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Bading C, Bosch C. Gender in Post-Pandemic Research: The Potentials of Grounded Theory to Explicitly Guide Gender-Sensitive Inquiry on Discrimination and Violence. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012241263106. [PMID: 39056369 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241263106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a re-exacerbation of gender inequalities and violence against women was reported. For adequately responding to the causes of this situation and its aftermath, a detailed understanding of the gendered impacts of the pandemic and of subsequent developments is necessary. This aim may be supported by particularly using gender-sensitive modes of inquiry. Against this backdrop, we explore the methodological potential of grounded theory (GT) to explicitly guide gender-sensitive research. Given its methodological variations, we argue that an adequate handling of gender in GT can only be determined in relation to a researcher's positioning within the GT landscape. Thus, to assist readers in translating their gender sensitivity into GT practices, this article outlines various interpretations of GT elements, discussing their relation to gender. Furthermore, strategies addressing gender-related challenges are presented and underlined by, among others, studies on discrimination and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Bading
- Faculty of Mathematics and Geography, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Claudia Bosch
- ZILAS, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
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Giwa A, Kandemiri M, Tulli-Shah M, Sayadi G, Hurley N, Salami B. Impacts of COVID-19 on Intimate Partner Violence Service Provision. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012241257251. [PMID: 38803295 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241257251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 policies like stay-at-home orders impacted intimate partner violence (IPV) service provision in Alberta. Using intersectionality and qualitative semi-structured interviews, this article situates IPV and access to services and supports within multiple overlapping factors such as race, gender, class, and ethnic minority status. Two main themes were identified. First, the challenges within IPV service provision reflect the sectors' traditional and binary understanding and response to violence. Second, the move to virtual services brought challenges related to access to telecommunication facilities and zoom fatigue. Thematic analysis also shows the impact of the pandemic in a sector with existing structural/institutional challenges. We conclude by recommending a multi-level intersectional approach to IPV service provision in Alberta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Giwa
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Myra Kandemiri
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mia Tulli-Shah
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ghada Sayadi
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nat Hurley
- Department of English and Film Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bukola Salami
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Gaber SN, Rydeman IB, Mattsson E, Kneck Å. Asking about violence and abuse among patients experiencing homelessness: a focus group study with healthcare professionals. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:531. [PMID: 38671423 PMCID: PMC11046839 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People experiencing homelessness are at increased risk of violence and abuse, however, there is insufficient knowledge about rates of inquiry or readiness of healthcare professionals to address violence and abuse among this population. This study aimed to explore healthcare professionals' experiences and perceptions of asking about violence and abuse among patients experiencing homelessness. METHODS This study used a qualitative, interpretive, and exploratory design. We performed focus group discussions with healthcare professionals (n = 22) working at an integrative healthcare unit for people experiencing homelessness. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, following Braun and Clarke's six-phase approach. Findings are reported according to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist. RESULTS The overarching theme of the analysis is that addressing violence and abuse is at risk of "falling through the cracks". The theme is supported by three sub-themes: Hesitance to address violence and abuse, The complex dynamics of violence and abuse in homelessness, and Challenges in addressing violence and abuse amidst competing priorities and collaborative efforts. The normalisation of violence and abuse within the context of homelessness perpetuates a "cycle" where the severity and urgency of addressing violence and abuse are overlooked or minimised, hindering effective interventions. Moreover, healthcare professionals themselves may inadvertently contribute to this normalisation. The hesitance expressed by healthcare professionals in addressing the issue further reinforces the prevailing belief that violence and abuse are inherent aspects of homelessness. This normalisation within the healthcare system adds another layer of complexity to addressing these issues effectively. CONCLUSIONS The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and coordinated efforts that not only address the immediate physical needs of people experiencing homelessness but also challenge and reshape the normalised perceptions surrounding violence and abuse. By prioritising awareness, education, and supportive interventions, we can begin to "break the cycle" and provide a safer environment where violence and abuse are not accepted or overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Nadia Gaber
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Marie Cederschiöld University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Healthcare Sciences and e-Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ing-Britt Rydeman
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Marie Cederschiöld University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Mattsson
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Marie Cederschiöld University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Healthcare Sciences and e-Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Kneck
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Marie Cederschiöld University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Korab M, Kilpatrick K, Sarasua I. Exploring Frontline Shelter Staff Perspectives on the Healthcare Needs of Clients Experiencing Homelessness. J Community Health Nurs 2024; 41:30-43. [PMID: 37732740 DOI: 10.1080/07370016.2023.2256307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine healthcare service development needs for persons experiencing homelessness from the perspective of frontline staff at a homeless shelter in Montreal, Quebec. DESIGN Qualitative descriptive design. METHODS Purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews with frontline shelter staff (n = 8), and thematic analysis. FINDINGS Themes included: 1) Challenges meeting healthcare service needs in a shelter environment. 2) Visions for improving healthcare services while accounting for health issues and barriers to care. 3) Participants' own knowledge gaps around health and healthcare services. CONCLUSIONS Future research should emphasize this group's crucial role in homelessness healthcare services development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelley Kilpatrick
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irene Sarasua
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Yakubovich AR, Steele B, Moses C, Tremblay E, Arcenal M, O'Campo P, Mason R, Du Mont J, Huijbregts M, Hough L, Sim A, Shastri P. Recommendations for Canada's National Action Plan to End Gender-Based Violence: perspectives from leaders, service providers and survivors in Canada's largest city during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2023; 43:155-170. [PMID: 36651882 PMCID: PMC10111572 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.43.4.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Canadian government has committed to a national action plan (NAP) to address violence against women (VAW). However, a formalized plan for implementation has not been published. Building on existing recommendations and consultations, we conducted the first formal and peer-reviewed qualitative analysis of the perspectives of leaders, service providers and survivors on what should be considered in Canada's NAP on VAW. METHODS We applied thematic analysis to qualitative data from 18 staff working on VAW services (11 direct support, 7 in leadership roles) and 10 VAW survivor participants of a community-based study on VAW programming during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Greater Toronto Area (Ontario, Canada). RESULTS We generated 12 recommendations for Canada's NAP on VAW, which we organized into four thematic areas: (1) invest into VAW services and crisis supports (e.g. strengthen referral mechanisms to VAW programming); (2) enhance structural supports (e.g. invest in the full housing continuum for VAW survivors); (3) develop coordinated systems (e.g. strengthen collaboration between health and VAW systems); and (4) implement and evaluate primary prevention strategies (e.g. conduct a gender-based and intersectional analysis of existing social and public policies). CONCLUSION In this study, we developed, prioritized and nuanced recommendations for Canada's proposed NAP on VAW based on a rigorous analysis of the perspectives of VAW survivors and staff in Canada's largest city during the COVID-19 pandemic. An effective NAP will require investment in direct support organizations; equitable housing and other structural supports; strategic coordination of health, justice and social care systems; and primary prevention strategies, including gender transformative policy reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R Yakubovich
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Catherine Moses
- Woman Abuse Council of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Tremblay
- Woman Abuse Council of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Region Violence Against Women Coordinating Committee, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monique Arcenal
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Woman Abuse Council of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia O'Campo
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin Mason
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janice Du Mont
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Huijbregts
- Family Service Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Hough
- Ontario Brain Injury Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Sim
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priya Shastri
- Woman Abuse Council of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Region Violence Against Women Coordinating Committee, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wiem BA, Hela S, Jihen J, Hatem K, Narjes K, Malek Z, Fatma D, Samir M, Zouhir H. Physical violence against women in southern Tunisia: Epidemiology and risk factors. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 94:102482. [PMID: 36608480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Violence against women is a widespread offense worldwide. It causes serious physical, psychological, and medico-legal repercussions. We aim to specify the socio-demographic characteristics of female victims of physical violence well as the medical consequences and risk factors related to serious physical violence against women in Tunisia. MATERIALS This is a retrospective study including all women victims of physical violence, examined on judicial requisition at the Forensic Department of Habib Bourguiba University Hospital in Sfax, over two years (March 1st, 2018 to February 29th, 2020). Physical violence is considered serious whena forensic specialist predicts long term effects at the lesional stage (determining partial permanent disability: PPD). RESULTS In our study, 2909 women were victims of physical violence. The average age of the victims was 34 ± 13 years (extremes:2 and94 years). The majority of victims were married (83.3%), jobless (52.5%), and of an urban origin (72.7%). Physical violence predominated in summer and autumn with a peak in frequency in July and at weekends. The consultation delay ranged between 1 and 30 days in two-thirds of the cases. The perpetrator was an intimate partner in 38.2% of cases, a stranger in 11.1% of cases, and a family member in 5.9% of cases. The weapon used was a blunt object in 82.8% of cases. Injuries were preferentially located in the upper limbs (52.6%) followed by the head and face (42.7%), consisting essentially of bruising and abrasions. The median duration of the total temporary disability (TTD) was 5 days (extremes: 0-60 days). The duration of TTD was statistically correlated to the type and the site of the most serious injuries. Moreover, there was a statistically significant correlation between the duration of TTD and the PPD prediction (p < 0.001). A 9-day TTD represented the threshold to expect PPD. A total of 198 cases (6.8%) were considered serious. Serious physical violence was statistically correlated to the origin of the victim (urban), the relationship with the aggressor (stranger, or thief), the type of weapon used (sharp or thermal force), the type of injury (contused wound, sharp wound, penetrating wound, fracture-dislocation, or head trauma) and thesite of the injury (head and face). CONCLUSION Violence against women is a very widespread practice in our society. Despite legislative advances, Tunisian women remain victims of discrimination in several areas. A change in mentalities and an awareness of the need to respect women's rights are necessary and require collaboration between the various social, legal and medical stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Amar Wiem
- Forensic Department of Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Siala Hela
- Forensic Department of Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Jedidi Jihen
- Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia; Preventive and Community Medicine Department of Hedi Chaker Hospital, Tunisia.
| | - Kallel Hatem
- Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana; Tropical Biome and Immunopathology CNRS UMR-9017, Inserm U 1019, Université de Guyane, French Guiana.
| | - Karray Narjes
- Forensic Department of Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Zribi Malek
- Forensic Department of Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Daoud Fatma
- Forensic Department of Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Maatoug Samir
- Forensic Department of Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Hammami Zouhir
- Forensic Department of Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
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Bukuluki P, Kisaakye P, Bulenzi-Gulere G, Mulindwa B, Bazira D, Letiyo E, Namirembe HNL, Schmidt I, Kakande PN, Nissling S. Vulnerability to violence against women or girls during COVID-19 in Uganda. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:23. [PMID: 36600216 PMCID: PMC9812747 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, gender-based violence (GBV) was reported to have increased worldwide. We build on existing literature to examine the factors that increased vulnerability to GBV during the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda. We use data from the Rapid Gender Assessment (RGA) survey that was conducted during COVID-19, which was designed to provide information to guide policymaking and offer appropriate interventions that address the needs of people in Uganda during the pandemic. The results show that the following respondents are more likely to experience increased risk and vulnerability to gender-based violence: those with primary level of education (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.10-2.01), those who received information about GBV (OR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.08-1.57), and those who needed help or medical support as a prevention measure against GBV (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.04-1.61). However, respondents who would need financial support to prevent GBV were less likely to experience increased GBV (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.70-0.98). Our results align with evidence from other studies that risk and vulnerability to GBV in Uganda increased since the onset of COVID-19. The findings provide an understanding of the interrelationship between GBV and COVID-19,which can help with designing GBV preventive measures, particularly during pandemics among those most at-risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bukuluki
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, School of Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Kisaakye
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics and Planning, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Dan Bazira
- Gender Statistics, UN Women, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Evelyn Letiyo
- Ending Violence Against Women, UN Women, Kampala, Uganda
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Marye S, Atav S. Global policies to reduce pandemic intensified violence against women. Public Health Nurs 2022; 39:1300-1307. [PMID: 35666995 PMCID: PMC9348340 DOI: 10.1111/phn.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women (VAW) worsened globally during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns. For example, a woman in France was killed every 3 days during lockdown. At the same time in South Africa, a woman was killed every 3 h. This paper presents and analyzes the risk factors that have worsened during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns and the subsequent economic consequences of mitigation policies. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to conduct a critical review of international extant literature regarding government policies related to VAW since the beginning of the worldwide Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns that began in early 2020, and (b) to suggest opportunities for nurses to influence health policy development and social norms related to VAW. Thematic synthesis of the findings present interventions that helped to mitigate VAW during Covid-19 and is followed by a discussion of findings in relation to social determinants of health and human rights. A gender-based policy approach that focuses on the human right to be free of all forms of violence must be a leading strategy as governments reallocate resources and rebuild economies in the wake of this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Marye
- Decker College of Nursing and Health ScienceBinghamton UniversityState University of New YorkBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Serdar Atav
- Decker College of Nursing and Health ScienceBinghamton UniversityState University of New YorkBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
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Yakubovich AR, Bartsch A, Metheny N, Gesink D, O'Campo P. Housing interventions for women experiencing intimate partner violence: a systematic review. Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e23-e35. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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