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Gupta R, Singh M, Pathania R. Chemical genetic approaches for the discovery of bacterial cell wall inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2125-2154. [PMID: 37974958 PMCID: PMC10650376 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial pathogens is a worldwide health issue. The innovation gap in discovering new antibiotics has remained a significant hurdle in combating the AMR problem. Currently, antibiotics target various vital components of the bacterial cell envelope, nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis machinery and metabolic pathways essential for bacterial survival. The critical role of the bacterial cell envelope in cell morphogenesis and integrity makes it an attractive drug target. While a significant number of in-clinic antibiotics target peptidoglycan biosynthesis, several components of the bacterial cell envelope have been overlooked. This review focuses on various antibacterial targets in the bacterial cell wall and the strategies employed to find their novel inhibitors. This review will further elaborate on combining forward and reverse chemical genetic approaches to discover antibacterials that target the bacterial cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee - 247 667 Uttarakhand India
| | - Mangal Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee - 247 667 Uttarakhand India
| | - Ranjana Pathania
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee - 247 667 Uttarakhand India
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2
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Khodair AI, Alzahrani FM, Awad MK, Al-Issa SA, Al-Hazmi GH, Nafie MS. Design, Synthesis, Computational Investigations, and Antitumor Evaluation of N-Rhodanine Glycosides Derivatives as Potent DNA Intercalation and Topo II Inhibition against Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13300-13314. [PMID: 37065038 PMCID: PMC10099454 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen and sulfur glycosylation was carried out via the reaction of rhodanine (1) with α-acetobromoglucose 3 under basic conditions. Deacetylation of the protected nitrogen nucleoside 4 was performed with CH3ONa in CH3OH without cleavage of the rhodanine ring to afford the deprotected nitrogen nucleoside 6. Further, deacetylation of the protected sulfur nucleoside 5 was performed with CH3ONa in CH3OH with the cleavage of the rhodanine ring to give the hydrolysis product 7. The protected nitrogen nucleosides 11a-f were produced by condensing the protected nitrogen nucleoside 4 with the aromatic aldehydes 10a-f in C2H5OH while using morpholine as a secondary amine catalyst. Deacetylation of the protected nitrogen nucleosides 11a-f was performed with NaOCH3/CH3OH without cleavage of the rhodanine ring to afford the deprotected nitrogen nucleosides 12a-f. NMR spectroscopy was used to designate the anomers' configurations. To examine the electrical and geometric properties derived from the stable structure of the examined compounds, molecular modeling and DFT calculations using the B3LYP/6-31+G (d,p) level were carried out. The quantum chemical descriptors and experimental findings showed a strong connection. The IC50 values for most compounds were very encouraging when evaluated against MCF-7, HepG2, and A549 cancer cells. Interestingly, IC50 values for 11a, 12b, and 12f were much lower than those for Doxorubicin (7.67, 8.28, 6.62 μM): (3.7, 8.2, 9.8 μM), (3.1, 13.7, 21.8 μM), and (7.17, 2.2, 4.5 μM), respectively. Against Topo II inhibition and DNA intercalation, when compared to Dox (IC50 = 9.65 and 31.27 μM), compound 12f showed IC50 values of 7.3 and 18.2 μM, respectively. In addition, compound 12f induced a 65.6-fold increase in the rate of apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells, with the cell cycle being arrested in the G2/M phase as a result. Additionally, it upregulated the apoptosis-mediated genes of P53, Bax, and caspase-3,8,9 by 9.53, 8.9, 4.16, 1.13, and 8.4-fold change, while it downregulated the Bcl-2 expression by 0.13-fold. Therefore, glucosylated Rhodanines may be useful as potential therapeutic candidates against cancer because of their topoisomerase II and DNA intercalation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Khodair
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh
University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Fatimah M. Alzahrani
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed K. Awad
- Theoretical
Applied Chemistry Unit (TACU), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 6632110 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Siham A. Al-Issa
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghaferah H. Al-Hazmi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Nafie
- Chemistry
Department (Biochemistry program), Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
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3
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Maitra A, Munshi T, Healy J, Martin LT, Vollmer W, Keep NH, Bhakta S. Cell wall peptidoglycan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Achilles' heel for the TB-causing pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 43:548-575. [PMID: 31183501 PMCID: PMC6736417 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains one of the leading causes of mortality across the world. There is an urgent requirement to build a robust arsenal of effective antimicrobials, targeting novel molecular mechanisms to overcome the challenges posed by the increase of antibiotic resistance in TB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a unique cell envelope structure and composition, containing a peptidoglycan layer that is essential for maintaining cellular integrity and for virulence. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis, degradation, remodelling and recycling of peptidoglycan have resurfaced as attractive targets for anti-infective drug discovery. Here, we review the importance of peptidoglycan, including the structure, function and regulation of key enzymes involved in its metabolism. We also discuss known inhibitors of ATP-dependent Mur ligases, and discuss the potential for the development of pan-enzyme inhibitors targeting multiple Mur ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Maitra
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Tulika Munshi
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Jess Healy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Liam T Martin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Nicholas H Keep
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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4
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Azam MA, Jupudi S. MurD inhibitors as antibacterial agents: a review. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Khodair AI, Awad MK, Gesson JP, Elshaier YAMM. New N-ribosides and N-mannosides of rhodanine derivatives with anticancer activity on leukemia cell line: Design, synthesis, DFT and molecular modelling studies. Carbohydr Res 2019; 487:107894. [PMID: 31865252 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-ribosylation and N-mannosylation compounds have a great role in compounds activity as anticancer. The reaction of 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone (rhodanine) derivatives, as aglycon part, was done with ribofuranose and mannopyranose sugars (glycone part) followed by deacetylation without cleavage of the rhodanine under acidic medium. Conformational analysis has been studied using NMR methods (2D, DQF-COSY, HMQC and HMBC). All final the new deprotected nucleosides were screened against leukemia 1210, and were found to be considerably less potent (Ic50% 1.4-10.6 μM) than doxorubicin (Ic50% 0.02 μM). Compounds 10d and 10e which contain ribose moiety have better activity than those with mannose sugar. DFT calculations with B3LYP/6-31 + G (d) level were used to analyze the electronic and geometric characteristics deduced from the stable structure of the compounds. The principal quantum chemical descriptors showed a good correlation with the experimental observations. Rapid Overlay Comparison Similarity (ROCS) study was operated to explain the compounds similarity and to figure out the most important pharmacophoric features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Khodair
- Chemistry Department, Faculty Science, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed K Awad
- Theoretical Applied Chemistry Unit (TACU), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Jean-Pierre Gesson
- Laboratoire Synthèse et Réactivité des Substances Naturelles, Université de Poitiers, CNRS-UMR 6514, 40 Avenue Du Recteur Pineau, Poitiers F, 86022, France
| | - Yaseen A M M Elshaier
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, 32958, Menoufia, Egypt.
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A novel 2-oxoindolinylidene inhibitor of bacterial MurD ligase: Enzyme kinetics, protein-inhibitor binding by NMR and a molecular dynamics study. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:92-101. [PMID: 24952377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
N-(5-(5-nitro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene)4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)nicotinamide, a 2-oxoindolinylidene derivative with novel structure scaffold, was evaluated for inhibition potency against the MurD enzyme from Escherichia coli using an enzyme steady-state kinetics study. The compound exerted competitive inhibition with respect to UMA, a MurD substrate, and affected bacterial growth. Furthermore, we isolated and purified (13)C selectively labeled MurD enzyme from E. coli and evaluated the binding interactions of the new compound using the (1)H/(13)C-HSQC 2D NMR method. Molecular dynamics calculations showed stable structure for the MurD-inhibitor complex. The binding mode of novel inhibitor was determined and compared to naphthalene-N-sulfonamide-d-Glu derivatives, transition state mimicking inhibitors, UMA and AMP-PCP, an ATP analog. It binds to the UDP/MurNAc binding region. In contrast to transition state mimicking inhibitors, it does not interact with the enzyme's C-terminal domain, which can be beneficial for ligand binding. A pharmacophore pattern was established for the design of novel drugs having a propensity to inhibit a broad spectrum of Mur enzymes.
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7
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Simčič M, Sosič I, Hodošček M, Barreteau H, Blanot D, Gobec S, Grdadolnik SG. The binding mode of second-generation sulfonamide inhibitors of MurD: clues for rational design of potent MurD inhibitors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52817. [PMID: 23285193 PMCID: PMC3527612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of optimized sulfonamide derivatives was recently reported as novel inhibitors of UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine:D-glutamate ligase (MurD). These are based on naphthalene-N-sulfonyl-D-glutamic acid and have the D-glutamic acid replaced with rigidified mimetics. Here we have defined the binding site of these novel ligands to MurD using (1)H/(13)C heteronuclear single quantum correlation. The MurD protein was selectively (13)C-labeled on the methyl groups of Ile (δ1 only), Leu and Val, and was isolated and purified. Crucial Ile, Leu and Val methyl groups in the vicinity of the ligand binding site were identified by comparison of chemical shift perturbation patterns among the ligands with various structural elements and known binding modes. The conformational and dynamic properties of the bound ligands and their binding interactions were examined using the transferred nuclear Overhauser effect and saturation transfer difference. In addition, the binding mode of these novel inhibitors was thoroughly examined using unrestrained molecular dynamics simulations. Our results reveal the complex dynamic behavior of ligand-MurD complexes and its influence on ligand-enzyme contacts. We further present important findings for the rational design of potent Mur ligase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Simčič
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Hodošček
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hélène Barreteau
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Didier Blanot
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orsay, France
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Golič Grdadolnik
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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8
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Tomašić T, Kovač A, Simčič M, Blanot D, Grdadolnik SG, Gobec S, Kikelj D, Peterlin Mašič L. Novel 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one inhibitors of bacterial MurD ligase targeting d-Glu- and diphosphate-binding sites. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3964-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Tomašić T, Zidar N, Šink R, Kovač A, Blanot D, Contreras-Martel C, Dessen A, Müller-Premru M, Zega A, Gobec S, Kikelj D, Peterlin Mašič L. Structure-Based Design of a New Series of d-Glutamic Acid Based Inhibitors of Bacterial UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine:d-glutamate Ligase (MurD). J Med Chem 2011; 54:4600-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2002525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Tomašić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nace Zidar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Šink
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Kovač
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Didier Blanot
- Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | | | - Manica Müller-Premru
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, 1105 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anamarija Zega
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Second-generation sulfonamide inhibitors of D-glutamic acid-adding enzyme: activity optimisation with conformationally rigid analogues of D-glutamic acid. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2880-94. [PMID: 21524830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
D-Glutamic acid-adding enzyme (MurD) catalyses the essential addition of d-glutamic acid to the cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine, and as such it represents an important antibacterial drug-discovery target enzyme. Based on a series of naphthalene-N-sulfonyl-d-Glu derivatives synthesised recently, we synthesised two series of new, optimised sulfonamide inhibitors of MurD that incorporate rigidified mimetics of d-Glu. The compounds that contained either constrained d-Glu or related rigid d-Glu mimetics showed significantly better inhibitory activities than the parent compounds, thereby confirming the advantage of molecular rigidisation in the design of MurD inhibitors. The binding modes of the best inhibitors were examined with high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. We have solved a new crystal structure of the complex of MurD with an inhibitor bearing a 4-aminocyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxyl moiety. These data provide an additional step towards the development of sulfonamide inhibitors with potential antibacterial activities.
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Ravi S, Chiruvella KK, Rajesh K, Prabhu V, Raghavan SC. 5-Isopropylidene-3-ethyl rhodanine induce growth inhibition followed by apoptosis in leukemia cells. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2748-52. [PMID: 20236736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
5-Isopropylidene-3-ethyl rhodanine II was prepared by conventional and Microwave assisted synthesis. For the first time, we found that rhodanine II treatment led to cytotoxicity in leukemic cell line, CEM by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam University, Coimbatore 21, Tamilnadu, India.
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