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Jiang S, Ren J, Zhang Q, Liu W, Liu H, Xu Q, Tian X, Zhang CY. Construction of a Dendritic Nanoassembly-Based Fluorescent Biosensor for Electrostatic Interaction-Independent and Label-Free Measurement of Human Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 in Lung Tissues. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11815-11822. [PMID: 37489894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is responsible for catalyzing the creation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymer and involved in DNA replication and repair. Sensitive measurement of PARP-1 is critical for clinical diagnosis. However, the conventional electrostatic attraction-based PAPR-1 assays usually involve laborious procedures, poor sensitivity, and false positives. Herein, we demonstrate the construction of a dendritic nanoassembly-based fluorescent biosensor for electrostatic interaction-independent and label-free measurement of human PARP-1 in lung tumor tissues. When PARP-1 is present, the specific double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-activated PARP-1 transfers the ADP-ribosyl group from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/biotinylated NAD+ to the PARP-1 itself, resulting in the formation of biotinylated dsDNA-PARP-1-PAR polymer bioconjugates that can be captured by magnetic beads. Upon the addition of TdT, APE1, and NH2-modified T-rich probe, the captured dsDNAs with dual 3'-OH termini initiate TdT-activated APE1-mediated hyperbranched amplification to produce abundant dendritic DNA nanoassemblies that can be stained by SYBR Green I to generate a high fluorescence signal. This biosensor is characterized by a template-free, electrostatic interaction-independent, high sensitivity, and label-free assay. It enables rapid (less than 3 h) measurement of PARP-1 with a limit of detection of 4.37 × 10-8 U/μL and accurate measurement of cellular PARP-1 activity with single-cell sensitivity. Moreover, it is capable of screening potential inhibitors and discriminating the PARP-1 level in normal person tissues and lung cancer patient tissues, with great potential in PARP-1-related clinical diagnosis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jingyi Ren
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qinfeng Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaorui Tian
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Glumoff T, Sowa ST, Lehtiö L. Assay technologies facilitating drug discovery for ADP-ribosyl writers, readers and erasers. Bioessays 2021; 44:e2100240. [PMID: 34816463 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification catalyzed by writer enzymes - ADP-ribosyltransferases. The modification is part of many signaling events, can modulate the function and stability of target proteins, and often results in the recruitment of reader proteins that bind to the ADP-ribosyl groups. Erasers are integral actors in these signaling events and reverse the modification. ADP-ribosylation can be targeted with therapeutics and many inhibitors against writers exist, with some being in clinical use. Inhibitors against readers and erasers are sparser and development of these has gained momentum only in recent years. Drug discovery has been hampered by the lack of specific tools, however many significant advances in the methods have recently been reported. We discuss assays used in the field with a focus on methods allowing efficient identification of small molecule inhibitors and profiling against enzyme families. While human proteins are focused, the methods can be also applied to bacterial toxins and virus encoded erasers that can be targeted to treat infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Glumoff
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sven T Sowa
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Yang H, Li P, Wang D, Liu Y, Wei W, Zhang Y, Liu S. Quartz Crystal Microbalance Detection of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 Based on Gold Nanorods Signal Amplification. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11038-11044. [PMID: 31257855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have thrust poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) into the limelight as a potential biomarker and chemotherapeutic target for cancer. Thus, a sensitive method for detection of PARP-1 is necessary for early diagnosis of cancer and drug development. However, the poor electrochemical and optical activity of PARP-1 and its product poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) prompted researchers to develop more methods. Here, we developed an efficient method for the determination of PARP-1 by using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) because it is mass-sensitive. Once activated by the specific DNA, PARP-1 cleaves nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into nicotinamide and ADP-ribose to synthesize a hyperbranched poly(ADP-ribose) polymer. Although QCM is mass-sensitive, it is not sensitive enough to discern PAR effectively. So, positively charged cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-coated gold nanorods (GNRs) were introduced to increase the frequency change significantly because of the strong electrostatic interaction between them with negatively charged PAR. PARP-1 ranging from 0.06 to 3 nM can be facilely detected with a low detection limit of 0.04 nM. The strategy has been used to evaluate PARP-1 inhibitors and to detect PARP-1 activity in real cancer cells lysate with satisfactory results, indicating that it was a promising candidate for clinical diagnosis and drug screening in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Yang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Peng Li
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Dingzhong Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Henan University , Kaifeng 475004 , P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
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Liu Y, Xu X, Yang H, Xu E, Wu S, Wei W, Chen J. Analysis of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 by enzyme-initiated auto-PARylation-controlled aggregation of hemin-graphene nanocomposites. Analyst 2019; 143:2501-2507. [PMID: 29664094 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a highly conserved nuclear enzyme, which binds tightly to damaged DNA and plays a key role in DNA repair, recombination, proliferation, and genomic stability. However, due to the poor electrochemical and optical activity of PARP-1 and its product PAR, only a few studies on its activity detection method have been reported. Herein, we report a simple and sensitive colorimetric strategy to monitor PARP-1 activity based on enzyme-initiated auto-PARylation-controlled aggregation of hemin-graphene nanocomposites (H-GNs). PARP, activated by dsDNA, catalyzed its substrate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to polymerize as a poly(ADP-ribose) polymer (PAR). PAR possesses several negative charges, and its charge density is twice that of a single-stranded DNA, which greatly impacts the dispersibility of H-GNs; due to their peroxidase-like catalytic activities, H-GNs can catalyze the chromogenic reaction of TMB and H2O2. As a result, in the presence of different PARP-1 activities, the supernatant of the corresponding solution contained different amounts of dispersed H-GNs and showed different colors after the chromogenic reaction that could be discerned easily by the absorbance or the color changes of the solution. The method was simple, sensitive, and reliable. The proposed method displays a linear range from 0.05 to 1 U with a detection limit of 0.03 U. In addition, this new method has been successfully applied to detect PARP-1 activity in human serum and different cancer cells and evaluate PARP-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, PR China
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Markossian S, Ang KK, Wilson CG, Arkin MR. Small-Molecule Screening for Genetic Diseases. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2018; 19:263-288. [PMID: 29799800 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The genetic determinants of many diseases, including monogenic diseases and cancers, have been identified; nevertheless, targeted therapy remains elusive for most. High-throughput screening (HTS) of small molecules, including high-content analysis (HCA), has been an important technology for the discovery of molecular tools and new therapeutics. HTS can be based on modulation of a known disease target (called reverse chemical genetics) or modulation of a disease-associated mechanism or phenotype (forward chemical genetics). Prominent target-based successes include modulators of transthyretin, used to treat transthyretin amyloidoses, and the BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor Gleevec, used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia. Phenotypic screening successes include modulators of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, splicing correctors for spinal muscular atrophy, and histone deacetylase inhibitors for cancer. Synthetic lethal screening, in which chemotherapeutics are screened for efficacy against specific genetic backgrounds, is a promising approach that merges phenotype and target. In this article, we introduce HTS technology and highlight its contributions to the discovery of drugs and probes for monogenic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarine Markossian
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , , ,
| | - Kenny K Ang
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , , ,
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , , ,
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , , ,
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Liu Y, Fan J, Yang H, Xu E, Wei W, Zhang Y, Liu S. Detection of PARP-1 activity based on hyperbranched-poly (ADP-ribose) polymers responsive current in artificial nanochannels. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 113:136-141. [PMID: 29754052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cellular enzyme poly ADP (ADP: adenosine diphosphate)-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) plays key roles in DNA repair. Its activity is closely related to various cancer developments. Detection of PARP-1 activity is significant, however, it is relatively difficult since it lacks superiority property that can be used to detect conveniently. PARP-1 lead to the synthesis of hyperbranched poly (ADP-ribose) polymers (PAR) using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as substrate during DNA damage repairing. In this paper, we found that hyper-branched PAR increased the steric hindrance and reduced the flux of probe ions effectively in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanochannels. To the best of our knowledge, few papers have been reported that hyper-branched polymer has the similar effects in nanochannels as G-quadruplex DNA. Thus, a novel and simple strategy for PARP-1 detection has been proposed due to its great impacts on the diffusion flux of ferricyanide in AAO. It is also proved that electrostatic repulsion is another important factor to influence the current. The method is label-free, simple and sensitive. Quantitative detection of PARP-1 activity was achieved with the detection limit of 0.006 U, which is lower or comparable to the most reported methods. The method has good accuracy and reproducibility. The strategy has been used to detect PARP-1 activity in real breast cancer cells and to evaluate PARP-1 inhibitors with satisfactory results, indicating that it is a potential powerful tool for clinical diagnosis and drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Haitang Yang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ensheng Xu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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Coussens NP, Braisted JC, Peryea T, Sittampalam GS, Simeonov A, Hall MD. Small-Molecule Screens: A Gateway to Cancer Therapeutic Agents with Case Studies of Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:479-496. [PMID: 28931623 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.013755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) of small-molecule libraries accelerates the discovery of chemical leads to serve as starting points for probe or therapeutic development. With this approach, thousands of unique small molecules, representing a diverse chemical space, can be rapidly evaluated by biologically and physiologically relevant assays. The origins of numerous United States Food and Drug Administration-approved cancer drugs are linked to HTS, which emphasizes the value in this methodology. The National Institutes of Health Molecular Libraries Program made HTS accessible to the public sector, enabling the development of chemical probes and drug-repurposing initiatives. In this work, the impact of HTS in the field of oncology is considered among both private and public sectors. Examples are given for the discovery and development of approved cancer drugs. The importance of target validation is discussed, and common assay approaches for screening are reviewed. A rigorous examination of the PubChem database demonstrates that public screening centers are contributing to early-stage drug discovery in oncology by focusing on new targets and developing chemical probes. Several case studies highlight the value of different screening strategies and the potential for drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Coussens
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - John C Braisted
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Tyler Peryea
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - G Sitta Sittampalam
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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Liu Y, Fan J, Shangguan L, Liu Y, Wei Y, Wei W, Liu S. Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 via polyaniline deposition. Talanta 2017; 180:127-132. [PMID: 29332790 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings have thrust poly ADP (ADP: adenosine diphosphate)-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) into the limelight as potential chemotherapeutic target because it is closely related to the development of tumor. So, studies on its detection and inhibitors evaluation have attracted more attention. It is interesting that poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR), the catalytic product of PARP-1 in the existence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), possess twice charge density of DNA strands. PAR contain 200 units, i.e., about 400bp bases, and multiple branched strands. So, plentiful negative charges on PAR supplied exquisite environment for PANI deposition, which was triggered by horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Because of the unique electrochemical property of PANI, ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of PARP-1 was proposed. Under optimum conditions, DPV intensity linearly increased with the increment of PARP-1 in the range of 0.005-1.0 U. The detection limit was 0.002 U, which was comparable or more sensitive than that obtained from previously reported strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalat, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, PR China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Li Shangguan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Yuanjian Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Yuanqing Wei
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
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Xu Y, Liu L, Wang Z, Dai Z. Stable and Reusable Electrochemical Biosensor for Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase and Its Inhibitor Based on Enzyme-Initiated Auto-PARylation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:18669-18674. [PMID: 27367274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A stable and reusable electrochemical biosensor for the label-free detection of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is designed in this work. C-kit-1, a thiol-modified G-quadruplex oligonucleotide, is first self-assembled on a gold electrode surface. The G-quadruplex structure of c-kit-1 can specifically tether and activate PARP, resulting in the generation of negatively charged poly(ADP-ribose) polymer (PAR). On the basis of electrostatic attraction, PAR facilitates the surface accumulation of positively charged electrochemical signal molecules. Through the characterization of electrochemical signal molecules, the label-free quantification of PARP is simply implemented. On the basis of the proposed method, selective quantification of PARP can be achieved over the linear range from 0.01 to 1 U with a calculated detection limit of 0.003U. Further studies also demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method to biosamples revealing the broad potential in practical applications. Furthermore, inhibitor of PARP has also been detected with this biosensor. Meanwhile, benefited from self-assembly on solid surface, this biosensor possesses two important features, i.e., reusability and stability, which are desirable in related biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
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Nosjean O, Souchaud S, Deniau C, Geneste O, Cauquil N, Boutin JA. A Simple Theoretical Model for Fluorescence Polarization Binding Assay Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:949-58. [PMID: 17092915 DOI: 10.1177/1087057106294841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization is a screening technology that is radioactivity free, homogeneous, and ratiometric. The signal measured with this technology is a weighted value of free and bound ligand. As a consequence, saturation curves are accessible only after calculation of the corresponding concentrations of free and bound ligand. To make this technology more accessible to assay development, the authors propose a simple mathematical model that predicts fluorescence polarization values from ligand and receptor total concentrations, depending on the corresponding dissociation constant. This model was validated using data of Bodipy-NDP-αMSH binding to MC5, obtained after either ligand saturation of a receptor preparation or, conversely, receptor saturation of a ligand solution. These experimental data were also used to calculate the actual concentration of free and bound ligand and receptor and to obtain pharmacological constants by Scatchard analysis. A general method is proposed, which facilitates the design of fluorescence polarization binding assays by relying on the representation of theoretical polarization values. This approach is illustrated by the application to 2 systems of very different affinities.
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Gohlke BO, Overkamp T, Richter A, Richter A, Daniel PT, Gillissen B, Preissner R. 2D and 3D similarity landscape analysis identifies PARP as a novel off-target for the drug Vatalanib. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:308. [PMID: 26403354 PMCID: PMC4582733 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Searching for two-dimensional (2D) structural similarities is a useful tool to identify new active compounds in drug-discovery programs. However, as 2D similarity measures neglect important structural and functional features, similarity by 2D might be underestimated. In the present study, we used combined 2D and three-dimensional (3D) similarity comparisons to reveal possible new functions and/or side-effects of known bioactive compounds. RESULTS We utilised more than 10,000 compounds from the SuperTarget database with known inhibition values for twelve different anti-cancer targets. We performed all-against-all comparisons resulting in 2D similarity landscapes. Among the regions with low 2D similarity scores are inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and inhibitors of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). To demonstrate that 3D landscape comparison can identify similarities, which are untraceable in 2D similarity comparisons, we analysed this region in more detail. This 3D analysis showed the unexpected structural similarity between inhibitors of VEGFR and inhibitors of PARP. Among the VEGFR inhibitors that show similarities to PARP inhibitors was Vatalanib, an oral "multi-targeted" small molecule protein kinase inhibitor being studied in phase-III clinical trials in cancer therapy. An in silico docking simulation and an in vitro HT universal colorimetric PARP assay confirmed that the VEGFR inhibitor Vatalanib exhibits off-target activity as a PARP inhibitor, broadening its mode of action. CONCLUSION In contrast to the 2D-similarity search, the 3D-similarity landscape comparison identifies new functions and side effects of the known VEGFR inhibitor Vatalanib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern-Oliver Gohlke
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Charite - University Medicine Berlin & ECRC, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tim Overkamp
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Campus Berlin-Buch, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Richter
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Antje Richter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Campus Berlin-Buch, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter T Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Campus Berlin-Buch, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Clinical and Molecular Oncology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernd Gillissen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Campus Berlin-Buch, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Robert Preissner
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Charite - University Medicine Berlin & ECRC, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Vila N, Besada P, Costas T, Costas-Lago MC, Terán C. Phthalazin-1(2H)-one as a remarkable scaffold in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:462-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Zhu Z, Jin J, Xue N, Song X, Chen X. Development and validation of high-throughput screening assays for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2013; 449:188-94. [PMID: 24382396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and -2 (PARP1/2) are two key facilitators of DNA repair and are implicated in the pathogenesis of cancers and several chronic diseases. Inhibitors of PARP1/2 have shown powerful therapeutic effects in the treatment of cancer, cerebral ischemia, and inflammation. In addition, evidence from several studies suggests unique functions for PARP2 in genome surveillance, spermatogenesis, adipogenesis, and T cell development, and PARP2-specific inhibitors might have many other applications. To acquire PARP1/2 inhibitors, many high-throughput screening (HTS) assays for PARP1 inhibitors have been developed. However, detailed screening assays for PARP2 inhibitors have not been reported. Herein, three HTS assays for PARP2 inhibitors were developed and validated with reference inhibitors in each case. The results suggest that the HTS assays for PARP2 inhibitors using chemical quantification of NAD(+), biotin-based quantification of PAR, and ELISA quantification of PAR are sensitive, robust, and cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Nina Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Song
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Woon EC, Sunderland PT, Paine HA, Lloyd MD, Thompson AS, Threadgill MD. One-pot tandem Hurtley–retro-Claisen–cyclisation reactions in the synthesis of 3-substituted analogues of 5-aminoisoquinolin-1-one (5-AIQ), a water-soluble inhibitor of PARPs. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5218-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Fox JT, Myung K. Cell-based high-throughput screens for the discovery of chemotherapeutic agents. Oncotarget 2012; 3:581-5. [PMID: 22653910 PMCID: PMC3388188 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With modern advances in robotics and data processing, high-throughput screening (HTS) is playing an increasingly growing role in the drug discovery process. The ultimate success of HTS depends upon the development of assays that are robust and reproducible in miniaturized formats, have low false-positive rates, and can identify drugs that offer improvements over those currently on the market. One example of such an assay is the ATAD5-luciferase HTS assay, which identified three antioxidants that could kill cancer cells without inducing mutagenesis. Here we discuss the ATAD5-luciferase assay and expand upon the value of HTS in identifying other potential cancer drugs, focusing on cell-based assays that involve DNA damage or repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Fox
- Genome Instability Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Narwal M, Fallarero A, Vuorela P, Lehtiö L. Homogeneous screening assay for human tankyrase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:593-604. [PMID: 22357873 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112436558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tankyrase, a member of human PARP protein superfamily, catalyzes a covalent post-translational modification of substrate proteins. This modification, poly(ADP-ribos)ylation, leads to changes in protein interactions and modifies downstream signaling events. Tankyrase 1 is a potential drug target due to its functions in telomere homeostasis and in Wnt signaling. We describe here optimization and application of an activity-based homogenous assay for tankyrase inhibitors in a high-throughput screening format. The method measures the consumption of substrate by the chemical conversion of the remaining NAD(+) into a stable fluorescent condensation product. Conditions were optimized to measure the enzymatic auto-modification of a recombinant catalytic fragment of tankyrase 1. The fluorescence assay is inexpensive, operationally easy and performs well according to the statistical analysis (Z'= 0.7). A validatory screen with a natural product library confirmed suitability of the assay for finding new tankyrase inhibitors. Flavone was the most potent (IC(50)=325 nM) hit from the natural compounds. A flavone derivative, apigenin, and isopropyl gallate showed potency on the micromolar range, but displayed over 30-fold selectivity for tankyrase over the studied isoenzymes PARP1 and PARP2. The assay is robust and will be useful for screening new tankyrase inhibitors.
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19
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Sunderland PT, Woon ECY, Dhami A, Bergin AB, Mahon MF, Wood PJ, Jones LA, Tully SR, Lloyd MD, Thompson AS, Javaid H, Martin NMB, Threadgill MD. 5-Benzamidoisoquinolin-1-ones and 5-(ω-carboxyalkyl)isoquinolin-1-ones as isoform-selective inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2 (PARP-2). J Med Chem 2011; 54:2049-59. [PMID: 21417348 DOI: 10.1021/jm1010918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PARP-2 is a member of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family, with some activities similar to those of PARP-1 but with other distinct roles. Two series of isoquinolin-1-ones were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as selective inhibitors of PARP-2, using the structures of the catalytic sites of the isoforms. A new efficient synthesis of 5-aminoisoquinolin-1-one was developed, and acylation with acyl chlorides gave 5-acylaminoisoquinolin-1-ones. By examination of isoquinolin-1-ones with carboxylates tethered to the 5-position, Heck coupling of 5-iodoisoquinolin-1-one furnished the 5-CH═CHCO(2)H compound for reduction to the 5-propanoic acid. Alkylation of 5-aminoisoquinolin-1-one under mildly basic conditions, followed by hydrolysis, gave 5-(carboxymethylamino)isoquinolin-1-one, whereas it was alkylated at 2-N with methyl propenoate and strong base. Compounds were assayed in vitro for inhibition of PARP-1 and PARP-2, using FlashPlate and solution-phase assays, respectively. The 5-benzamidoisoquinolin-1-ones were more selective for inhibition of PARP-2, whereas the 5-(ω-carboxyalkyl)isoquinolin-1-ones were less so. 5-Benzamidoisoquinolin-1-one is the most PARP-2-selective compound (IC(50(PARP-1))/IC(50(PARP-2)) = 9.3) to date, in a comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Sunderland
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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20
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Sunderland PT, Dhami A, Mahon MF, Jones LA, Tully SR, Lloyd MD, Thompson AS, Javaid H, Martin NMB, Threadgill MD. Synthesis of 4-alkyl-, 4-aryl- and 4-arylamino-5-aminoisoquinolin-1-ones and identification of a new PARP-2 selective inhibitor. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 9:881-91. [PMID: 21127791 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The considerable interest in substituted isoquinolin-1-ones related to 5-aminoisoquinolin-1-one (5-AIQ) as drugs points to a need for an efficient and straightforward synthesis of the 4,5-disubstituted bicycles. Bromination of 5-nitroisoquinolin-1-one gave 4-bromo-5-nitroisoquinolin-1-one but neither this nor 5-amino-4-bromoisoquinolin-1-one would participate in Pd-catalysed couplings. Protection of the lactam as 1-methoxy- and 1-benzyloxy-4-bromo-5-nitroisoquinolines, however, permitted Stille, Suzuki and Buchwald-Hartwig couplings to take place in high yields, insensitive to electronic demands and severe steric bulk in the arylboronic acids. Lithiation of 4-bromo-1-methoxy-5-nitroisoquinoline and quench with iodomethane gave 1-methoxy-4-methyl-5-nitroisoquinoline in low yield. Demethylation of the 1-methoxy-4-substituted-5-nitroisoquinolines with hydrogen bromide gave 4-substituted-5-nitroisoquinolin-1-ones, whereas hydrogenolytic debenzylation was achieved with simultaneous reduction of the 5-nitro group. 5-Amino-4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)isoquinolin-1-one was identified as a new potent and selective inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-2 (PARP-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Sunderland
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK BA2 7AY
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21
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Mitchell J, Smith GCM, Curtin NJ. Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1 and DNA-dependent protein kinase have equivalent roles in double strand break repair following ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 75:1520-7. [PMID: 19931734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are predominantly repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), involving DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), well characterized for its role in single strand break repair, may also facilitate DSB repair. We investigated the activation of these enzymes by differing DNA ends and their interaction in the cellular response to ionizing radiation (IR). METHODS AND MATERIALS The effect of PARP and DNA-PK inhibitors (KU-0058684 and NU7441) on repair of IR-induced DSBs was investigated in DNA-PK and PARP-1 proficient and deficient cells by measuring gammaH2AX foci and neutral comets. Complementary in vitro enzyme kinetics assays demonstrated the affinities of DNA-PK and PARP-1 for DSBs with varying DNA termini. RESULTS DNA-PK and PARP-1 both promoted the fast phase of resolution of IR-induced DSBs in cells. Inactivation of both enzymes was not additive, suggesting that PARP-1 and DNA-PK cooperate within the same pathway to promote DSB repair. The affinities of the two enzymes for oligonucleotides with blunt, 3' GGG or 5' GGG overhanging termini were similar and overlapping (K(d)(app) = 2.6-6.4nM for DNA-PK; 1.7-4.5nM for PARP-1). DNA-PK showed a slightly greater affinity for overhanging DNA and was significantly more efficient when activated by a 5' GGG overhang. PARP-1 had a preference for blunt-ended DNA and required a separate factor for efficient stimulation by a 5' GGG overhang. CONCLUSION DNA-PK and PARP-1 are both required in a pathway facilitating the fast phase of DNA DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Mitchell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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22
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Developing novel approaches to improve binding energy estimation and virtual screening: a PARP case study. J Mol Model 2009; 15:1337-47. [PMID: 19370366 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) is a promising anti-cancer target as it plays a crucial role in the cellular reparation and survival mechanisms. However, the development of a robust and cost effective experimental technique to screen PARP inhibitors is still a scientific challenge owing to the difficulties in quantitative detection of the enzyme activity. In this work we demonstrate that the computational chemistry tools including molecular docking and scoring can perform on par with the experimental studies in assessing binding constants and in the recovery of active compounds in virtual screening. Using the recently introduced Lead Finder software we were able to dock a set of 142 well characterized PARP inhibitors and obtain a good correlation between the calculated and experimentally measured binding energies with the rmsd of 1.67 kcal mol(-1). Additionally, fine-tuning of the energy scaling coefficients within the Lead Finder scoring function has further decreased rmsd to the value of 0.88 kcal mol(-1). Moreover, we were able to reproduce the selectivity of ligand binding between the two isoforms of the enzyme-PARP1 and PARP2-suggesting that the Lead Finder software can be used to design isoform-selective inhibitors of PARP. An impressive enrichment was obtained in the virtual screening experiment, in which the mentioned set of PARP inhibitors was mixed with a commercial library of 300,000 compounds. We also demonstrate that the virtual screening performance can be significantly improved by an additional structural filtration of the docked ligand poses through detection of the crucial hydrogen bonding interactions with the enzyme.
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23
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Glickman JF, Schmid A, Ferrand S. Scintillation Proximity Assays in High-Throughput Screening. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2008; 6:433-55. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2008.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andres Schmid
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
Scintillation proximity assay technologies provide a rapid non-separation method to measure common biological interactions using radioactively tagged molecules. This unit identifies potential uses of the technology for the measurement of receptor-ligand binding, cAMP accumulation, GTP binding to heterotrimeric G proteins, protease activity and cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Kahl
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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25
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Nottbohm AC, Dothager RS, Putt KS, Hoyt MT, Hergenrother PJ. A colorimetric substrate for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, VPARP, and tankyrase-1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2066-9. [PMID: 17299820 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Nottbohm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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26
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Nottbohm A, Dothager R, Putt K, Hoyt M, Hergenrother P. A Colorimetric Substrate for Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1, VPARP, and Tankyrase-1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Cockcroft XL, Dillon KJ, Dixon L, Drzewiecki J, Kerrigan F, Loh VM, Martin NMB, Menear KA, Smith GCM. Phthalazinones 2: Optimisation and synthesis of novel potent inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1040-4. [PMID: 16290932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described the discovery of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitors based on a phthalazinone scaffold. Subsequent optimisation of inhibitory activity, metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic parameters has led to a novel series of meta-substituted 4-benzyl-2H-phthalazin-1-one PARP-1 inhibitors which retain low nM cellular activity and show good stability in vivo and efficacy in cell based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Cockcroft
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals Ltd 327 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK.
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28
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Mádi A, Kárpáti L, Kovács A, Muszbek L, Fésüs L. High-throughput scintillation proximity assay for transglutaminase activity measurement. Anal Biochem 2005; 343:256-62. [PMID: 15992758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the transglutaminase enzyme family are involved in a broad range of biological phenomena, including haemostasis, apoptosis, semen coagulation, skin formation, and wound healing. A new and rapid method for measurement of transglutaminase activity is described in this article. The enzyme links tritium-labeled putrescine to biotinylated oligoglutamine, and the tritiated peptide is bound to a streptavidin-coated microtiter plate permanently covered by a thin layer of scintillant. Only the radioisotope incorporated into the peptide substrate is close enough to the scintillant molecules for photons to be produced. The signal generation depends on the transglutaminase activity, and it can be detected by appropriate light-measuring instrumentation without separation steps. The assay is sensitive, specific, linear at concentrations of tissue transglutaminase between 0.05 and 1.6m U/ml, and suitable for high-throughput measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Mádi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Hungary
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29
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Loh VM, Cockcroft XL, Dillon KJ, Dixon L, Drzewiecki J, Eversley PJ, Gomez S, Hoare J, Kerrigan F, Matthews ITW, Menear KA, Martin NMB, Newton RF, Paul J, Smith GCM, Vile J, Whittle AJ. Phthalazinones. Part 1: The design and synthesis of a novel series of potent inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2235-8. [PMID: 15837300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Screening of the Maybridge compound collection identified 4-arylphthalazinones as micromolar inhibitors of PARP-1 catalytic activity. Subsequent optimisation of both inhibitory activity and metabolic stability led to a novel series of meta-substituted 4-benzyl-2H-phthalazin-1-ones with low nanomolar, cellular activity as PARP-1 inhibitors and promising metabolic stability in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Loh
- KuDOS Horsham Ltd, 26 Foundry Lane, Horsham, West Sussex RH13 5PX, UK.
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30
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Farmer H, McCabe N, Lord CJ, Tutt ANJ, Johnson DA, Richardson TB, Santarosa M, Dillon KJ, Hickson I, Knights C, Martin NMB, Jackson SP, Smith GCM, Ashworth A. Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature 2005; 434:917-21. [PMID: 15829967 DOI: 10.1038/nature03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4661] [Impact Index Per Article: 245.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are important for DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination, and mutations in these genes predispose to breast and other cancers. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is an enzyme involved in base excision repair, a key pathway in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks. We show here that BRCA1 or BRCA2 dysfunction unexpectedly and profoundly sensitizes cells to the inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity, resulting in chromosomal instability, cell cycle arrest and subsequent apoptosis. This seems to be because the inhibition of PARP leads to the persistence of DNA lesions normally repaired by homologous recombination. These results illustrate how different pathways cooperate to repair damage, and suggest that the targeted inhibition of particular DNA repair pathways may allow the design of specific and less toxic therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Farmer
- Cancer Research UK Gene Function and Regulation Group, London, UK
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31
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Putt KS, Hergenrother PJ. An enzymatic assay for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) via the chemical quantitation of NAD(+): application to the high-throughput screening of small molecules as potential inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2004; 326:78-86. [PMID: 14769338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) catalyzes the formation of (ADP)-ribose polymers on a variety of protein acceptors in a NAD+ -dependent manner. While PARP-1 is activated by DNA damage and plays a critical role in cellular survival mechanisms, its overactivation leads to a depletion of NAD+/ATP energy stores and ultimately to necrotic cell death. Due to this dual role of PARP in the cell, small-molecule inhibitors of the PARP family of enzymes have been widely investigated for use as potentiators of anticancer therapies and as inhibitors of neurodegeneration and ischemic injuries. Unfortunately, standard assays for PARP inhibition are not optimal for the high-throughput screening of compound collections or combinatorial libraries. Described herein is a highly sensitive, inexpensive, and operationally simple assay for the rapid assessment of PARP activity that relies on the conversion of NAD+ into a highly fluorescent compound. We demonstrate that this assay can readily detect PARP inhibitors in a high-throughput screen using 384-well plates. In addition, the assay can be used to determine IC50 values for PARP inhibitors that have a range of inhibitory properties. As existing PARP assays utilize specialized reagents such as radiolabeled/biotinylated NAD+ or antibodies to poly(ADP-ribose), the chemical quantitation method described herein offers a highly sensitive and convenient alternative for rapidly screening compound collections for PARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karson S Putt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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32
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Mason SW, Lawetz C, Gaudette Y, Dô F, Scouten E, Lagacé L, Simoneau B, Liuzzi M. Polyadenylation-dependent screening assay for respiratory syncytial virus RNA transcriptase activity and identification of an inhibitor. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:4758-67. [PMID: 15356293 PMCID: PMC519107 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a multi-subunit ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that, in addition to synthesizing the full 15 222 nt viral genomic RNA, is able to synthesize all 10 viral mRNAs. We have prepared crude RNP from RSV-infected HEp-2 cells, based on a method previously used for Newcastle disease virus, and established a novel polyadenylation-dependent capture [poly(A) capture] assay to screen for potential inhibitors of RSV transcriptase activity. In this homogeneous assay, radiolabeled full-length polyadenylated mRNAs produced by the viral RNP are detected through capture on immobilized biotinylated oligo(dT) in a 96-well streptavidin-coated FlashPlate. Possible inhibitors identified with this assay could interfere at any step required for the production of complete RSV mRNAs, including transcription, polyadenylation and, potentially, co-transcriptional guanylylation. A specific inhibitor of RSV transcriptase with antiviral activity was identified through screening of this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Mason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, Laval, Québec H7S 2G5, Canada.
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