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Tadayon Z, Shahzadeh Fazeli SA, Gholijani N, Daryabor G. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) genetic variants rs187084 and rs352140 confer protection from Behcet's disease among Iranians. BMC Rheumatol 2024; 8:13. [PMID: 38481344 PMCID: PMC10938651 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-024-00382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behcet's disease (BD) is a multisystem and multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized by relapsing episodes of oral aphthae, genital ulcers, and ocular and skin lesions. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has pro-inflammatory roles and its genetic variants might be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. METHODS: Two hundred five BD patients and 207 age and sex-matched healthy controls were evaluated for TLR9 single nucleotide polymorphisms - 1486 T/C (rs187084) and + 2848:G/A (rs352140) using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR). RESULTS Healthy individuals had a significantly higher frequency of rs187084 AG and AG + GG genotypes than BD patients (p = 0.02 and p = 0.018; respectively). Of interest, healthy males had a significantly higher frequency of rs187084 AG + GG genotype and G allele than male BD patients (p = 0.035 and p = 0.045; respectively). However, rs187084 AG genotype and G allele frequencies were significantly higher in male patients with genital aphthous (p = 0.01 and p = 0.046; respectively). Furthermore, a significantly higher frequency of rs352140 CT and TT + CT genotypes was detected in healthy individuals than in BD patients (p = 0.01, and p = 0.032; respectively). Such results were also seen in healthy females than female patients (p = 0.001, and p = 0.004; respectively). Haplotype analysis revealed a significantly higher frequency of A-C and G-C haplotypes among patients and healthy subjects, respectively (p = 0.002 and p = 0.000; respectively). CONCLUSION Our data suggested that rs187084 AG and AG + GG genotypes and rs352140 CT and TT + CT genotypes protect Iranian individuals from BD but rs187084 AG genotype and G allele predispose male BD individuals to genital aphthous. However, additional studies are required to verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tadayon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasser Gholijani
- Autoimmune Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Daryabor
- Autoimmune Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran.
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Alkudmani ZS, Alzailai AA, Aburisheh KH, Alshammary AF, Ali Khan I. Toll-like Receptor 9 Gene in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Saudi Arabian Population. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1439. [PMID: 37998038 PMCID: PMC10669332 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with a wide range of manifestations. Diabetes, notably type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is becoming more common in Saudi Arabia as a result of obesity and an aging population. T2DM is classified as a noncommunicable disease, and its incidence in the Saudi population continues to grow as a consequence of socioeconomic changes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that mediate the inflammatory response in diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have documented the relationship between different SNPs in the TLR9 gene in different forms of diabetes. As a result, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between rs187084, rs352140, and rs5743836 SNPs in the TLR9 gene among T2DM patients in the Saudi population. This was a case-control study that included 100 T2DM cases and 100 control subjects. The three SNPs were identified in the study population (n = 200) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzymes for rs352140, and Sanger sequencing for rs187084 and rs5783836. Next, statistical analyses were performed using various software to determine the association between the SNPs and T2DM. rs187084 and rs5743836 were associated with an increased risk of T2DM development. rs187084 and rs5743836 allelic frequencies were associated with a 3.2 times increased risk of T2DM development (p < 0.05). DBP was associated with T2DM (p = 0.02). rs187084 was associated with TC and HDLc; rs352140 was associated with DBP, HbA1c, and HDLc; rs5743836 was associated with waist (p < 0.05). The CGT haplotype was strongly associated with T2DM (p < 0.003). Gene-gene interaction, graphical presentation, and dendrogram showed the strong association with T2DM patients (p < 0.05). This study concluded that rs187084 and rs5743836 were strongly associated with T2DM in Saudi Arabian patients. This study provides further evidence that SNPs in the TLR9 gene play a significant role in T2DM development in a Saudi community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina S. Alkudmani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia; (Z.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Aminah Ahmad Alzailai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia; (Z.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Khaled H. Aburisheh
- University Diabetes Center, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amal F. Alshammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia; (Z.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.F.A.)
| | - Imran Ali Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia; (Z.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.F.A.)
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Cappelletti C, Brugnoni R, Bonanno S, Andreetta F, Salerno F, Canioni E, Vattemi GNA, Tonin P, Mantegazza R, Maggi L. Toll-like receptors and IL-7 as potential biomarkers for immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250326. [PMID: 37562045 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to verify whether the immune system may represent a source of potential biomarkers for the stratification of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNMs) subtypes. A group of 22 patients diagnosed with IMNM [7 with autoantibodies against signal recognition particle (SRP) and 15 against 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR)] and 12 controls were included. A significant preponderance of M1 macrophages was observed in both SRP+ and HMGCR+ muscle samples (p < 0.0001 in SRP+ and p = 0.0316 for HMGCR+ ), with higher values for SRP+ (p = 0.01). Despite the significant increase observed in the expression of TLR4 and all endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) at protein level in IMNM muscle tissue, only TLR7 has been shown considerably upregulated compared to controls at transcript level (p = 0.0026), whereas TLR9 was even decreased (p = 0.0223). Within IMNM subgroups, TLR4 (p = 0.0116) mRNA was significantly increased in SRP+ compared to HMGCR+ patients. Within IMNM group, only IL-7 was differentially expressed between SRP+ and HMGCR+ patients, with higher values in SRP+ patients (p = 0.0468). Overall, innate immunity represents a key player in pathological mechanisms of IMNM. TLR4 and the inflammatory cytokine IL-7 represent potential immune biomarkers able to differentiate between SRP+ and HMGCR+ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cappelletti
- U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit., Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Brugnoni
- U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit., Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonanno
- U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit., Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Andreetta
- U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit., Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Salerno
- U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit., Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Canioni
- U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit., Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Nicola Alfio Vattemi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Tonin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit., Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maggi
- U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit., Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Saber MM, Monir N, Awad AS, Elsherbiny ME, Zaki HF. TLR9: A friend or a foe. Life Sci 2022; 307:120874. [PMID: 35963302 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is a primary protective line in our body. It confers its protection through different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), especially toll like receptors (TLRs). Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an intracellular TLR, expressed in different immunological and non-immunological cells. Release of cellular components, such as proteins, nucleotides, and DNA confers a beneficial inflammatory response and maintains homeostasis for removing cellular debris during normal physiological conditions. However, during pathological cellular damage and stress signals, engagement between mtDNA and TLR9 acts as an alarm for starting inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The controversial role of TLR9 in different diseases baffled scientists if it has a protective or deleterious effect after activation during insults. Targeting the immune system, especially the TLR9 needs further investigation to provide a therapeutic strategy to control inflammation and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Saber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Nada Monir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza S Awad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa E Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Efat A, Shoeib S, Nazir A, Abdelmohsen E, Dawod A, Bedair HM, Elgheriany W. Endothelial Activation and Immune Thrombocytopenia: An Engagement Waiting for Consolidation. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:10760296211054514. [PMID: 34806423 PMCID: PMC8646185 DOI: 10.1177/10760296211054514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) appears to be a heterogeneous disease. In some patients, autoimmunity may be associated with an inflammatory process, and in other patients, low platelets may interfere with other aspects of the coagulation system. Either may predispose to thrombosis or bleeding. Further investigation of the interactions of platelets, with inflammatory cytokines and endothelial biomarkers, may help us to better understand the disease, and to recognize those patients at risk of bleeding, or conversely thrombosis. The aim of this work is to estimate von Willebrand factor (vWF) and vascular cellular adhesion molecule (V-CAM) serum levels in adult immune thrombocytopenic patients (ITP) and to decipher their possible clinical correlates. Eighty adults (≥ 18 years) were enrolled in the study; naive newly diagnosed 40 patients with primary ITP (according to the ASH 2019) and 40 sex and age-matched healthy controls, all groups are subjected for complete blood count (CBC), liver, and renal function tests, ESR, CRP, V-CAM, and VWF-Ag by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was a highly statistically significant difference between case and control as regards to the mean level of VWF-Ag and V-CAM. vWF and V-CAM could serve as biomarkers for endothelial alterations and should be investigated as a predictor of thrombocytopenic bleeding and tailor patient management accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Efat
- 68872Menoufia University, Shebin Alkom, Egypt
| | | | - Aida Nazir
- 68789Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Hanan M Bedair
- 68873National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt
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Meliț LE, Mărginean CO, Săsăran MO, Mocan S, Ghiga DV, Bogliş A, Duicu C. Innate immunity – the hallmark of Helicobacter pylori infection in pediatric chronic gastritis. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:6686-6697. [PMID: 34447815 PMCID: PMC8362532 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i23.6686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immunity was found to be associated with both persistence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and increased risk of gastric cancer.
AIM To identify the risk factors associated with H. pylori infection and to establish the role of TLR9 rs352140 in suppressing or promoting inflammation related to this infection in children.
METHODS We performed a study of 155 children with digestive symptoms, who were divided into two groups according to the histopathological exam: Group 1 – 48 children with H. pylori-induced chronic gastritis, and Group 2 – control group.
RESULTS Rural area and poor living conditions were significantly associated with H. pylori chronic gastritis (P = 0.0042/P < 0.0001). Both positive immunoglobulin A anti H. pylori and the rapid urease test were significantly associated with H. pylori infection (P < 0.0001). Significantly higher values of leukocytes and neutrophils within the peripheral blood were found in children with H. pylori chronic gastritis (P = 0.111/P = 0.284). We found a significant positive correlation between the variant TT genotype of TLR9 rs352140 polymorphism and both leucocytes and neutrophils (P = 0.0225/P = 0.0292).
CONCLUSION Variant TT genotype carriers of the TLR9 rs352140 gene polymorphism might have a more severe degree of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Elena Meliț
- Department of Pediatrics I, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș 540136, Romania
| | - Cristina Oana Mărginean
- Department of Pediatrics I, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș 540136, Romania
| | - Maria Oana Săsăran
- Department of Pediatrics III, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș 540136, Romania
| | - Simona Mocan
- Department of Pathology, Emergency County Hospital Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș 540139, Romania
| | - Dana Valentina Ghiga
- Scientific Medical Research Methodology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș 540136, Romania
| | - Alina Bogliş
- Department of Genetics, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș 540136, Romania
| | - Carmen Duicu
- Department of Pediatrics I, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș 540136, Romania
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