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McKinnon AM, Mattson RE, Lofgreen AM. Does No Mean No? Situational and Dispositional Factors Influence Emerging Adult Men's Intentions to Use Assault Tactics in Response to Women's Sexual Refusal During Hookups. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2024:10790632241268527. [PMID: 39140871 DOI: 10.1177/10790632241268527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Hookups can result in sexual assault when men do not listen to requests from women to stop. It is thus important to identify factors that influence men's decisions to override direct refusals in these situations. Presently, we administered first-person vignettes depicting a prototypical hookup wherein the woman refuses the man's attempt to escalate intimacy. Using a national sample of emerging adult men (N = 420), we found that they on average did not completely rule out coercive or forcible tactics, but those elevated on rape myth acceptance, hypermasculinity, and psychopathy were uniquely at risk of assault when controlling for several other traits known to correlate with rape. Participants also reported being likelier to use coercive sexual practices when refusals occurred at higher levels of sexual intimacy already attained. Notably, diagnostic analyses revealed that a subset of men had a disproportionate influence on the regression estimates, and that these men were not only elevated across a range of assault-relevant traits, but also endorsed higher likelihoods of using coercion and force in the face of female sexual refusal. Although removal of these cases did not substantively alter the results, exploratory analyses revealed that these individuals responded differently to situational factors in ways that suggested sexual opportunism. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Pals AM, Levi MM, Meier JR, Jenkins BD, Le Grand AM, Golding JM. Mock Juror Perceptions of a Male or Female Adult Rape Victim Crying in the Courtroom. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231166404. [PMID: 37013381 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231166404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of victim crying and gender on perceptions of rape cases. Participants (N = 240, 51.5% male, 48.1% female) completed a 2 (victim crying) × 2 (victim gender) × 2 (participant gender) between-participants design with case judgments (e.g., verdict) as the DVs. Results found that a rape victim crying during testimony increased pro-victim judgments compared to when the victim did not cry, that female mock jurors were more pro-victim than males, but that victim gender was insignificant. Finally, the mediation model found that victim crying increased their credibility, increasing the likelihood of a guilty verdict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Pals
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary M Levi
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Johnathan R Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Baylee D Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alexis M Le Grand
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Yang C, Liu W, Wang Y, Xu S, Xu Y, Yang L, Zhou Q, Li J. Influence of Ambivalent Sexism on Intimate Partner Violence Tolerance and Mental Violence in a Chinese Female Sample: Relationship Causality Orientation as a Moderator. Violence Against Women 2022:10778012221137919. [DOI: 10.1177/10778012221137919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined how the general tolerance of women's intimate partner violence and mental violence perpetration are affected by women's ambivalent sexism and relationship causality orientation. One hundred and forty-nine of 221 Chinese female participants recruited on an online platform were included in the final data analysis. The results showed that causality orientation plays a moderating role. Specifically, as controlled orientation increased, the relationship between hostile sexism and intimate partner violence tolerance became stronger. As the autonomous orientation increased, the relationship between benevolent sexism and intimate partner violence tolerance became weaker. Hostile sexism and controlled orientation positively predict women's mental violence perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yang
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanlan Liu
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihuan Wang
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lujia Yang
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Li
- College of Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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Pals AM, Golding JM, Levi MM. Perceptions of a Plea Agreement in Cases of Teacher and Adolescent Student Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2022; 31:930-947. [PMID: 36066122 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2022.2119911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An estimated 90% of reported sexual abuse cases result in a plea agreement. The present study investigated the perception of plea agreements involving a teacher-adolescent student child sexual assault case. A 2 (teacher gender: male or female) x 2 (student gender: male or female) x 2 (punishment type: probation or jail) within-participant design was used with participant gender included as a between-participant factor. Perceptions of the plea agreement served as the dependent variables. Participants (N = 52; 48.1% male, 51.9% female) each read the eight vignettes in a random order and then rated their perceptions (e.g., support for the judicial process, degree of justice served, how upset they were by the plea) of a plea agreement on a 7-point scale. It was found that participants showed less support for plea agreements (1) offered to male teacher offenders compared to female teacher offenders and (2) when the punishment was probation compared to jail time. Additionally, participants' emotional reactions (e.g., how upset) mediated the relationship between the independent variables (defendant gender and punishment type) and participants' perception of the plea agreements. Results and implications are discussed in terms of procedural justice and the importance of public perceptions of pleas.
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Sarpkaya Güder D, Tekbaş S. The Effect of Sexual Health Course on Students' Level of Belief in Sexual Myths. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2021; 34:267-276. [PMID: 38596524 PMCID: PMC10903675 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2021.2005730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to understand the link between exposure to a sexual health course and nursing students'. Method Third-year nursing students (N = 191; 83 experimental and 59 controls) were enrolled in a semi-experimental pre-and post-test study. Results It was found that the students who took the sexual health course had a lower belief in sexual myths than the students who did not take the course. While the sexual myth scale total average before the course was 63.65 ± 19.36, the post-course mean score was 48.64 ± 16.6. Conclusions With sexual health education, individuals' false beliefs and risks regarding sexual health are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serap Tekbaş
- Near East University, Faculty of Nursing, 99138, North Cyprus, Turkey
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Reasoning about Sexual Assault in Emerging Adults: The Role of Consent. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021. [DOI: 10.5334/hpb.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Understanding domestic violence: masculinity, culture, traditions. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05334. [PMID: 33150213 PMCID: PMC7599123 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic violence in South Africa is a consequence of the complex interplay of patriarchy, culture, and the negative masculine construct. The patriarchal cultural beliefs and traditions that emphasise on male assertiveness and domination of women influence the constructions of masculinity and reinforce domestic violence. The goal of this article was to highlight a relationship between culture, constructions of masculinity, and domestic violence in South Africa. Through adopting an African feminist lens, this paper unpacks how structures of patriarchy manifest in the traditional African context in which many men in South Africa construct and perform their masculinity and the embodied meaning attached to it. The paper argues that gender hierarchy and normative masculine and feminine roles prevalent in most South African cultures have implications for domestic violence. It argues that the inflexible gender hierarchy, which is enforced through culture and the dominant position of men in the home influence domestic violence. The article concludes that attempts to address domestic violence in South Africa must focus on changing patriarchal cultural norms and promote peaceful masculinity.
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Lynch KR, Jewell JA, Wasarhaley NE, Golding JM, Renzetti CM. Great Sexpectations: The Impact of Participant Gender, Defendant Desirability, and Date Cost on Attributions of a Date Rape Victim and Defendant. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:3437-3461. [PMID: 29294759 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517709800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the desirability of the defendant and the cost of a date on how participants assigned blame in a date rape context. Community participants (N = 211) read one of four date rape trial summaries that differed based on the two manipulated independent variables: the desirability of the defendant (i.e., high vs. low desirability) and the cost of the date (i.e., expensive [US$175] vs. inexpensive [US$30]). Participants then rated the victim and defendant on various attributes related to the trial (credibility, blame, and guilt) and post-date sexual behavior (expectations, want, and deservingness of sex). Overall, men viewed the victim more negatively and the defendant more positively than women. Participants in the high defendant desirability condition also viewed the victim as having higher want of sex following the date and rated the defendant as more credible. With regard to the cost of date manipulation, men viewed the defendant as more credible when a desirable defendant paid for an inexpensive date in comparison with an undesirable defendant. However, when the date was expensive, women viewed the desirable defendant as more credible than the undesirable defendant. Finally, we also found that participants' perceptions of the victim's expectations and want for sex and the defendant's deservingness for sex mediated the effects of participant gender and defendant desirability on victim and defendant blame.
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Naghavi A, Amani S, Bagheri M, De Mol J. A Critical Analysis of Intimate Partner Sexual Violence in Iran. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2729. [PMID: 31920791 PMCID: PMC6915070 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to global data, intimate partner violence and its corresponding impact threaten the lives of almost 35% of women at some point in their life. The aim of this research was to explore the effects of intimate partner sexual violence on women's sense of self-efficacy when it comes to speaking out against violence and seeking help. In-depth interviews and a thematic analysis approach were employed to collect and analyze the data. The participants were 10 women with experiences of intimate partner sexual violence. They were selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Two main themes were drawn from the data, including Exposure and Empowerment. Exposure refers to the type of violence women have experienced and its physical and emotional effects; and Empowerment refers to factors women considered as giving them the courage to speak out against perpetrators, to seek help from others, or to refrain from doing either. It is concluded that Iranian women are not passive when exposed to intimate partner sexual violence, and social support, mainly from family and friends, was a pathway to feelings of empowerment; without this support, women's emotional health is put in jeopardy. Due to the importance of social networks in creating a sense of empowerment, it is recommended that professionals involved in cases of intimate partner sexual violence create an alliance with the women's families and friend and educate them on how to prevent violence or offer help before the violence takes its toll on woman's emotional and physical wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Naghavi
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shoale Amani
- Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Marzieh Bagheri
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jan De Mol
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Syme ML, Cohn TJ. Elder sexual abuse and implicit agism: examining the warm-incompetent bias among mock jurors. J Elder Abuse Negl 2019; 32:1-26. [PMID: 31760911 DOI: 10.1080/08946566.2019.1695696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Implicit ageist beliefs about the warmth and incompetence of older adults may influence jurors' perceptions and judgments of an older adult's competence in legal cases hinging on capacity and consent, including elder sexual abuse. However, little is known about the nuances of implicit agism in elder sexual abuse cases, and if it can be attenuated. The current study proposed to address these gaps via a randomized vignette design administered to a community sample of 391 US adults. Mock juror participants evaluated an elder sexual abuse case involving an older married couple, in which the victim had dementia. Results suggest that implicit agism was present among mock jurors, consistent with a warm-incompetence bias, and was predictive of mock jurors' guilt ratings. Age- and dementia-relevant jury instructions and mock juror gender were not found to be predictive of guilt ratings. Implicit agism among jurors should be addressed to reduce the potential for implicit age bias to affect elder sexual abuse cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie L Syme
- Center on Aging, Kansas State University, Manhattan, New York, USA
| | - Tracy J Cohn
- Department of Psychology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA
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Mitchell JE, Raghavan C. The Impact of Coercive Control on Use of Specific Sexual Coercion Tactics. Violence Against Women 2019; 27:187-206. [PMID: 31718488 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219884127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that women experience unwanted sex under nonviolent duress from partners. This study examined the relationship between coercive control and sexual coercion in heterosexual couples. Among a sample of 136 men arrested for domestic violence, extent of coercive control was used to predict the likelihood of using eight specific sexual coercion tactics. Findings indicated that coercive control predicted significantly greater likelihood of using covert tactics, but not physically violent or overtly aggressive tactics. The tactics that demonstrated the strongest relationship with coercive control seem indicative of a toxic relational environment that may subtly erode victim autonomy and sense of self over time. Implications discuss how use of more covert and insidious tactics maintain invisibility, isolation, blame, and perceived complicitness of victims in clinical, legal, and social settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Mitchell
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York City, USA
| | - Chitra Raghavan
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York City, USA
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