Dynamics of Soluble Thrombomodulin and Circulating miRNAs in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

Identification of Plasmatic MicroRNA-206 as New Predictor of Early Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation After Catheter Ablation Using Next-generation Sequencing

BACKGROUND

Catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) is indicated in patients with recurrent and symptomatic AF episodes. Despite the strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, AF recurrence after CA remains high. Identification of a novel biomarker that would predict AF recurrence would help to stratify the patients. The aim of the study was to seek novel biomarkers among the plasmatic microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs).

METHODS

A prospective monocentric study was conducted. A total of 49 consecutive AF patients indicated for CA were included. Blood sampling was performed prior to CA. RNA was isolated from plasma using commercial kits. In the exploration phase, small RNA sequencing was performed in ten AF patients (five with and five without AF recurrence) using Illumina instrument. In the validation phase, levels of selected miRNAs were determined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in all participants.

RESULTS

Altogether, 22 miRNAs were identified as altered between the groups by next-generation sequencing (using the DESeq2 algorithm). Using qRT-PCR, levels of the five most altered miRNAs (miR-190b/206/326/505-5p/1296-5p) were verified in the whole cohort. Plasma levels of hsa-miR-206 were significantly higher in patients with early (within 6 months) AF recurrence and showed an increase of risk recurrence,2.65 times by every increase in its level by 1 unit in the binary logistic regression.

CONCLUSION

We have identified a set of 22 plasmatic miRNAs that differ between the patients with and without AF recurrence after CA and confirmed hsa-miR-206 as a novel miRNA associated with early AF recurrence. Results shall be verified in a larger independent cohort.

Synergistic Effects of Weight Loss and Catheter Ablation: Can microRNAs Serve as Predictive Biomarkers for the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence?

In atrial fibrillation (AF), multifactorial pathologic atrial alterations are manifested by structural and electrophysiological changes known as atrial remodeling. AF frequently develops in the context of underlying cardiac abnormalities. A critical mechanistic role played by atrial stretch is played by abnormal substrates in a number of conditions that predispose to AF, including obesity, heart failure, hypertension, and sleep apnea. The significant role of overweight and obesity in the development of AF is known; however, the differential effect of overweight, obesity, cardiovascular comorbidities, lifestyle, and other modifiable risk factors on the occurrence and recurrence of AF remains to be determined. Reverse remodeling of the atrial substrate and subsequent reduction in the AF burden by conversion into a typical sinus rhythm has been associated with weight loss through lifestyle changes or surgery. This makes it an essential pillar in the management of AF in obese patients. According to recently published research, microRNAs (miRs) may function as post-transcriptional regulators of genes involved in atrial remodeling, potentially contributing to the pathophysiology of AF. The focus of this review is on their modulation by both weight loss and catheter ablation interventions to counteract atrial remodeling in AF. Our analysis outlines the experimental and clinical evidence supporting the synergistic effects of weight loss and catheter ablation (CA) in reversing atrial electrical and structural remodeling in AF onset and in recurrent post-ablation AF by attenuating pro-thrombotic, pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic, arrhythmogenic, and male-sex-associated hypertrophic remodeling pathways. Furthermore, we discuss the promising role of miRs with prognostic potential as predictive biomarkers in guiding approaches to AF recurrence prevention.

Unveiling the Role of Endothelial Dysfunction: A Possible Key to Enhancing Catheter Ablation Success in Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation, a prevalent type of arrhythmia, is increasingly contributing to the economic burden on healthcare systems. The development of innovative treatments, notably catheter ablation, has demonstrated both impressive and promising outcomes. However, these treatments have not yet fully replaced pharmaceutical approaches, primarily due to the relatively high incidence of atrial fibrillation recurrence post-procedure. Recent insights into endothelial dysfunction have shed light on its role in both the onset and progression of atrial fibrillation. This emerging understanding suggests that endothelial function might significantly influence the effectiveness of catheter ablation. Consequently, a deeper exploration into endothelial dynamics could potentially elevate the status of catheter ablation, positioning it as a primary treatment option for atrial fibrillation.

The Association between Coagulation and Atrial Fibrillation

The existing literature highlights the presence of numerous coagulation factors and markers. Elevated levels of coagulation factors are associated with both existing and newly diagnosed cases of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, this article summarizes the role of coagulation in the pathogenesis of AF, which includes fibrinogen and fibrin, prothrombin, thrombomodulin, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, von Willebrand factor, P-selectin, D-dimer, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and platelet activation. Coagulation irregularities play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AF.

Platelet-enriched microRNAs as novel biomarkers in atherosclerotic and cardiovascular disease patients

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global health challenge. Various studies have shown that genetic and environmental factors play roles in the development and progression of CVD. Small non-coding RNAs, namely microRNAs (miRs), regulate gene expression and have key roles in essential cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle, differentiation, and proliferation. Currently, clinical studies highlight the critical role of platelets and miRs in coronary thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and CVD.

METHODS

Using search engines such as PubMed and Scopus, articles studying platelet miRs and their effects on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease were reviewed.

RESULTS

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the association of platelet-related miRs as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic biomarkers with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, data show that platelet-related miRs not only play important roles in the initial development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but they are also considered prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers in CVD.

Advances of Liquid Biopsy for Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation and Its Recurrence After Ablation in Clinical Application

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia disease with high morbidity in clinical practice and leads to stroke, heart failure, peripheral embolism, and other severe complications. With aging of the society, AF has become one of the biggest public health challenges. Effective treatments including antiarrhythmic drugs, electrical cardioversion, and ablation (with or without catheters) can alleviate the symptoms of AF. Ablation is the most effective method for the treatment of persistent AF, but cannot cure all patients. Recurrence of AF is a realistic and unavoidable problem. For early predicting and warning of AF and its recurrence, liquid biopsy for accurate molecular analysis of biofluids is a new strategy with potential value and easy sampling and can detect genetic and epigenetic polymorphisms, especially microRNAs. In this review, liquid biopsy is constructed as a new powerful way for diagnosing AF and predicting its recurrence, contributing to the treatment of AF.

MicroRNAs as novel biomarkers for rivaroxaban therapeutic drug monitoring

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to assess micro-RNAs miR-142 and miR-39 as potential biomarkers for drug-monitoring of rivaroxaban among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation.

METHODS

The study involved 57 patients with median (ME) age 87 years [80-94 years old] with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation admitted to a multidisciplinary hospital in Moscow. High-performance liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS) was carried out to measure rivaroxaban concentrations. Carriership of CYP3A4 and ABCB1 was detected. MiRNA expression levels were measured. The activity of CYP3A4 isoenzyme was measured as the ratio of the concentrations of 6β-hydroxycortisol and cortisol.

RESULTS

The miR-142 expression levels of patients with CC allelic variant polymorphism ABCB1 3435 C>T (rs1045642) were significantly higher compared to CT and TT variants 31.69 ± 1.60 vs. 34.06 ± 1.66 vs. 33.16 ± 1.77 (p=0.021). Carriers of TT allelic variant polymorphism ABCB1 rs4148738 had a higher concentration of the 6-beta-hydroxycortisol in urine compared to CC and CT variants 3,467.35 ± 1,055.53 vs. 3,453.52 ± 1,516.89 vs. 2,593.30 ± 1,172.52 (p=0.029). As for CYP3A4*22, the carriers of CC allelic variant had higher prothrombin time 14.10 ± 2.17 vs. 11.87 ± 0.60 and INR 1.31 ± 0.20 vs. 1.1 ± 0.06 but lower Quick's value 74.52 ± 16.84 vs. 97.55 ± 10.54 (p=0.059). A positive correlation between the Ct miR-142 and the aPTT p=0.019 was noted. Also miR-142 has a correlation with Quick's value p=0.095. There is no statistically significant connection between miR-142 and miR-39 expression levels and the plasma concentration of rivaroxaban (b coefficient=-2.055, SE 3.952, p=0.605 and b coefficient=1.546, SE 9.887, p=0.876 in the linear regression model respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

This study has assessed new potential biomarkers for rivaroxaban therapeutic drug monitoring: miR-142 and miR-39.

MicroRNAs as novel biomarkers for rivaroxaban therapeutic drug monitoring

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to assess micro-RNAs miR-142 and miR-39 as potential biomarkers for drug-monitoring of rivaroxaban among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation.

METHODS

The study involved 57 patients with median (ME) age 87 years [80-94 years old] with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation admitted to a multidisciplinary hospital in Moscow. High-performance liquid chromatography with mass-spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS) was carried out to measure rivaroxaban concentrations. Carriership of CYP3A4 and ABCB1 was detected. MiRNA expression levels were measured. The activity of CYP3A4 isoenzyme was measured as the ratio of the concentrations of 6β-hydroxycortisol and cortisol.

RESULTS

The miR-142 expression levels of patients with CC allelic variant polymorphism ABCB1 3435 C>T (rs1045642) were significantly higher compared to CT and TT variants 31.69 ± 1.60 vs. 34.06 ± 1.66 vs. 33.16 ± 1.77 (p=0.021). Carriers of TT allelic variant polymorphism ABCB1 rs4148738 had a higher concentration of the 6-beta-hydroxycortisol in urine compared to CC and CT variants 3,467.35 ± 1,055.53 vs. 3,453.52 ± 1,516.89 vs. 2,593.30 ± 1,172.52 (p=0.029). As for CYP3A4*22, the carriers of CC allelic variant had higher prothrombin time 14.10 ± 2.17 vs. 11.87 ± 0.60 and INR 1.31 ± 0.20 vs. 1.1 ± 0.06 but lower Quick's value 74.52 ± 16.84 vs. 97.55 ± 10.54 (p=0.059). A positive correlation between the Ct miR-142 and the aPTT p=0.019 was noted. Also miR-142 has a correlation with Quick's value p=0.095. There is no statistically significant connection between miR-142 and miR-39 expression levels and the plasma concentration of rivaroxaban (b coefficient=-2.055, SE 3.952, p=0.605 and b coefficient=1.546, SE 9.887, p=0.876 in the linear regression model respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

This study has assessed new potential biomarkers for rivaroxaban therapeutic drug monitoring: miR-142 and miR-39.

Evaluation of VEGF-A in platelet and microRNA-126 in serum after coronary artery bypass grafting

Platelet functions are thought to contribute to clinical outcomes after heart surgery. This study was conducted to assess the pivotal roles of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and microRNA-126 (miR-126) during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Whole blood was collected for platelet isolation from 67 patients who underwent CABG surgery between July 2013 and March 2014. VEGF-A and miR-126 levels in serum, plasma, and platelets were measured at various time points and compared with clinical characteristics. The platelet count was decreased at 3 days after CABG. This dynamic change in platelet count was larger after conventional coronary artery bypass (CCAB) than off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB). VEGF-A in the same number of platelets (IP-VEGF-A) was increased at 3 days after CABG, followed by an increase of VEGF-A in serum (S-VEGF-A) at 7 days after surgery. The miR-126-3p level in serum (S-miR-126-3p) increased rapidly after CABG and then decreased below preoperative levels. The IP-VEGF-A level on day 7 after CABG in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), who suffered from endothelial dysfunction, was higher compared with patients without PAD. Conversely, S-miR-126-3p on day 7 after surgery was lower in patients with PAD than in patients without PAD. Low levels of S-miR-126-3p due to endothelial dysfunction may lead to high IP-VEGF-A, which is closely related to complications after CABG.

Different characteristics of mitochondrial dynamics-related miRNAs on the hemodynamics of pulmonary artery hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

BACKGROUND

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo fission or fusion. These mitochondrial dynamics are reported to be associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH is divided into 5 groups, including pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), based on its pathogenesis. However, it is still unknown whether and how miRNAs related to mitochondrial dynamics (MD) affect PAH and CTEPH.

METHODS

We investigated patients who underwent right heart catheterization between October 2016 and January 2019. Out of 34 PH patients, 12 were diagnosed with PAH, and 22 were diagnosed with CTEPH. In addition, there were 30 patients diagnosed with left heart disease. We enrolled the 34 PH patients as the PH group and 30 left heart disease patients as the control group.

RESULTS

Among MD-related miRNAs, the circulating levels of miR-140-3p were higher, and those of miR-485-5p were lower in the PH group than in the control group (p < 0.01), suggesting that miRNAs inducing mitochondrial fission are related to PH. The miR-140-3p levels in the PAH and CTEPH groups were higher than those in the control group (p < 0.01). The levels of miR-140-3p and miR-485-5p in the PAH group correlated with pulmonary vascular resistance (r = 0.582, p = 0.046) and cardiac index (r = -0.36, p = 0.04), respectively. The miR-485-5p levels in the CTEPH group correlated with right atrium pressure (r = -0.456, p = 0.049).

CONCLUSION

MD-related miRNAs levels change to induce fission and are closely related to the hemodynamics of PAH and CTEPH.