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Badimon L, Padro T, Arderiu G, Vilahur G, Borrell-Pages M, Suades R. Extracellular vesicles in atherothrombosis: From biomarkers and precision medicine to therapeutic targets. Immunol Rev 2022; 312:6-19. [PMID: 35996799 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of global mortality. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small phospholipid vesicles that convey molecular bioactive cargoes and play essential roles in intercellular communication and, hence, a multifaceted role in health and disease. The present review offers a glimpse into the current state and up-to-date concepts on EV field. It also covers their association with several cardiovascular risk factors and ischemic conditions, being subclinical atherosclerosis of utmost relevance for prevention. Interestingly, we show that EVs hold promise as prognostic and diagnostic as well as predictive markers of ASCVD in the precision medicine era. We then report on the role of EVs in atherothrombosis, disentangling the mechanisms involved in the initiation, progression, and complication of atherosclerosis and showing their direct effect in the context of arterial thrombosis. Finally, their potential use for therapeutic intervention is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padro
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Arderiu
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Borrell-Pages
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Suades
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Nik Ibrahim NNI, Abdul Rahman R, Azlan M, Abd Aziz A, Ghulam Rasool AH. Endothelial Microparticles as Potential Biomarkers in the Assessment of Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypercholesterolemia. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58060824. [PMID: 35744087 PMCID: PMC9229814 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Endothelial microparticles (EMP) particularly CD31+/42−/AV+, CD144+/AV+ and CD62e+/AV+ have been reported as having increased in cardiovascular-related diseases, making them potential biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction. This study aimed to compare these EMPs in patients with hypercholesterolemia and healthy controls and to correlate their levels with endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV) assessed via pulse wave analysis (PWA); an established method of assessing endothelial function. Materials and Methods: EMPs from 88 subjects (44 hypercholesterolemia patients and 44 controls) were quantified from whole blood using flow cytometry analysis. Endothelial function was determined using PWA combined with pharmacological challenge. Results: CD31+/42−/AV+ (3.45 ± 4.74 count/µL vs. 1.33 ± 4.40 count/µL; p = 0.03), CD144+/AV+ (7.37 ± 12.66 count/µL vs. 1.42 ± 1.71 count/µL; p = 0.003) and CD62e+/AV+ (57.16 ± 56.22 count/µL vs. 20.78 ± 11.04 count/µL; p < 0.001) were significantly elevated in the hypercholesterolemic group compared with the controls, respectively. There was a significant inverse moderate correlation between all circulating EMPs and EDV: CD31+/42−/AV+ (r = −0.36, p = 0.001), CD144+/AV+ (r = −0.37, p = 0.001) and CD62e+/AV+ (r = −0.35, p = 0.002). Conclusions: All EMPs were raised in the patients with hypercholesterolemia, and these values correlated with the established method of assessing endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Nor Izah Nik Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Hospital USM, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-9767-6141
| | - Razlina Abdul Rahman
- Hospital USM, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Azlan
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Aniza Abd Aziz
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Terengganu, Malaysia;
| | - Aida Hanum Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
- Hospital USM, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
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Adam CA, Șalaru DL, Prisacariu C, Marcu DTM, Sascău RA, Stătescu C. Novel Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease-Latest Insights in the Research Field. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094998. [PMID: 35563387 PMCID: PMC9103799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The atherosclerotic vascular disease is a cardiovascular continuum in which the main role is attributed to atherosclerosis, from its appearance to its associated complications. The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, population ageing, and burden on both the economy and the healthcare system have led to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the field. The better understanding or discovery of new pathophysiological mechanisms and molecules modulating various signaling pathways involved in atherosclerosis have led to the development of potential new biomarkers, with key role in early, subclinical diagnosis. The evolution of technological processes in medicine has shifted the attention of researchers from the profiling of classical risk factors to the identification of new biomarkers such as midregional pro-adrenomedullin, midkine, stromelysin-2, pentraxin 3, inflammasomes, or endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles. These molecules are seen as future therapeutic targets associated with decreased morbidity and mortality through early diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Andreea Adam
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.A.A.); (C.P.); (R.A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Delia Lidia Șalaru
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.A.A.); (C.P.); (R.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristina Prisacariu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.A.A.); (C.P.); (R.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Dragoș Traian Marius Marcu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Radu Andy Sascău
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.A.A.); (C.P.); (R.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Cristian Stătescu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases “Prof. Dr. George I.M. Georgescu”, 700503 Iași, Romania; (C.A.A.); (C.P.); (R.A.S.); (C.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania;
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Zinellu A, Mangoni AA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of statin treatment on sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:601-620. [PMID: 35485866 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2072294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Statins might prevent cell adhesion to the endothelium, a key step in atherosclerosis. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of statins on soluble vascular (sVCAM-1) and intercellular (sICAM-1) adhesion molecule 1. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, from inception to July 2021. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for analytical studies and GRADE, respectively. RESULTS Statins significantly reduced both sVCAM-1 (standard mean difference, SMD=-0.28, 95% CI -0.44 to -0.12, p=0.001; 46 treatment arms; low certainty of evidence) and sICAM-1 (SMD=-0.75, 95% CI -1.00 to -0.50, p<0.001; 61 treatment arms; moderate certainty of evidence) concentrations. In sensitivity analysis, the SMD values were not modified when individual studies were sequentially removed. There were significant associations between SMD and publication year and, for sICAM-1, statin-induced changes in HDL-cholesterol. In subgroup analysis, the lowering effect was significant with liphophilic, but not hydrophilic, statins, and similar, for sICAM-1, in participants with or without clinically overt atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Statins significantly lower sVCAM-1/sICAM-1. Prospective studies are required to determine whether this mediates their atheroprotective effects (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021276825).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
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Hamali HA, Saboor M, Dobie G, Madkhali AM, Akhter MS, Hakamy A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Jackson DE, Matari YH, Mobarki AA. Procoagulant Microvesicles in COVID-19 Patients: Possible Modulators of Inflammation and Prothrombotic Tendency. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2359-2368. [PMID: 35517897 PMCID: PMC9064482 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s355395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hypercoagulability and thrombotic tendency in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is multifactorial, driven mainly by inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Elevated levels of procoagulant microvesicles (MVs) and tissue factor–bearing microvesicles (TF-bearing MVs) have been observed in many diseases with thrombotic tendency. The current study aimed to measure the levels of procoagulant MVs and TF-bearing MVs in patients with COVID-19 and healthy controls and to correlate their levels with platelet counts, D-Dimer levels, and other proposed calculated inflammatory markers. Materials and Methods Forty ICU-admitted patients with COVID-19 and 37 healthy controls were recruited in the study. Levels of procoagulant MVs and TF-bearing MVs in the plasma of the study population were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results COVID-19 patients had significantly elevated levels of procoagulant MVs and TF-bearing MVs as compared with healthy controls (P<0.001). Procoagulant MVs significantly correlated with TF-bearing MVs, D-dimer levels, and platelet count, but not with calculated inflammatory markers (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, and platelet/neutrophil ratio). Conclusion Elevated levels of procoagulant MVs and TF-bearing MVs in patients with COVID-19 are suggested to be (i) early potential markers to predict the severity of COVID-19 (ii) a novel circulatory biomarker to evaluate the procoagulant activity and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Hamali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Hassan A Hamali, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, P.O. Box 1906, Gizan, 45142, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966173295000, Email
| | - Muhammad Saboor
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gasim Dobie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aymen M Madkhali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S Akhter
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hakamy
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Denise E Jackson
- Thrombosis and Vascular Diseases Laboratory, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Yahya H Matari
- Laboratory Department, Baish General Hospital, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Mobarki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
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Brown PA. Differential and targeted vesiculation: pathologic cellular responses to elevated arterial pressure. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1023-1040. [PMID: 34989921 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane-enclosed particles released during cell activation or injury. They have been investigated for several decades and found to be secreted in various diseases. Their pathogenic role is further supported by the presence of several important molecules among their cargo, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Many studies have reported enhanced and targeted extracellular vesicle biogenesis in diseases that involve chronic or transient elevation of arterial pressure resulting in endothelial dysfunction, within either the general circulatory system or specific local vascular beds. In addition, several associated pathologic processes have been studied and reported. However, the role of elevated pressure as a common pathogenic trigger across vascular domains and disease chronicity has not been previously described. This review will therefore summarize our current knowledge of the differential and targeted biogenesis of extracellular vesicles in major diseases that are characterized by elevated arterial pressure leading to endothelial dysfunction and propose a unified theory of pressure-induced extracellular vesicle-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Brown
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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7
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Maphumulo SC, Pretorius E. Role of Circulating Microparticles in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Pathological Clotting. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 48:188-205. [PMID: 34959250 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial chronic metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and a deficiency in insulin secretion. The global diabetes pandemic relates primarily to T2DM, which is the most prevalent form of diabetes, accounting for over 90% of all cases. Chronic low-grade inflammation, triggered by numerous risk factors, and the chronic activation of the immune system are prominent features of T2DM. Here we highlight the role of blood cells (platelets, and red and white blood cells) and vascular endothelial cells as drivers of systemic inflammation in T2DM. In addition, we discuss the role of microparticles (MPs) in systemic inflammation and hypercoagulation. Although once seen as inert by-products of cell activation or destruction, MPs are now considered to be a disseminated storage pool of bioactive effectors of thrombosis, inflammation, and vascular function. They have been identified to circulate at elevated levels in the bloodstream of individuals with increased risk of atherothrombosis or cardiovascular disease, two significant hallmark conditions of T2DM. There is also general evidence that MPs activate blood cells, express proinflammatory and coagulant effects, interact directly with cell receptors, and transfer biological material. MPs are considered major players in the pathogenesis of many systemic inflammatory diseases and may be potentially useful biomarkers of disease activity and may not only be of prognostic value but may act as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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8
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Dow R, Ridger V. Neutrophil microvesicles and their role in disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 141:106097. [PMID: 34655813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles are formed through shedding from the plasma membrane, a process shared by almost all human cells. Microvesicles are highly abundant and have been detected in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva. They contain a library of cargo derived from their parental cell during formation, including proteases, micro-RNAs and lipids and delivery of this parental cell-derived cargo to other cells can alter target cell function and drive disease. Cell specific molecules on the surface of microvesicles, obtained during microvesicle formation, allows their parental cell to be identified and populations of microvesicles to be investigated for roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases. For instance, recent work by our group has identified a role for neutrophil microvesicles in atherosclerosis. Microvesicle profiles could in future be associated with certain diseases and act as a biomarker to allow for earlier diagnosis. This short review will discuss some of the processes central to all microvesicles before focusing on neutrophil microvesicles, their potential role in cardiovascular disease and the mechanisms that may underpin this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece Dow
- Department of Infection Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Victoria Ridger
- Department of Infection Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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9
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Zinellu A, Mangoni AA. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Statins on Circulating E-Selectin, L-Selectin, and P-Selectin. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111707. [PMID: 34829936 PMCID: PMC8615864 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of statins might involve preventing inflammatory cell adhesion to the endothelium, which is a critical step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of statins on the circulating cell adhesion molecules E-Selectin, L-Selectin, and P-Selectin. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, from inception to July 2021. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist and GRADE, respectively. In 61 studies, statins significantly reduced P-selectin (standard mean difference, SMD = -0.39, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.22, p < 0.001; moderate certainty of evidence), L-selectin (SMD = -0.49, 95% CI -0.89 to -0.10, p = 0.014; very low certainty of evidence), and E-Selectin (SMD = -0.73, 95% CI -1.02 to -0.43, p < 0.001; moderate certainty of evidence), independently of baseline lipid profile and other study and patient characteristics. The corresponding pooled SMD values in sensitivity analysis were not substantially altered when individual studies were sequentially removed. Simvastatin had a significant lowering effect on both P-selectin and E-selectin. Therefore, statins significantly reduce circulating selectins. Further studies are required to investigate whether selectin lowering mediates cardiovascular risk reduction with these agents. (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021282778).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Arduino A. Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane particles released by most cell types in response to different stimuli. They are composed of a lipid bilayer that encloses a wide range of bioactive material, including proteins and nucleic acids. EVs have garnered increasing attention over recent years, as their role in intercellular communication has been brought to light. As such, they have been found to regulate pathophysiologic pathways like inflammation, angiogenesis, or senescence, and are therefore implicated in key aspects atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Interestingly, EVs appear to have a multifaceted role; depending on their cargo, they can either facilitate or hamper the development of atherosclerotic lesions. In this review, we examine how EVs of varying origins may be implicated in the different phases of atherosclerotic lesion development. We also discuss the need to standardize isolation and analysis procedures to fully fulfil their potential as biomarkers and therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
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11
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Mikolajczyk TP, Szczepaniak P, Vidler F, Maffia P, Graham GJ, Guzik TJ. Role of inflammatory chemokines in hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 223:107799. [PMID: 33359600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with immune cells activation and their migration into the kidney, vasculature, heart and brain. These inflammatory mechanisms are critical for blood pressure regulation and mediate target organ damage, creating unique novel targets for pharmacological modulation. In response to angiotensin II and other pro-hypertensive stimuli, the expression of several inflammatory chemokines and their receptors is increased in the target organs, mediating homing of immune cells. In this review, we summarize the contribution of key inflammatory chemokines and their receptors to increased accumulation of immune cells in target organs and effects on vascular dysfunction, remodeling, oxidative stress and fibrosis, all of which contribute to blood pressure elevation. In particular, the role of CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL16, CXCL1, CX3CL1, XCL1 and their receptors in the context of hypertension is discussed. Recent studies have tested the efficacy of pharmacological or genetic targeting of chemokines and their receptors on the development of hypertension. Promising results indicate that some of these pathways may serve as future therapeutic targets to improve blood pressure control and prevent target organ consequences including kidney failure, heart failure, atherosclerosis or cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P Mikolajczyk
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Piotr Szczepaniak
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Francesca Vidler
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; BHF Centre for Excellence Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; BHF Centre for Excellence Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Dekker M, Waissi F, Timmerman N, Silvis MJM, Timmers L, de Kleijn DPV. Extracellular Vesicles in Diagnosing Chronic Coronary Syndromes the Bumpy Road to Clinical Implementation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9128. [PMID: 33266227 PMCID: PMC7729611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD), comprising both acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and chronic coronary syndromes (CCS), remains one of the most important killers throughout the entire world. ACS is often quickly diagnosed by either deviation on an electrocardiogram or elevated levels of troponin, but CCS appears to be more complicated. The most used noninvasive strategies to diagnose CCS are coronary computed tomography and perfusion imaging. Although both show reasonable accuracy (80-90%), these modalities are becoming more and more subject of debate due to costs, radiation and increasing inappropriate use in low-risk patients. A reliable, blood-based biomarker is not available for CCS but would be of great clinical importance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer membrane vesicles containing bioactive contents e.g., proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. EVs are often referred to as the "liquid biopsy" since their contents reflect changes in the condition of the cell they originate from. Although EVs are studied extensively for their role as biomarkers in the cardiovascular field during the last decade, they are still not incorporated into clinical practice in this field. This review provides an overview on EV biomarkers in CCS and discusses the clinical and technological aspects important for successful clinical application of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirthe Dekker
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Mijbergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Farahnaz Waissi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Mijbergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Timmerman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
| | - Max J. M. Silvis
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Leo Timmers
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands;
| | - Dominique P. V. de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
- Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 EP Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Two genetic variants in the promoter region of the CCL5 gene are associated with the risk of acute coronary syndrome and with a lower plasma CCL5 concentration. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:86-92. [PMID: 33086120 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a multi-factorial condition with a strong inflammatory component, which is immune-mediated by chemokines. The CCL5 is a chemokine that has been suggested to be an important participant in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque. Therefore, in this work, we evaluated whether three polymorphisms located in the promoter region of the CCL5 gene [CCL5 -28 G/C (rs2280788), CCL5-109 G/A (rs1800825), and CCL5-403 G/A (rs2107538)] are significantly associated with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and plasma CCL5 levels. The determination of the gene polymorphisms was performed by 5'exonuclease TaqMan assays in 625 patients with ACS and 700 control individuals. Plasma CCL5 levels were evaluated by ELISA. Under co-dominant, dominant, and additive models, the G allele of the -109 G/A polymorphism was associated with a higher risk of ACS (OR = 1.27, pCCo-dom = 0.041, OR = 1.33, pCDom = 0.03, and OR = 1.33, pCAdd = 0.015, respectively). In the same way, under co-dominant and recessive models, the A allele of the -403 G/A polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of ACS (OR = 1.62, pCCo-dom = 0.042, and OR = 1.63, pCRes = 0.012, respectively). The CCL5-109 G allele carriers had a lower concentration of the CCL5 than subjects with the A allele. Also, carriers of CCL5-403 A allele showed a lower concentration of the CCL5 than individuals with the G allele. Our data suggest the association of the CCL5-109 G/A and CCL5-403 G/A polymorphisms with the risk of developing ACS and with a lower concentration of CCL5 in our population.
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La Salvia S, Gunasekaran PM, Byrd JB, Erdbrügger U. Extracellular Vesicles in Essential Hypertension: Hidden Messengers. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:76. [PMID: 32880744 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertension affects about half of all Americans, yet in the vast majority of cases, the factors causing the hypertension cannot be clearly delineated. Developing a more precise understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HTN and its various phenotypes is therefore a pressing priority. Circulating and urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential novel candidates as biomarkers and bioactivators in HTN. EVs are a heterogeneous population of small membrane fragments shed from various cell types into various body fluids. As EVs carry protein, RNA, and lipids, they also play a role as effectors and novel cell-to-cell communicators. In this review, we discuss the diagnostic, functional, and regenerative role of EVs in essential HTN and focus on EV protein and RNA cargo as the most extensively studied EV cargo. RECENT FINDINGS The field of EVs in HTN is still a young one and earlier studies have not used the novel EV detection tools currently available. More rigor and transparency in EV research are needed. Current data suggest that EVs represent potential novel biomarkers in HTN. EVs correlate with HTN severity and possibly end-organ damage. However, it has yet to be discerned which specific subtype(s) of EV reflects best HTN pathophysiology. Evolving studies are also showing that EVs might be novel regulators in vascular and renal tubular function and also be therapeutic. RNA in EVs has been studied in the context of hypertension, largely in the form of studies of miRNA, which are reviewed herein. Beyond miRNAs, mRNA in urinary EVs changed in response to sodium loading in humans. EVs represent promising novel biomarkers and bioactivators in essential HTN. Novel tools are being developed to apply more rigor in EV research including more in vivo models and translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina La Salvia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0133, USA.
| | - Pradeep Moon Gunasekaran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan Medical School, 5570C MSRB II, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James Brian Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan Medical School, 5570C MSRB II, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0133, USA
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Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. Angiotensin II and leukocyte trafficking: New insights for an old vascular mediator. Role of redox-signaling pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:38-54. [PMID: 32057992 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and activation of the immune system are key molecular and cellular events in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension-induced target-organ damage, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is the main effector peptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system. Beyond its role as a potent vasoconstrictor and regulator of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis, Ang-II is intimately involved in the development of vascular lesions in cardiovascular diseases through the activation of different immune cells. The migration of leukocytes from circulation to the arterial subendothelial space is a crucial immune response in lesion development that is mediated through a sequential and coordinated cascade of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesive interactions involving an array of cell adhesion molecules present on target leukocytes and endothelial cells and the generation and release of chemoattractants that activate and guide leukocytes to sites of emigration. In this review, we outline the key events of Ang-II participation in the leukocyte recruitment cascade, the underlying mechanisms implicated, and the corresponding redox-signaling pathways. We also address the use of inhibitor drugs targeting the effects of Ang-II in the context of leukocyte infiltration in these cardiovascular pathologies, and examine the clinical data supporting the relevance of blocking Ang-II-induced vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piqueras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Extracellular vesicle signalling in atherosclerosis. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109751. [PMID: 32860954 PMCID: PMC7534042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cardiovascular disease and in 2016, the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated 17.5 million global deaths, corresponding to 31% of all global deaths, were driven by inflammation and deposition of lipids into the arterial wall. This leads to the development of plaques which narrow the vessel lumen, particularly in the coronary and carotid arteries. Atherosclerotic plaques can become unstable and rupture, leading to myocardial infarction or stroke. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of vesicles secreted from cells with a wide range of biological functions. EVs participate in cell-cell communication and signalling via transport of cargo including enzymes, DNA, RNA and microRNA in both physiological and patholophysiological settings. EVs are present in atherosclerotic plaques and have been implicated in cellular signalling processes in atherosclerosis development, including immune responses, inflammation, cell proliferation and migration, cell death and vascular remodeling during progression of the disease. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge regarding EV signalling in atherosclerosis progression and the potential of utilising EV signatures as biomarkers of disease.
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Abstract
Microparticles are a distinctive group of small vesicles, without nucleus, which are involved as significant modulators in several physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Plasma microparticles from various cellular lines have been subject of research. Data suggest that they are key players in development and manifestation of cardiovascular diseases and their presence, in high levels, is associated with chronic inflammation, endothelial damage and thrombosis. The strong correlation of microparticle levels with several outcomes in cardiovascular diseases has led to their utilization as biomarkers. Despite the limited clinical application at present, their significance emerges, mainly because their detection and enumeration methods are improving. This review article summarizes the evidence derived from research, related with the genesis and the function of microparticles in the presence of various cardiovascular risk factors and conditions. The current data provide a substrate for several theories of how microparticles influence various cellular mechanisms by transferring biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Voukalis
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Eduard Shantsila
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- b Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science , University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital , Liverpool , UK.,c Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit , Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark
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18
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McVey MJ, Kuebler WM. Extracellular vesicles: biomarkers and regulators of vascular function during extracorporeal circulation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37229-37251. [PMID: 30647856 PMCID: PMC6324688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated at increased rates from parenchymal and circulating blood cells during exposure of the circulation to abnormal flow conditions and foreign materials associated with extracorporeal circuits (ExCors). This review describes types of EVs produced in different ExCors and extracorporeal life support (ECLS) systems including cardiopulmonary bypass circuits, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R), apheresis, dialysis and ventricular assist devices. Roles of EVs not only as biomarkers of adverse events during ExCor/ECLS use, but also as mediators of vascular dysfunction are explored. Manipulation of the number or subtypes of circulating EVs may prove a means of improving vascular function for individuals requiring ExCor/ECLS support. Strategies for therapeutic manipulation of EVs during ExCor/ECLS use are discussed such as accelerating their clearance, preventing their genesis or pharmacologic options to reduce or select which and how many EVs circulate. Strategies to reduce or select for specific types of EVs may prove beneficial in preventing or treating other EV-related diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McVey
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, SickKids, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Yang Y, Luo H, Zhou C, Zhang R, Liu S, Zhu X, Ke S, Liu H, Lu Z, Chen M. Regulation of capillary tubules and lipid formation in vascular endothelial cells and macrophages via extracellular vesicle-mediated microRNA-4306 transfer. J Int Med Res 2018; 47:453-469. [PMID: 30477383 PMCID: PMC6384455 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518809255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to examine regulation of capillary tubules and lipid formation in vascular endothelial cells and macrophages via extracellular vesicle-mediated microRNA (miRNA)-4306 transfer Methods Whole blood samples (12 mL) were collected from 53 patients, and miR-4306 levels in extracellular vesicles (EVs) were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Human coronary artery vascular endothelial cells (HCAECs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were transfected with a scrambled oligonucleotide, an miR-4306 mimic, or an anti-miR-4306 inhibitor. The direct effect of miR-4306 on the target gene was analyzed by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results EV-contained miR-4306 released from HMDMs was significantly upregulated in coronary artery disease. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-stimulated HMDM-derived EVs inhibited proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis abilities of HCAECs in vitro. However, ox-LDL-stimulated HCAEC-derived EVs enhanced lipid formation of HMDMs. The possible mechanism of these findings was partly due to EV-mediated miR-4306 upregulation of the Akt/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Conclusions Paracrine cellular crosstalk between HCAECs and HMDMs probably supports the pro-atherosclerotic effects of EVs under ox-LDL stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hui Luo
- 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Can Zhou
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Rongyi Zhang
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Si Liu
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Sha Ke
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhan Lu
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Mao Chen
- 4 Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Santilli F, Marchisio M, Lanuti P, Boccatonda A, Miscia S, Davì G. Microparticles as new markers of cardiovascular risk in diabetes and beyond. Thromb Haemost 2018; 116:220-34. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-03-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe term microparticle (MP) identifies a heterogeneous population of vesicles playing a relevant role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. MPs are released by virtually all cell types by shedding during cell growth, proliferation, activation, apoptosis or senescence processes. MPs, in particular platelet- and endothelial-derived MPs (PMPs and EMPs), are increased in a wide range of thrombotic disorders, with an interesting relationship between their levels and disease pathophysiology, activity or progression. EMP plasma levels have been associated with several cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. PMPs are also shown to be involved in the progressive formation of atherosclerotic plaque and development of arterial thrombosis, especially in diabetic patients. Indeed, diabetes is characterised by an increased procoagulant state and by a hyperreactive platelet phenotype, with enhanced adhesion, aggregation, and activation. Elevated MP levels, such as TF+ MPs, have been shown to be one of the procoagulant determinants in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerotic plaque constitutes an opulent source of sequestered MPs, called “plaque” MPs. Otherwise, circulating MPs represent a TF reservoir, named “blood-borne” TF, challenging the dogma that TF is a constitutive protein expressed in minute amounts. “Blood-borne” TF is mainly harboured by PMPs, and it can be trapped within the developing thrombus. MP detection and enumeration by polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC) have opened interesting perspectives in clinical settings, particularly for the evaluation of MP numbers and phenotypes as independent marker of cardiovascular risk, disease and outcome in diabetic patients.
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22
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Chen Y, Li G, Liu ML. Microvesicles as Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cardiometabolic Diseases. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 16:50-62. [PMID: 29462670 PMCID: PMC6000161 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs, also known as microparticles) are small vesicles that originate from plasma membrane of almost all eukaryotic cells during apoptosis or activation. MVs can serve as extracellular vehicles to transport bioactive molecules from their parental cells to recipient target cells, thereby serving as novel mediators for intercellular communication. Importantly, more and more evidence indicates that MVs could play important roles in early pathogenesis and subsequent progression of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Elevated plasma concentrations of MVs, originating from red blood cells, leukocytes, platelets, or other organs and tissues, have been reported in various cardiometabolic diseases. Circulating MVs could serve as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis or therapeutic monitoring. In this review, we summarized recently-published studies in the field and discussed the role of MVs in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic diseases. The emerging values of MVs that serve as biomarker for non-invasive diagnosis and prognosis, as well as their roles as novel therapeutic targets in cardiometabolic diseases, were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China.
| | - Ming-Lin Liu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Badimon L, Suades R, Arderiu G, Peña E, Chiva-Blanch G, Padró T. Microvesicles in Atherosclerosis and Angiogenesis: From Bench to Bedside and Reverse. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:77. [PMID: 29326946 PMCID: PMC5741657 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AT) is a progressive chronic disease involving lipid accumulation, fibrosis, and inflammation in medium and large-sized arteries, and it is the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). AT is caused by dyslipidemia and mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite lipid-lowering drugs have shown to decrease the risk of cardiovascular events (CVEs), there is a significant burden of AT-related morbidity and mortality. Identification of subjects at increased risk for CVE as well as discovery of novel therapeutic targets for improved treatment strategies are still unmet clinical needs in CVD. Microvesicles (MVs), small extracellular plasma membrane particles shed by activated and apoptotic cells have been widely linked to the development of CVD. MVs from vascular and resident cells by facilitating exchange of biological information between neighboring cells serve as cellular effectors in the bloodstream and play a key role in all stages of disease progression. This article reviews the current knowledge on the role of MVs in AT and CVD. Attention is focused on novel aspects of MV-mediated regulatory mechanisms from endothelial dysfunction, vascular wall inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis to coagulation and thrombosis in the progression and development of atherothrombosis. MV contribution to vascular remodeling is also discussed, with a particular emphasis on the effect of MVs on the crosstalk between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and their role regulating the active process of AT-driven angiogenesis and neovascularization. This review also highlights the latest findings and main challenges on the potential prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic value of cell-derived MVs in CVD. In summary, MVs have emerged as new regulators of biological functions in atherothrombosis and might be instrumental in cardiovascular precision medicine; however, significant efforts are still needed to translate into clinics the latest findings on MV regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Suades
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Arderiu
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Peña
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
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Mobarrez F, He S, Bröijersen A, Wiklund B, Antovic A, Antovic J, Egberg N, Jörneskog G, Wallén H. Atorvastatin reduces thrombin generation and expression of tissue factor, P-selectin and GPIIIa on platelet-derived microparticles in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:344-52. [DOI: 10.1160/th10-12-0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWe investigated the effects of statin treatment on platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) and thrombin generation in atherothrombotic disease. Nineteen patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease were randomised to eight weeks of treatment with atorvastatin or placebo in a cross-over fashion. Expression of GPIIIa (CD61), P-selectin (CD62P), tissue factor (TF, CD142) and phosphatidylserine (PS; annexin-V or lactadherin binding) was assessed on PMPs. Thrombin generation in vivo was assessed by measurement of prothrombin fragment 1+2 in plasma (F1+2) and ex vivo by using the calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT). During atorvastatin treatment, expression of TF, P-selectin and GPIIIa was significantly reduced vs. placebo (p<0.001 for all). No effect on annexin-V or lactadherin binding was seen. Thrombin generation was significantly reduced during atorvastatin as assessed by both the CAT assay (p<0.001) and by measurements of F1+2 (p<0.01). Subsequent in vitro experiments showed that when TF on microparticles (MPs) was blocked by antibodies, the initiation of thrombin generation was slightly but significantly delayed. Blocking PS on MPs using annexin-V or lactadherin resulted in almost complete inhibition of thrombin generation. In conclusion, atorvastatin reduces thrombin generation and expression of TF, GPIIIa and P-selectin on PMPs in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Microparticle-bound TF slightly enhances initiation of thrombin generation whereas negatively charged surfaces provided by MPs or lipoproteins could reinforce thrombin generation. Statins may inhibit initiation of thrombin generation partly through a microparticle dependent mechanism but the main effect is probably through reduction of lipoprotein levels.
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Jansen F, Nickenig G, Werner N. Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease: Potential Applications in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Epidemiology. Circ Res 2017; 120:1649-1657. [PMID: 28495995 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles originate from diverse subcellular compartments and are released in the extracellular space. By transferring their cargoes into target cells and tissues, they now emerge as novel regulators of intercellular communication between adjacent and remote cells. Because vesicle composition and biological content are specific signatures of cellular activation and injury, their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers has raised significant interest in cardiovascular diseases. Characterization of circulating vesicles- or nonvesicles-bound nucleic acids represents a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring cardiovascular diseases, recently referred to as a liquid biopsy. Circulating extracellular vesicles offer a noninvasive and almost continuous access to circulating information on the disease state in epidemiological investigations. Finally, genetic engineering and cell-specific application of extracellular vesicles could display a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about extracellular vesicles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as their potential applications for longitudinal epidemiological studies in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Jansen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- From the Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikos Werner
- From the Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany.
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Abstract
Membrane vesicles released in the extracellular space are composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing soluble cytosolic material and nuclear components. Extracellular vesicles include apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and microvesicles (also known previously as microparticles). Originating from different subcellular compartments, the role of extracellular vesicles as regulators of transfer of biological information, acting locally and remotely, is now acknowledged. Circulating vesicles released from platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and endothelial cells contain potential valuable biological information for biomarker discovery in primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Extracellular vesicles also accumulate in human atherosclerotic plaques, where they affect major biological pathways, including inflammation, proliferation, thrombosis, calcification, and vasoactive responses. Extracellular vesicles also recapitulate the beneficial effect of stem cells to treat cardiac consequences of acute myocardial infarction, and now emerge as an attractive alternative to cell therapy, opening new avenues to vectorize biological information to target tissues. Although interest in microvesicles in the cardiovascular field emerged about 2 decades ago, that for extracellular vesicles, in particular exosomes, started to unfold a decade ago, opening new research and therapeutic avenues. This Review summarizes current knowledge on the role of extracellular vesicles in coronary artery disease, and their emerging potential as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Wagner J, Abdel-Rahman SM. Pediatric Statin Administration: Navigating a Frontier with Limited Data. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:380-403. [PMID: 27877092 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-21.5.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, children and adolescents with dyslipidemia qualify for pharmacologic intervention. As they are for adults, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the mainstay of pediatric dyslipidemia treatment when lifestyle modifications have failed. Despite the overall success of these drugs, the magnitude of variability in dose-exposure-response profiles contributes to adverse events and treatment failure. In children, the cause of treatment failures remains unclear. This review describes the updated guidelines for screening and management of pediatric dyslipidemia and statin disposition pathway to assist the provider in recognizing scenarios where alterations in dosage may be warranted to meet patients' specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wagner
- Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri ; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Susan M Abdel-Rahman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
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Alexandru N, Badila E, Weiss E, Cochior D, Stępień E, Georgescu A. Vascular complications in diabetes: Microparticles and microparticle associated microRNAs as active players. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ikwuobe J, Bellary S, Griffiths HR. Innovative biomarkers for predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus: relevance to dietary management of frailty in older adults. Biogerontology 2016; 17:511-27. [PMID: 26897532 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases in prevalence in the elderly. There is evidence for significant muscle loss and accelerated cognitive impairment in older adults with T2DM; these comorbidities are critical features of frailty. In the early stages of T2DM, insulin sensitivity can be improved by a "healthy" diet. Management of insulin resistance by diet in people over 65 years of age should be carefully re-evaluated because of the risk for falling due to hypoglycaemia. To date, an optimal dietary programme for older adults with insulin resistance and T2DM has not been described. The use of biomarkers to identify those at risk for T2DM will enable clinicians to offer early dietary advice that will delay onset of disease and of frailty. Here we have used an in silico literature search for putative novel biomarkers of T2DM risk and frailty. We suggest that plasma bilirubin, plasma, urinary DPP4-positive microparticles and plasma pigment epithelium-derived factor merit further investigation as predictive biomarkers for T2DM and frailty risk in older adults. Bilirubin is screened routinely in clinical practice. Measurement of specific microparticle frequency in urine is less invasive than a blood sample so is a good choice for biomonitoring. Future studies should investigate whether early dietary changes, such as increased intake of whey protein and micronutrients that improve muscle function and insulin sensitivity, affect biomarkers and can reduce the longer term complication of frailty in people at risk for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ikwuobe
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Srikanth Bellary
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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Milbank E, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Extracellular vesicles: Pharmacological modulators of the peripheral and central signals governing obesity. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:65-83. [PMID: 26617220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its metabolic resultant dysfunctions such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, grouped as the "metabolic syndrome", are chronic inflammatory disorders that represent one of the most severe epidemic health problems. The imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, leading to an excess of body fat and an increase of cardiovascular and diabetes risks, is regulated by the interaction between central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral signals in order to regulate behavior and finally, the metabolism of peripheral organs. At present, pharmacological treatment of obesity comprises actions in both CNS and peripheral organs. In the last decades, the extracellular vesicles have emerged as participants in many pathophysiological regulation processes. Whether used as biomarkers, targets or even tools, extracellular vesicles provided some promising effects in the treatment of a large variety of diseases. Extracellular vesicles are released by cells from the plasma membrane (microvesicles) or from multivesicular bodies (exosomes) and contain lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, such as DNA, protein coding, and non-coding RNAs. Owing to their composition, extracellular vesicles can (i) activate receptors at the target cell and then, the subsequent intracellular pathway associated to the specific receptor; (ii) transfer molecules to the target cells and thereby change their phenotype and (iii) be used as shuttle of drugs and, thus, to carry specific molecules towards specific cells. Herein, we review the impact of extracellular vesicles in modulating the central and peripheral signals governing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Milbank
- INSERM UMR1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - M Carmen Martinez
- INSERM UMR1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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Micropartículas de pequeño tamaño como indicadores del estado agudo en la insuficiencia cardiaca sistólica. Rev Esp Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Almquist T, Mobarrez F, Jacobson SH, Wallén H, Hjemdahl P. Effects of lipid-lowering treatment on circulating microparticles in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:944-52. [PMID: 26394646 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of circulating microparticles (MPs) may contribute to the high cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, we investigated the effects of lipid-lowering treatment (LLT) with simvastatin alone (S) or with ezetimibe (S+E) on MPs in DM patients with or without CKD. METHODS After a placebo run-in period, 18 DM patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 15-59 mL/min (CKD stages 3-4) (DM-CKD) and 21 DM patients with eGFR >75 mL/min (DM-only) were treated with S and S+E in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. MPs from platelets, monocytes and endothelial cells (PMPs, MMPs and EMPs), and their expression of phosphatidylserine (PS), P-selectin, CD40 ligand (CD40L) and tissue factor (TF) were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS At baseline, all types of MPs, except TF-positive MMPs, were elevated in DM-CKD compared with DM-only patients. All MPs, regardless of origin and phenotype, were inversely correlated with eGFR. S reduced the expression of P-selectin, TF and CD40L on PMPs and of TF on MMPs in both patient groups. S+E had no further effect. S also reduced total PS-positive procoagulant MPs, PMPs and MMPs in DM-CKD but not in DM-only patients. CONCLUSIONS DM patients with CKD stages 3-4 had elevated PMPs, EMPs and MMPs compared with DM patients with normal GFR. Simvastatin reduced procoagulant MPs, MMPs and PMPs in DM-CKD patients, suggesting a beneficial reduction of hypercoagulability in this high-risk patient group. Differences between DM-CKD and DM-only patients were counteracted by LLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tora Almquist
- Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fariborz Mobarrez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Medicine Solna, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan H Jacobson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Wallén
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Hjemdahl
- Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Emilio EM, Luis F, o PFN, Jorge AAV, Elvira INOC, Juan GRGA, Francisco JFM, Miriam DCCP, Noemiacute SC. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of an oral combination of losartan, hydrochlorothiazide and simvastatin against separated components, in hypertensive and dyslipidemic patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajpp2014.4217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Montoro-García S, Shantsila E, Wrigley BJ, Tapp LD, Abellán Alemán J, Lip GYH. Small-size Microparticles as Indicators of Acute Decompensated State in Ischemic Heart Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:951-8. [PMID: 25819989 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Microparticles are markers for cell activation and apoptosis and could provide valuable information that is not available from clinical data. This study assesses the clinical and biological relationship of small-sized microparticles in different forms of ischemic systolic heart failure and their relation to markers of inflammation and repair. METHODS We compared 49 patients with acute heart failure, 39 with stable heart failure and 25 patients with stable coronary artery disease. Small-size microparticles counts were determined by high-resolution flow cytometry. Moreover, 3 different monocyte subpopulations and their expression of inflammatory and adhesive scavenger receptors were analyzed using a conventional flow cytometer. RESULTS Endothelial CD144+ microparticle counts were decreased in heart failure groups (P=.008). Annexin V-binding microparticle counts were found increased in heart failure (P=.024) and in patients with lower functional class (P=.013). Platelet CD42b+ microparticle counts positively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (P=.006), and annexin V-binding microparticle counts with interleukin-6 levels in stable heart failure (P=.034). Annexin V-binding microparticle counts in the acute status strongly correlated with toll-like receptor-4 expression on all monocyte subsets (all P<.01). Three months after admission with acute heart failure, annexin V-binding microparticle counts were positively correlated with receptors for interleukin-6, CD163 and CD204 (all P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Annexin V-binding microparticle counts constitute valuable hallmarks of acute decompensated state in systolic heart failure. The observed relationship between small-size annexin V-binding microparticles and scavenger receptors supports their involvement in the progression of the acute response to injury, and thus their contribution to the pathogenesis of acute decompensated heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Montoro-García
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Departamento de Riesgo Cardiovascular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduard Shantsila
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Wrigley
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luke D Tapp
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - José Abellán Alemán
- Departamento de Riesgo Cardiovascular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
A number of strategies are currently under investigation to prevent venous thromboembolic events in cancer cohorts. Based on the efficacy of low molecular weight heparin in the treatment of thrombosis in cancer patients, a number of clinical studies have focused on evaluating the efficacy the low molecular weight heparins in the primary thromboprophylaxis setting. Further refinements in defining which cancer cohorts are at greatest risk of suffering thromboembolic events are under investigation such as clinical-laboratory risk scores and biomarkers such as tissue factor-bearing microparticles. However, alternative approaches to primary thromboprophylaxis beyond standard anticoagulants are also being evaluated in the clinic such anti-platelet agents, statins to reduce circulating tissue factor, and scheduled monitoring for venous thromboembolic events without pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. In addition, clinical studies are underway to evaluate the antithrombotic efficacy of targeting extracellular protein disulfide isomerase with oral flavonoids (e.g. quercetin and isoquercetin). Emerging data regarding these unconventional approaches in the prevention of thromboembolic events in cancer patients is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Zwicker
- Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Amabile N, Cheng S, Renard JM, Larson MG, Ghorbani A, McCabe E, Griffin G, Guerin C, Ho JE, Shaw SY, Cohen KS, Vasan RS, Tedgui A, Boulanger CM, Wang TJ. Association of circulating endothelial microparticles with cardiometabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:2972-9. [PMID: 24742886 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relation of endothelial microparticles (EMPs) with cardiometabolic risk in the community. BACKGROUND Circulating EMPs are small membrane vesicles released after endothelial cell injury. Endothelial microparticles are reportedly increased among individuals with a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors. However, prior investigations have been limited to small, highly selected samples. METHODS We studied 844 individuals without a history of cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Offspring cohort (mean age 66 ± 9 years, 57% women). We used standardized flow cytometry methods to identify and quantify circulating CD144+ and CD31+/CD41- EMPs. We then used multivariable regression analyses to investigate the relations of EMP phenotypes with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. RESULTS In multivariable analyses, the following cardiovascular risk factors were associated with one or more of the circulating EMP populations: hypertension (P = 0.025 for CD144+,), elevated triglycerides (P = 0.002 for CD144+, P < 0.0001 for CD31+/CD41-), and metabolic syndrome (P < 0.0001 for CD144+,). Overall, each tertile increase in the Framingham risk score corresponded to a 9% increase in log-CD31+/CD41- EMPs (P = 0.022). Furthermore, the presence of hypertriglyceridaemic waist status was associated with 38% higher levels of CD144+ EMPs (P < 0.0001) and 46% higher levels of CD31+/CD41- EMPs (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION In a large community-based sample, circulating EMP levels were associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors, particularly dyslipidaemia. These data underscore the potential influence of high-risk metabolic profiles on endothelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Amabile
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75737 Paris cedex 15, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970 Paris, France
| | - Susan Cheng
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean Marie Renard
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75737 Paris cedex 15, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970 Paris, France
| | - Martin G Larson
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anahita Ghorbani
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCabe
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Coralie Guerin
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75737 Paris cedex 15, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970 Paris, France
| | - Jennifer E Ho
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stanley Y Shaw
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Cohen
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Sections of Preventive Medicine and Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alain Tedgui
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75737 Paris cedex 15, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970 Paris, France
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75737 Paris cedex 15, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970 Paris, France
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 383 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Microvesicles and diabetic complications--novel mediators, potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:433-43. [PMID: 24608676 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs), also known as microparticles, are small membrane vesicles released from different cell types under different conditions. MVs have been detected in the circulation and in organs/tissues in various diseases, including diabetes. Patients with different types of diabetes and complications have different cellular MV patterns. Studies have shown that MVs may mediate vascular thrombosis, vascular inflammation, angiogenesis, and other pathological processes of the disease through their procoagulant, pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, proteolytic, and other properties. Therefore, MVs contribute to the development of diabetic macrovascular and microvascular complications. In addition, clinical studies have indicated that changes in MV number and composition may reflect the pathophysiological conditions of disease, and therefore, may serve as potential biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic use. Understanding MVs' involvement in the pathophysiological conditions may provide insight into disease mechanisms and would also be helpful for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in the future. Here, we review the latest publications from our group and other groups and focus on the involvement of MVs in diabetic complications.
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Schiro A, Wilkinson FL, Weston R, Smyth JV, Serracino-Inglott F, Alexander MY. Endothelial microparticles as conveyors of information in atherosclerotic disease. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:295-302. [PMID: 24721189 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are complex submicron membrane-shed vesicles released into the circulation following endothelium cell activation or apoptosis. They are classified as either physiological or pathological, with anticoagulant or pro-inflammatory effects respectively. Endothelial dysfunction caused by inflammation is a key initiating event in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Athero-emboli, resulting from ruptured carotid plaques are a major cause of stroke. Current clinical techniques for arterial assessment, angiography and carotid ultrasound, give accurate information about stenosis but limited evidence on plaque composition, inflammation or vulnerability; as a result, patients with asymptomatic, or fragile carotid lesions, may not be identified and treated effectively. There is a need to discover novel biomarkers and develop more efficient diagnostic approaches in order to stratify patients at most risk of stroke, who would benefit from interventional surgery. Increasing evidence suggests that EMPs play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, acting as a marker of damage, either exacerbating disease progression or triggering a repair response. In this regard, it has been suggested that EMPs have the potential to act as biomarkers of disease status. In this review, we will present the evidence to support this hypothesis and propose a novel concept for the development of a diagnostic device that could be implemented in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schiro
- Regional Vascular and Endovascular Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9MT, UK.
| | - F L Wilkinson
- Translational Science, Healthcare Science Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - R Weston
- Translational Science, Healthcare Science Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - J V Smyth
- Regional Vascular and Endovascular Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - F Serracino-Inglott
- Regional Vascular and Endovascular Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9MT, UK
| | - M Y Alexander
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9MT, UK; Translational Science, Healthcare Science Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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Sarlon-Bartoli G, Bennis Y, Lacroix R, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Bartoli MA, Arnaud L, Mancini J, Boudes A, Sarlon E, Thevenin B, Leroyer AS, Squarcioni C, Magnan PE, Dignat-George F, Sabatier F. Plasmatic Level of Leukocyte-Derived Microparticles Is Associated With Unstable Plaque in Asymptomatic Patients With High-Grade Carotid Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:1436-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Burton JO, Hamali HA, Singh R, Abbasian N, Parsons R, Patel AK, Goodall AH, Brunskill NJ. Elevated levels of procoagulant plasma microvesicles in dialysis patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72663. [PMID: 23936542 PMCID: PMC3732282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) death remains the largest cause of mortality in dialysis patients, unexplained by traditional risk factors. Endothelial microvesicles (EMVs) are elevated in patients with traditional CV risk factors and acute coronary syndromes while platelet MVs (PMVs) are associated with atherosclerotic disease states. This study compared relative concentrations of circulating MVs from endothelial cells and platelets in two groups of dialysis patients and matched controls and investigated their relative thromboembolic risk. MVs were isolated from the blood of 20 haemodialysis (HD), 17 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and 20 matched controls. Relative concentrations of EMVs (CD144(+ ve)) and PMVs (CD42b(+ ve)) were measured by Western blotting and total MV concentrations were measured using nanoparticle-tracking analysis. The ability to support thrombin generation was measured by reconstituting the MVs in normal plasma, using the Continuous Automated Thrombogram assay triggered with 1µM tissue factor. The total concentration of MVs as well as the measured sub-types was higher in both patient groups compared to controls (p<0.05). MVs from HD and PD patients were able to generate more thrombin than the controls, with higher peak thrombin, and endogenous thrombin potential levels (p<0.02). However there were no differences in either the relative quantity or activity of MVs between the two patient groups (p>0.3). Dialysis patients have higher levels of circulating procoagulant MVs than healthy controls. This may represent a novel and potentially modifiable mediator or predictor of occlusive cardiovascular events in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O Burton
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Guiraud T, Gayda M, Juneau M, Bosquet L, Meyer P, Théberge-Julien G, Galinier M, Nozza A, Lambert J, Rhéaume E, Tardif JC, Nigam A. A single bout of high-intensity interval exercise does not increase endothelial or platelet microparticles in stable, physically fit men with coronary heart disease. Can J Cardiol 2013; 29:1285-91. [PMID: 23830290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is gaining in popularity in fitness centres, even among coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. However, whether HIIE can have deleterious acute effects on the vasculature in CHD has not been studied. We hypothesized that when compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), a single bout of HIIE could lead to vascular damage and increasing numbers of circulating endothelial and platelet microparticles (EMPs, PMPs) in stable, physically fit CHD patients. METHODS Nineteen male CHD patients (aged 62 ± 11 years) underwent, in random order, a single session of HIIE corresponding to 15-second intervals at 100% of peak power output and 15-second passive recovery intervals, and an isocaloric MICE session. EMPs (CD31+ and/or CD62E+ and CD42b-); PMPs (CD42b+); nitrates and nitrites; prostacycline; and troponin T, cardiac form (cTnT), were measured 10 minutes before exercise and 20 minutes, 24 hours, and 72 hours after both exercise sessions. RESULTS EMPs, PMPs, nitrates and nitrites, prostacycline, and cTnT remained unchanged after both HIIE and MICE exercise sessions. Initial EMP concentration correlated inversely with EMP concentration 20 minutes post exercise, irrespective of exercise modality (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS A single HIIE session with very short exercise and passive recovery periods appears safe and does not induce changes to markers of endothelial function. Future studies are required to determine the safety of a long-term HIIE training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Guiraud
- Cardiovascular Prevention Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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Suades R, Padró T, Alonso R, Mata P, Badimon L. Lipid-lowering therapy with statins reduces microparticle shedding from endothelium, platelets and inflammatory cells. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:366-77. [PMID: 23740299 DOI: 10.1160/th13-03-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidaemia is a causal factor in the ethiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Statins are the cornerstone drug therapy for LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) lowering, that exert beneficial effects beyond lipid lowering. Circulating microparticles (cMPs), microvesicles released by activated cells into the bloodstream, are markers of vascular and inflammatory cell activation with tentative role in disease progression. However, the role of statins on cMPs seems controversial. We aimed at the evaluation of the effects of lipid-lowering treatment (LLT) on cMP generation in patients in primary prevention of atherosclerosis. A case-control study was conducted in hypercholesterolaemic patients receiving LLT with statins and normocholesterolaemic controls (LLT+ and LLT-, respectively, n=37/group), matched by age, gender and LDL-c levels. cMPs were characterised by flow cytometry using annexin-V and cell-specific antibodies. In LLT+-patients overall numbers of cMPs (p<0.005) were lower than in controls. Levels of cMPs carrying parental cell markers from vascular and circulating cell origin (platelet, endothelial cell, pan-leukocyte and specific-leukocyte subsets) were significantly lower in blood of LLT+ compared to LLT--patients. Moreover, MPs from LLT+-patients had reduced markers of activated platelets (αIIbβ3-integrin), activated inflammatory cells (αM-integrin) and tissue factor. The effect of LLT on cMP shedding was found to be accumulative in years. cMP shedding associated to cardiovascular risk in LLT+-patients. In summary, at similar plasma cholesterol levels patients on statin treatment had a significant lower number of cMPs carrying markers of activated cells. These findings indicate that statins protect against vascular cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Suades
- Cardiovascular Research Center, c/Sant Antoni Mª Claret 167, Barcelona, Spain.
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Georgescu A, Alexandru N, Nemecz M, Titorencu I, Popov D. Irbesartan administration therapeutically influences circulating endothelial progenitor cell and microparticle mobilization by involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 711:27-35. [PMID: 23639758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Circulating microparticles (MPs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) correlate with endothelial dysfunction and contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this context, we explored whether the angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist, irbesartan, exerts a pharmacological control in the atherosclerotic process by the improvement of EPC mobilization and inhibitory effects on MP release and VEGF and SDF-1α levels in the hypertensive-hypercholesterolemic (HH) hamster model. The HH hamsters were treated with irbesartan (50mg/kg b.w/day administered by gavage) for 4 month (HHI). We analyzed MP/EPC infiltration in vascular wall before and after irbesartan administration as well as the endothelial function and expression of VEGF/SDF-1α in plasma and tissue and of molecular pathways activated by them. The results showed that treatment with irbesartan significantly increased EPC infiltration and decreased MP infiltration. The mechanisms underlying this response include the reduction/increase of a number of specific membrane receptors exposed by MPs (TF, P-Selectin, E-Selectin, PSGL-1, Rantes), respectively, by EPCs (β2-Integrins, α4β1-integrin), the augmentation of endothelium-mediated vasodilation and the reduction of protein expression of VEGF/SDF-1α followed by: (1) the diminishment of pro-inflammatory endothelial cytokines: VEGFR1, VEGFR2, CXCR4, Tie2, PIGF with role in EPC homing to sites of damaged endothelium; and (2) the increase of protein expression of COX-2, PGI2 synthase molecules with role in the improvement of arterial wall vasodilatation. In conclusion, the study underlines that irbesartan administration therapeutically improves/reduces EPC, respectively, MP mobilization and this action may be of salutary relevance contributing to its beneficial cardiovascular effects.
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Adam SS, Hoppe C. Potential role for statins in sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:550-7. [PMID: 23281161 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The complex pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) is remarkably similar to that observed in other chronic vascular diseases and involves multiple biologic pathways triggered by ischemia reperfusion injury, coagulation activation, and inflammation. Statins are potent lipid-lowering agents commonly used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Independent of their lipid lowering effect, statins have been shown to down-regulate inflammatory mediators and endothelial adhesion molecules, reduce tissue factor expression and restore nitric oxide bioavailability. The pleiotropic effects of statins make these agents attractive therapeutic candidates for SCD. This article reviews available evidence for the potential role of statins in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheir S Adam
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Cordazzo C, Neri T, Petrini S, Lombardi S, Balìa C, Cianchetti S, Carmazzi Y, Paggiaro P, Pedrinelli R, Celi A. Angiotensin II induces the generation of procoagulant microparticles by human mononuclear cells via an angiotensin type 2 receptor-mediated pathway. Thromb Res 2013; 131:e168-74. [PMID: 23414567 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microparticles are small vesicles shed by cells upon activation and during apoptosis which participate in physiologically relevant phenomena, including blood coagulation. Intracellular calcium mobilization is one of the mechanisms of microparticle generation during cell activation. Because the renin-angiotensin system has been proposed as a link between hypertension and increased thrombotic risk, we investigated whether angiotensin II upregulates the generation of procoagulant microparticles by human mononuclear cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human mononuclear cells were exposed to angiotensin II for 15min. Intracellular calcium concentration was assessed by a Fluo 4 based kit. The supernatants were analyzed for both microparticle content, with a commercially available kit based on phosphatidylserine analysis, and microparticle-associated tissue factor, with a one-stage clotting assay. RESULTS Intracellular calcium concentration is increased upon exposure of mononuclear cells to angiotensin II. Incubation with angiotensin II stimulates microparticles release; microparticle-associated tissue factor is also upregulated. The effect is inhibited by an angiotensin receptor type 2 antagonist (PD123319) and not by two angiotensin type 1 antagonists (Losartan and Olmesartan). CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin receptor 2-mediated upregulation of tissue factor-bearing, procoagulant microparticle generation represents a novel mechanism linking the renin-angiotensin system to thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cordazzo
- Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare Respiratoria; Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell'Area Critica, Università degli Studi di Pisa e Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Membrane microparticles are submicron fragments of membrane shed into extracellular space from cells under conditions of stress/injury. They may be distinguished from other classes of extracellular vesicles (i.e. exosomes) on the basis of size, content and mechanism of formation. Microparticles are found in plasma and other biological fluids from healthy individuals and their levels are altered in various diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, pre-eclampsia and hypertension among others. Accordingly, they have been considered biomarkers of vascular injury and pro-thrombotic or pro-inflammatory conditions. In addition to this, emerging evidence suggests that microparticles are not simply a consequence of disease, but that they themselves may contribute to pathological processes. Thus microparticles appear to serve as both markers and mediators of pathology. The present review examines the evidence for microparticles as both biomarkers of, and contributors to, the progression of disease. Approaches for the detection of microparticles are summarized and novel concepts relating to the formation of microparticles and their biological effects are examined.
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Baron M, Boulanger CM, Staels B, Tailleux A. Cell-derived microparticles in atherosclerosis: biomarkers and targets for pharmacological modulation? J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1365-76. [PMID: 22050954 PMCID: PMC3823207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain an important cause of morbi-mortality. Atherosclerosis, which predisposes to cardiovascular disorders such as myocardial infarction and stroke, develops silently over several decades. Identification of circulating biomarkers to evaluate cardiovascular event risk and pathology prognosis is of particular importance. Microparticles (MPs) are small vesicles released from cells upon apoptosis or activation. Microparticles are present in blood of healthy individuals. Studies showing a modification of their concentrations in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and after cardiovascular events identify MPs as potential biomarkers of disease. Moreover, the pathophysiological properties of MPs may contribute to atherosclerosis development. In addition, pharmacological compounds, used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, can reduce plasma MP concentrations. Nevertheless, numerous issues remain to be solved before MP measurement can be applied as routine biological tests to improve cardiovascular risk prediction. In particular, prospective studies to identify the predictive values of MPs in pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases are needed to demonstrate whether MPs are useful biomarkers for the early detection of the disease and its progression.
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Touyz RM, Savoia C, He Y, Endemann D, Pu Q, Ko EA, Deciuceis C, Montezano A, Schiffrin EL. Increased inflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients: improvement after angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:189-99. [PMID: 20409851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and hypertension increasingly are recognized as pro-inflammatory conditions. We tested the hypothesis that in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes, blood pressure (BP) reduction with an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), valsartan, or with a beta blocker, atenolol, is associated with a decreased inflammatory response. Normotensive subjects and hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes (40 to 70 years of age) participated in the study. Patients (n = 28) were randomized to double-blind treatment for 1 year with valsartan (80-160 mg) or atenolol (50-100 mg) daily, added to previous therapy. Age-matched controls (n = 12) were also studied. Serum levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-18), chemokines (MCP-1), and adhesion molecules (sICAM, sE-selectin) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as indices of systemic and vascular inflammation, before and 1 year after treatment. BP was similarly reduced by valsartan and atenolol. Glycemic control and lipid profiles were comparable in the two groups and did not change significantly with antihypertensive therapy. Serum levels of all inflammatory markers were increased in patients before treatment (by two- to four-fold vs. controls, P < .05). IL-6, IL-18, sICAM, and MCP-1 levels were reduced by valsartan (three-fold, P < .05). Only IL-18 was reduced by atenolol compared with pretreatment levels (P < .05). These data indicate that proinflammatory mediators are significantly increased in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients and that despite similar BP lowering by valsartan and atenolol and similar glucose levels in both treated groups, global inflammatory status was improved only in the valsartan group. Our findings suggest that antihypertensive treatment, particularly with an ARB, ameliorates inflammatory processes in diabetic hypertensive patients. Such effects, which are independent of BP and glycemic control, may contribute to cardiovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M Touyz
- The Kidney Research Centre, OHRI/University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Cherney DZI, Scholey JW, Daneman D, Dunger DB, Dalton RN, Moineddin R, Mahmud FH, Dekker R, Elia Y, Sochett E, Reich HN. Urinary markers of renal inflammation in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and normoalbuminuria. Diabet Med 2012; 29:1297-302. [PMID: 22416821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Patients with the highest albumin:creatinine ratio within the normal range are at an increased risk for developing microalbuminuria. The mechanistic basis for this is unknown, but may be related to renal inflammation. Our goal was to characterize the urinary excretion of cytokines/chemokines in normoalbuminuric adolescents with Type 1 diabetes to determine whether higher range normoalbuminuria is associated with evidence of renal inflammation. METHODS Forty-two urinary cytokines/chemokines were measured in subjects who were screened for the Adolescent Type 1 Diabetes Cardio-Renal Intervention Trial. Urinary cytokines/chemokines were compared across low (n = 50), middle (n = 50) or high (n = 50) albumin:creatinine ratio tertile groups. RESULTS At baseline, participants in the upper tertile were younger and had shorter diabetes duration compared with the other groups. Other clinical characteristics were similar. Urinary levels of interleukin 6, interleukin 8, platelet-derived growth factor-AA and RANTES differed across albumin:creatinine ratio tertiles, with higher values in patients in the middle and high tertiles compared with the lower tertile (ANCOVA P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Within the normal albumin:creatinine ratio range, higher urinary albumin excretion is associated with elevated urinary levels of inflammatory markers. Ultimately, this may provide mechanistic insights into disease pathophysiology and stratify the risk of nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Z I Cherney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
Leukocyte-derived microparticles (LMPs) may originate from neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes. They express markers from their parental cells and harbor membrane and cytoplasmic proteins as well as bioactive lipids implicated in a variety of mechanisms, maintaining or disrupting vascular homeostasis. When they carry tissue factor or coagulation inhibitors, they participate in hemostasis and pathological thrombosis. Both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes can be affected by LMPs, thus ensuring an appropriate inflammatory response. LMPs also play a dual role in the endothelium by either improving the endothelial function or inducing an endothelial dysfunction. LMPs are implicated in all stages of atherosclerosis. They circulate at a high level in the bloodstream of patients with high atherothrombotic risk, such as smokers, diabetics, and subjects with obstructive sleep apnea, where their prolonged contact with the vessel wall may contribute to its overall deterioration. Numbering microparticles, including LMPs, might be useful in predicting cardiovascular events. LMPs modify the endothelial function and promote the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the vascular wall, necessary processes for the progression of the atherosclerotic lesion. In addition, LMPs favor the neovascularization within the vulnerable plaque and, in the ruptured plaque, they take part in coagulation and platelet activation. Finally, LMPs participate in angiogenesis. They might represent a novel therapeutic tool to reset the angiogenic switch in pathologies with altered angiogenesis. Additional studies are needed to further investigate the role of LMPs in cardiovascular diseases. However, large-scale studies are currently difficult to set up because microparticle measurement still requires elaborate techniques which lack standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Angelillo-Scherrer
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Lausanne University Hospital, rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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