of treatment makes it possible to go further by preserving the eyeball but this must not be done at the cost of the reappearance of metastases. Herein we outline the evolution of treatment from the beginning of the 20th century until the last recent evolutions, trying to imagine what could be the future treatments. In this pathology, the ophthalmologist is a doctor who must cure his patient and enucleation is considered a failure. This situation should not lead to shizophrenic situations where to keep an eye one would take risks with the life of the child. New international classifications, international prospective multicentric studies, and the search for blood biomarkers that can predict the risk of micrometastases could allow for better stratification of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Cassoux
- Ocular Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Paris Science Letter University, School of Medicine, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - François Doz
- Paris Science Letter University, School of Medicine, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
- Pediatric Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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Li J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhao R. microRNA-497 overexpression decreases proliferation, migration and invasion of human retinoblastoma cells via targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:5021-5027. [PMID: 28588740 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression level and roles of microRNA-497 (miR-497) have been frequently reported in previous studies on cancer. However, its expression, function and associated molecular mechanisms in retinoblastoma remain unknown. In the present study, miR-497 expression levels in human retinoblastoma tissues, normal retinal tissues and retinoblastoma cell lines were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, cell migration assay, cell invasion assay, western blot analysis and Dual-Luciferase reporter assay were used to explore the expression, functions and molecular mechanisms of miR-497 in human retinoblastoma. It was demonstrated that miR-497 was significantly downregulated in retinoblastoma tissues and cell lines compared with normal retinal tissues. Ectopic expression of miR-497 decreased the proliferation, migration and invasion of retinoblastoma cells. Furthermore, VEGFA was verified as a potential direct target of miR-497 in vitro. Taken together, the results indicate that miR-497 functions as a tumor suppressor in the carcinogenesis and progression of retinoblastoma via targeting VEGFA. miR-497 should be investigated as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an XD Group Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an XD Group Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Xiuchao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an XD Group Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710077, P.R. China
| | - Ruibo Zhao
- Refractive Surgery Center, Xi'an Aier Ancient City Eye Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Discordant mRNA and protein expression of CXCR4 under in vitro CoCl2-induced hypoxic conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:285-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Chawla B, Kumar K, Singh AD. Influence of Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors on Retinoblastoma Management. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2017; 4:187-190. [PMID: 28695163 PMCID: PMC5473088 DOI: 10.4103/apjon.apjon_19_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Chawla
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India.,All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Kumar
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India.,All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun D Singh
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, The Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Kim DY, Choi JA, Koh JY, Yoon YH. Efficacy and safety of aflibercept in in vitro and in vivo models of retinoblastoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:171. [PMID: 27814771 PMCID: PMC5097437 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background To evaluate the inhibitory effects of aflibercept on the growth and subretinal invasion of retinoblastoma. Methods Xenotransplantation and orthotopic mouse models were created by injecting Y-79 cells subcutaneously and intravitreally, respectively. After induction of retinoblastoma, animals were intraperitoneally injected with aflibercept (25 mg/kg body weight) or saline twice a week for 3 weeks. Tumor size was measured weekly and compared between the two groups. At 4 weeks, animals were sacrificed and an immunohistochemical examination was conducted to compare the microvascular density and degree of apoptosis between groups. In addition, the degree of choroidal invasion was also analyzed in the orthotopic xenotransplantation model. A co-culture system of Y-79 or WERI-Rb-1 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was used for in vitro experiments, and the anti-angiogenic effect of aflibercept was evaluated by analyzing cell numbers. Results In the Y-79 xenotransplantation model, aflibercept treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth at 4 weeks versus baseline compared with saline-injected mice (188.53 ± 118.53 mm3 vs. 747.87 ± 118.83 mm3, respectively, P < 0.001). Tumors isolated from aflibercept-treated mice contained fewer blood vessels (8.59 % ± 7.60 % vs. 14.91 % ± 4.53 %, respectively, P < 0.05) and an increased number of apoptotic cells (15.10 ± 9.13 vs. 4.44 ± 2.24, respectively, P < 0.05). In the orthotopic model, the degree of subretinal invasion of tumor cells was significantly reduced after aflibercept treatment (0.07 ± 0.06 vs. 0.15 ± 0.10, P < 0.05). And addition of aflibercept to co-cultures of HUVECs and Y-79, WERI-Rb-1 cells significantly reduced HUVEC proliferation. Conclusions Aflibercept reduced retinoblastoma angiogenesis in association with a significant reduction in tumor growth and invasion. These findings suggest that aflibercept could be used in an adjuvant role together with systemic chemotherapy to reduce tumor size and angiogenesis in retinoblastoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0451-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yoon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jeong A Choi
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Neural Injury Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hee Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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42
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Teixo R, Laranjo M, Abrantes AM, Brites G, Serra A, Proença R, Botelho MF. Retinoblastoma: might photodynamic therapy be an option? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 34:563-73. [PMID: 25579236 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a tumor that mainly affects children under 5 years, all over the world. The origin of these tumors is related with mutations in the RB1 gene, which may result from genetic alterations in cells of the germ line or in retinal somatic cells. In developing countries, the number of retinoblastoma-related deaths is higher due to less access to treatment, unlike what happens in developed countries where survival rates are higher. However, treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, although quite effective in treating this type of cancer, do not avoid high indices of mortality due to secondary malignances which are quite frequent in these patients. Additionally, treatments such as cryotherapy, thermotherapy, thermochemotherapy, or brachytherapy represent other options for retinoblastoma. When all these approaches fail, enucleation is the last option. Photodynamic therapy might be considered as an alternative, particularly because of its non-mutagenic character. Photodynamic therapy is a treatment modality based on the administration of photosensitizing molecules that only upon irradiation of the tumor with a light source of appropriate wavelength are activated, triggering its antitumor action. This activity may be not only due to direct damage to tumor cells but also due to damage caused to the blood vessels responsible for the vascular supply of the tumor. Over the past decades, several in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of retinoblastoma, and very promising results were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Teixo
- Unit of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Laranjo
- Unit of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Margarida Abrantes
- Unit of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Brites
- Unit of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arménio Serra
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Proença
- IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Integrated Responsibility in Ophthalmology, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre (CRIO-CHUC), Praceta Mota Pinto, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Unit of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.,IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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43
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Shah V, Yadav L, Singh M, Kharbanda S. Custom ocular prosthesis in rehabilitation of a child operated for retinoblastoma. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2016; 6:232-6. [PMID: 27390504 PMCID: PMC4922240 DOI: 10.4103/0975-5950.183871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A maxillofacial prosthodontist forms an important link in the interdisciplinary management of a patient with anopthalmosis. Prosthetic management of an anopthalmic defect aims to deliver a well-fitting ocular prosthesis that can mimic the original eye as closely as possible, and thus restoring the patient's self-confidence and thereby rehabilitating them in the society. The fabrication of a custom ocular prosthesis is a demanding art. This case report presents a simplified technique for the fabrication of a custom ocular prosthesis for a child who had lost his eye to enucleation following retinoblastoma. Early and effective rehabilitation of the defect goes a long way in restoring the self-image of a child in its early character building age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Shah
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lakshya Yadav
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor of childhood presenting usually before 5 years of age. RB in adults older than 20 years is extremely rare. A literature search using PubMed/PubMed Central, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases revealed only 45 cases till date. Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the number of such reports, indicating heightened level of suspicion among ophthalmologists. Compared to its pediatric counterpart, adult onset RB poses unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment. This article summarizes available literature on adult onset RB and its clinical and pathologic profile, genetics, association with retinocytoma, diagnostics, treatment, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Sengupta
- Vitreoretina Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Puducherry, India
- Vitreoretina Services, Ojas Laser Eye Surgery Center, Mumbai, India
| | - Utsab Pan
- Vitreoretina Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Puducherry, India
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Vitreoretina Services, Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Service, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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45
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Malik M, Prabhakar R, Sharma DN, Rath GK. Retinoblastoma with Cerebrospinal Fluid Metastasis Treated with Orbital and Craniospinal Irradiation Using IMRT. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 5:497-501. [PMID: 16981792 DOI: 10.1177/153303460600500506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old male child presented with history of leucocoria, photophobia, and progressive visual deterioration in the left eye. Clinical examination and computed tomography revealed a unilateral retinoblastoma involving the left globe. He underwent enucleation of the left eye and was referred for adjuvant radiotherapy in view of optic nerve infiltration up to the line of resection. However, he did not report for treatment and presented six months later with a recurrent mass in the left orbit with intracranial extension. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology was positive for malignant retinoblastoma cells. He received multiagent chemotherapy with vincristine, carboplatin, and etoposide along with intrathecal methotrexate. Although the recurrent orbital mass reduced significantly with chemotherapy, malignant cells persisted in the CSF. He was subsequently treated using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to treat the left orbital mass along with craniospinal axis irradiation. Computed tomography done at three and nine months after completion of radiotherapy showed complete disappearance of orbital tumor. CSF cytology also showed no evidence of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Malik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, A-16, Nizamuddin East, New Delhi-110013, India.
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46
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Li WL, Buckley J, Sanchez-Lara PA, Maglinte DT, Viduetsky L, Tatarinova TV, Aparicio JG, Kim JW, Au M, Ostrow D, Lee TC, O'Gorman M, Judkins A, Cobrinik D, Triche TJ. A Rapid and Sensitive Next-Generation Sequencing Method to Detect RB1 Mutations Improves Care for Retinoblastoma Patients and Their Families. J Mol Diagn 2016; 18:480-93. [PMID: 27155049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a childhood eye malignancy that can lead to the loss of vision, eye(s), and sometimes life. The tumors are initiated by inactivating mutations in both alleles of the tumor-suppressor gene, RB1, or, rarely, by MYCN amplification. Timely identification of a germline RB1 mutation in blood samples or either somatic RB1 mutation or MYCN amplification in tumors is important for effective care and management of retinoblastoma patients and their families. However, current procedures to thoroughly test RB1 mutations are complicated and lengthy. Herein, we report a next-generation sequencing-based method capable of detecting point mutations, small indels, and large deletions or duplications across the entire RB1 gene and amplification of MYCN gene on a single platform. From DNA extraction to clinical interpretation requires only 3 days, enabling early molecular diagnosis of retinoblastoma and optimal treatment outcomes. This method can also detect low-level mosaic mutations in blood samples that can be missed by routine Sanger sequencing. In addition, it can differentiate between RB1 mutation- and MYCN amplification-driven retinoblastomas. This rapid, comprehensive, and sensitive method for detecting RB1 mutations and MYCN amplification can readily identify RB1 mutation carriers and thus improve the management and genetic counseling for retinoblastoma patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui L Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Jonathan Buckley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pediatrics, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dennis T Maglinte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lucy Viduetsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tatiana V Tatarinova
- Department of Pediatrics, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Spatial Sciences Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Jonathan W Kim
- Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Opthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Margaret Au
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dejerianne Ostrow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas C Lee
- Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Opthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maurice O'Gorman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexander Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Cobrinik
- Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Opthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Division of Ophthalmology and Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Timothy J Triche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology, USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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48
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Yanık Ö, Gündüz K, Yavuz K, Taçyıldız N, Ünal E. Chemotherapy in Retinoblastoma: Current Approaches. Turk J Ophthalmol 2015; 45:259-267. [PMID: 27800245 PMCID: PMC5082265 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.06888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common childhood malignant intraocular tumor. Although enucleation and external beam radiotherapy have been historically used, today the most commonly used eye-sparing approach is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can be used in both intraocular and extraocular RB cases. Chemotherapeutic agents may be applied in different ways, including systemic, subconjunctival, intra-arterial and intravitreal routes. The main purposes of application of systemic therapy are to reduce the tumor size for local treatment (chemoreduction), or to reduce the risk of metastasis after enucleation surgery (adjuvant therapy). Intra-arterial chemotherapy with the current name “super-selective intra-arterial infusion therapy” could be applied as primary therapy in tumors confined to the retina or as a secondary method in tumor recurrence. The most important advantage of intra-arterial therapy is the prevention of systemic chemotherapy complications. Intravitreal chemotherapy is administered in the presence of persistent or recurrent vitreous seeding. The term “extraocular RB” includes orbital invasion and metastatic disease. Current treatment for orbital invasion is neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical enucleation and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy after surgery. In metastatic disease, regional lymph node involvement, distant metastases, and/or central nervous system (CNS) involvement may occur. Among them, CNS involvement has the worst prognosis, remaining at almost 100% mortality. In metastatic disease, high-dose salvage chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell rescue therapy are the possible treatment options; radiotherapy could also be added to the protocol according to the side of involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Yanık
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Gündüz
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kıvılcım Yavuz
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Taçyıldız
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emel Ünal
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey
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Kohe S, Brundler MA, Jenkinson H, Parulekar M, Wilson M, Peet AC, McConville CM. Metabolite profiling in retinoblastoma identifies novel clinicopathological subgroups. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1216-24. [PMID: 26348444 PMCID: PMC4647873 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour classification, based on histopathology or molecular pathology, is of value to predict tumour behaviour and to select appropriate treatment. In retinoblastoma, pathology information is not available at diagnosis and only exists for enucleated tumours. Alternative methods of tumour classification, using noninvasive techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, are urgently required to guide treatment decisions at the time of diagnosis. METHODS High-resolution magic-angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR-MAS MRS) was undertaken on enucleated retinoblastomas. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis of the HR-MAS MRS data was used to identify tumour subgroups. Individual metabolite concentrations were determined and were correlated with histopathological risk factors for each group. RESULTS Multivariate analysis identified three metabolic subgroups of retinoblastoma, with the most discriminatory metabolites being taurine, hypotaurine, total-choline and creatine. Metabolite concentrations correlated with specific histopathological features: taurine was correlated with differentiation, total-choline and phosphocholine with retrolaminar optic nerve invasion, and total lipids with necrosis. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that a metabolite-based classification of retinoblastoma can be obtained using ex vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and that the subgroups identified correlate with histopathological features. This result justifies future studies to validate the clinical relevance of these subgroups and highlights the potential of in vivo MRS as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for retinoblastoma patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kohe
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Brundler
- Department of Histopathology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - Helen Jenkinson
- Department of Oncology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Manoj Parulekar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Martin Wilson
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew C Peet
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Oncology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
| | - Carmel M McConville
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Abstract
Diffuse anterior retinoblastoma is a rare variant of retinoblastoma seeding in the area of the vitreous base and anterior chamber. Patients with diffuse anterior retinoblastoma are older than those with the classical types, with the mean age being 6.1 years. The original cells of diffuse anterior retinoblastoma are supposed to be cone precursor. Patients most commonly present with pseudouveitis, pseudohypopyon, and increased intraocular pressure. The retina under fundus examination is likely to be normal, and the clinical features mimic the inflammation progress, which can often lead to misdiagnosis. The published diffuse anterior retinoblastoma cases were diagnosed after fine-needle aspiration biopsy running the potential risk of inducing metastasis. The most common treatment for diffuse anterior retinoblastoma is enucleation followed by systematic chemotherapy according to the patient’s presentation and clinical course. This review summarizes the recent advances in etiology (including tumorigenesis and cell origin), pathology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and new treatment. The challenges of early diagnosis and prospects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China ; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalong Dang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China ; Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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