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Haridhasapavalan KK, Borthakur A, Thummer RP. Direct Cardiac Reprogramming: Current Status and Future Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1436:1-18. [PMID: 36662416 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cellular reprogramming articulated the path for direct cardiac lineage conversion, bypassing the pluripotent state. Direct cardiac reprogramming attracts major attention because of the low or nil regenerative ability of cardiomyocytes, resulting in permanent cell loss in various heart diseases. In the field of cardiology, balancing this loss of cardiomyocytes was highly challenging, even in the modern medical world. Soon after the discovery of cell reprogramming, direct cardiac reprogramming also became a promising alternative for heart regeneration. This review mainly focused on the various direct cardiac reprogramming approaches (integrative and non-integrative) for the derivation of induced autologous cardiomyocytes. It also explains the advancements in cardiac reprogramming over the decade with the pros and cons of each approach. Further, the review highlights the importance of clinically relevant (non-integrative) approaches and their challenges for the prospective applications for personalized medicine. Apart from direct cardiac reprogramming, it also discusses the other strategies for generating cardiomyocytes from different sources. The understanding of these strategies could pave the way for the efficient generation of integration-free functional autologous cardiomyocytes through direct cardiac reprogramming for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Haridhasapavalan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Atreyee Borthakur
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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Direct cardiac reprogramming: basics and future challenges. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:865-871. [PMID: 36308583 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is characterized by reduced cardiac function. Currently, cardiac transplantation therapy is applied for end-stage heart failure, but it is limited by the number of available donors. METHODS AND RESULTS Following an assessment of available literature, a narrative review was conducted to summarizes the current status and challenges of cardiac reprogramming for clinical application. Scientists have developed different regenerative treatment strategies for curing heart failure, including progenitor cell delivery and pluripotent cell delivery. Recently, a novel strategy has emerged that directly reprograms cardiac fibroblast into a functional cardiomyocyte. In this treatment, transcription factors are first identified to reprogram fibroblast into a cardiomyocyte. After that, microRNA and small molecules show great potential to optimize the reprogramming process. Some challenges regarding cell reprogramming in humans are conversion efficiency, virus utilization, immature and heterogenous induced cardiomyocytes, technical reproducibility issues, and physiological effects of depleted fibroblasts on myocardial tissue. CONCLUSION Several strategies have shown positive results in direct cardiac reprogramming. However, direct cardiac reprogramming still needs improvement if it is used as a mainstay therapy in humans, and challenges need to be overcome before cardiac reprogramming can be considered a viable therapeutic strategy. Further advances in cardiac reprogramming studies are needed in cardiac regenerative therapy.
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Adams E, McCloy R, Jordan A, Falconer K, Dykes IM. Direct Reprogramming of Cardiac Fibroblasts to Repair the Injured Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:72. [PMID: 34206355 PMCID: PMC8306371 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8070072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Those that survive acute myocardial infarction are at significant risk of subsequent heart failure due to fibrotic remodelling of the infarcted myocardium. By applying knowledge from the study of embryonic cardiovascular development, modern medicine offers hope for treatment of this condition through regeneration of the myocardium by direct reprogramming of fibrotic scar tissue. Here, we will review mechanisms of cell fate specification leading to the generation of cardiovascular cell types in the embryo and use this as a framework in which to understand direct reprogramming. Driving expression of a network of transcription factors, micro RNA or small molecule epigenetic modifiers can reverse epigenetic silencing, reverting differentiated cells to a state of induced pluripotency. The pluripotent state can be bypassed by direct reprogramming in which one differentiated cell type can be transdifferentiated into another. Transdifferentiating cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes requires a network of transcription factors similar to that observed in embryonic multipotent cardiac progenitors. There is some flexibility in the composition of this network. These studies raise the possibility that the failing heart could one day be regenerated by directly reprogramming cardiac fibroblasts within post-infarct scar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Adams
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (E.A.); (R.M.); (A.J.); (K.F.)
| | - Rachel McCloy
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (E.A.); (R.M.); (A.J.); (K.F.)
| | - Ashley Jordan
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (E.A.); (R.M.); (A.J.); (K.F.)
| | - Kaitlin Falconer
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (E.A.); (R.M.); (A.J.); (K.F.)
| | - Iain M. Dykes
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (E.A.); (R.M.); (A.J.); (K.F.)
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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Cell-Based Therapies for Cardiac Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Past and Ongoing Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103194. [PMID: 30332812 PMCID: PMC6214096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable improvements in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, heart failure (HF) still represents one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Poor prognosis is mostly due to the limited regenerative capacity of the adult human heart, which ultimately leads to left ventricular dysfunction. As a consequence, heart transplantation is virtually the only alternative for many patients. Therefore, novel regenerative approaches are extremely needed, and several attempts have been performed to improve HF patients’ clinical conditions by promoting the replacement of the lost cardiomyocytes and by activating cardiac repair. In particular, cell-based therapies have been shown to possess a great potential for cardiac regeneration. Different cell types have been extensively tested in clinical trials, demonstrating consistent safety results. However, heterogeneous efficacy data have been reported, probably because precise end-points still need to be clearly defined. Moreover, the principal mechanism responsible for these beneficial effects seems to be the paracrine release of antiapoptotic and immunomodulatory molecules from the injected cells. This review covers past and state-of-the-art strategies in cell-based heart regeneration, highlighting the advantages, challenges, and limitations of each approach.
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Ghiroldi A, Piccoli M, Ciconte G, Pappone C, Anastasia L. Regenerating the human heart: direct reprogramming strategies and their current limitations. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0655-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yoo J, Lee E, Kim HY, Youn DH, Jung J, Kim H, Chang Y, Lee W, Shin J, Baek S, Jang W, Jun W, Kim S, Hong J, Park HJ, Lengner CJ, Moh SH, Kwon Y, Kim J. Electromagnetized gold nanoparticles mediate direct lineage reprogramming into induced dopamine neurons in vivo for Parkinson's disease therapy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:1006-1014. [PMID: 28737745 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are physical energy fields generated by electrically charged objects, and specific ranges of EMF can influence numerous biological processes, which include the control of cell fate and plasticity. In this study, we show that electromagnetized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the presence of specific EMF conditions facilitate an efficient direct lineage reprogramming to induced dopamine neurons in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, electromagnetic stimulation leads to a specific activation of the histone acetyltransferase Brd2, which results in histone H3K27 acetylation and a robust activation of neuron-specific genes. In vivo dopaminergic neuron reprogramming by EMF stimulation of AuNPs efficiently and non-invasively alleviated symptoms in mouse Parkinson's disease models. This study provides a proof of principle for EMF-based in vivo lineage conversion as a potentially viable and safe therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsang Yoo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21 plus program), Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Euiyeon Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 45158, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Youn
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol Boulevard, Jung-gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Jung
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 188-26, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongwon Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21 plus program), Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujung Chang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21 plus program), Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonwoong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jaein Shin
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21 plus program), Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonbong Baek
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21 plus program), Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Jang
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol Boulevard, Jung-gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177, Dalgubeol Boulevard, Jung-gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochan Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Kyonggi-do 456-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Studies of Translational Acupuncture Research (STAR), Acupuncture &Meridian Science Research Center (AMSRC), Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sang Hyun Moh
- BIO-FD&C Co. 509-511, Smart Valley A, 30 Songdomirai-ro, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngeun Kwon
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongpil Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering (BK21 plus program), Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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Doppler SA, Deutsch MA, Lange R, Krane M. Direct Reprogramming-The Future of Cardiac Regeneration? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17368-93. [PMID: 26230692 PMCID: PMC4581198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, the only available curative therapy for end stage congestive heart failure (CHF) is heart transplantation. This therapeutic option is strongly limited by declining numbers of available donor hearts and by restricted long-term performance of the transplanted graft. The disastrous prognosis for CHF with its restricted therapeutic options has led scientists to develop different concepts of alternative regenerative treatment strategies including stem cell transplantation or stimulating cell proliferation of different cardiac cell types in situ. However, first clinical trials with overall inconsistent results were not encouraging, particularly in terms of functional outcome. Among other approaches, very promising ongoing pre-clinical research focuses on direct lineage conversion of scar fibroblasts into functional myocardium, termed “direct reprogramming” or “transdifferentiation.” This review seeks to summarize strategies for direct cardiac reprogramming including the application of different sets of transcription factors, microRNAs, and small molecules for an efficient generation of cardiomyogenic cells for regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Doppler
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 80636, Germany.
| | - Marcus-André Deutsch
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 80636, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Lange
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 80636, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)-Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80802, Germany.
| | - Markus Krane
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich 80636, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)-Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80802, Germany.
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Waardenberg AJ, Ramialison M, Bouveret R, Harvey RP. Genetic networks governing heart development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013839. [PMID: 25280899 PMCID: PMC4208705 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal genomes contain a code for construction of the body plan from a fertilized egg. Understanding how genome information is deciphered to create the complex multilayered regulatory systems that drive organismal development, and which become altered in disease, is one of the greatest challenges in the biological sciences. The development of methods that effectively represent and communicate the complexity inherent in gene regulatory networks remains a major barrier. This review introduces the philosophy of systems biology and discusses recent progress in understanding the development of the heart at a systems biology level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Waardenberg
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Romaric Bouveret
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Faculty of Science, New South Wales 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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