1
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Kuo C, Nikan M, Yeh ST, Chappell AE, Tanowitz M, Seth PP, Prakash TP, Mullick AE. Targeted Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides Through Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor. Nucleic Acid Ther 2022; 32:300-311. [PMID: 35612431 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2021.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the potential of AGTR1, the principal receptor for angiotensin II (Ang II) and a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, for targeted delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in cells and tissues with abundant AGTR1 expression. Ang II peptide ASO conjugates maintained robust AGTR1 signaling and receptor internalization when ASO was placed at the N-terminus of the peptide, but not at C-terminus. Conjugation of Ang II peptide improved ASO potency up to 12- to 17-fold in AGTR1-expressing cells. Additionally, evaluation of Ang II conjugates in cells lacking AGTR1 revealed no enhancement of ASO potency. Ang II peptide conjugation improves potency of ASO in mouse heart, adrenal, and adipose tissues. The data presented in this report add to a growing list of approaches for improving ASO potency in extrahepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Kuo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Mehran Nikan
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Steve T Yeh
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | - Punit P Seth
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
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2
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Xiong C, Yang Y, Nachman RJ, Pietrantonio PV. Tick CAPA propeptide cDNAs and receptor activity of endogenous tick pyrokinins and analogs: Towards discovering pyrokinin function in ticks. Peptides 2021; 146:170665. [PMID: 34600038 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrokinins (PKs) are pleiotropic neuropeptides with significant roles in invertebrate physiology. Although functions of PKs are known in insects, there is a lack of knowledge of PK-encoding genes and PKs functions in ticks. Herein the first tick cDNAs of the capability (capa) gene were cloned from the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), and the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Each cDNA encoded one periviscerokinin and five different pyrokinins. Two PKs were identical in sequence in the two species. The three PKs unique to R. microplus (Rhimi-CAPA-PK1, -PK2, and -PK5) were tested on the recombinant R. microplus pyrokinin receptor using a calcium bioluminescence assay. The Rhimi-CAPA-PKs acted as agonists with EC50s ranging from 101-188 nM. Twenty PK analogs designed for enhanced bioavailability and biostability were tested on the receptor. Five of these were designed based on the sequences of the three unique Rhimi-CAPA-PKs. Eight PK analogs were also agonists; four of them were full agonists that exhibited comparable efficacy to the native Rhimi-CAPA-PKs, with EC50 ranging from 401 nM-1.9 μM. The structure-activity relationships (SAR) of all analogs were analyzed. Our results suggested that a positively charged, basic lysine at the variable position X of the PK active core (FXPRLamide) conferred enhanced affinity to the analogs in their interaction with the tick receptor. These analogs are promising tools to elucidate the pyrokinin function in ticks in vivo as these analogs are expected to have prolonged hemolymph residence time in comparison to the native peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixing Xiong
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Ronald J Nachman
- Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F/B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
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3
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Lombardi JP, Kinzlmaier DA, Jacob TC. Visualizing GABA A Receptor Trafficking Dynamics with Fluorogenic Protein Labeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 92:e97. [PMID: 32364672 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that neurotransmitter receptors, including ionotropic GABA A receptors (GABAARs), exhibit highly dynamic trafficking and cell surface mobility. Regulated trafficking to and from the surface is a critical determinant of GABAAR neurotransmission. Receptors delivered by exocytosis diffuse laterally in the plasma membrane, with tethering and reduced movement at synapses occurring through receptor interactions with the subsynaptic scaffold. After diffusion away from synapses, receptors are internalized by clathrin-dependent endocytosis at extrasynaptic sites and can be either recycled back to the cell membrane or degraded in lysosomes. To study the dynamics of these key trafficking events in neurons, we have developed novel optical methods based around receptors containing a dual-tagged γ2 subunit (γ2pHFAP) in combination with fluorogen dyes. Specifically, the GABAAR γ2 subunit is tagged with a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein and a fluorogen-activating peptide (FAP). The FAP allows receptor labeling with fluorogen dyes that are optically silent until bound to the FAP. Combining FAP and fluorescent imaging with organelle labeling allows novel and accurate measurement of receptor turnover and accumulation into intracellular compartments under basal conditions in scenarios ranging from in vitro seizure models to drug exposure paradigms. Here we provide a protocol to track and quantify receptors in transit from the neuronal surface to endosomes and lysosomes. This protocol is readily applicable to cell lines and primary cells, allowing rapid quantitative measurements of receptor surface levels and postendocytic trafficking decisions. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of cortical neuronal cultures for imaging assays Basic Protocol 2: Surface receptor internalization and trafficking to early endosomes Basic Protocol 3: Measurement of receptor steady state surface level, synaptic level, and lysosomal targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Lombardi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Kinzlmaier
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tija C Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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4
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Park J, Lee S, Kim Y, Yoo TH. Methods to generate site-specific conjugates of antibody and protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 30:115946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Perkins LA, Bruchez MP. Fluorogen activating protein toolset for protein trafficking measurements. Traffic 2020; 21:333-348. [PMID: 32080949 PMCID: PMC7462100 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the past decade the use of fluorogen activating proteins (FAPs) has expanded with several unique reporter dyes that support a variety of methods to specifically quantify protein trafficking events. The platform's capabilities have been demonstrated in several systems and shared for widespread use. This review will highlight the current FAP labeling techniques for protein traffic measurements and focus on the use of the different designed fluorogenic dyes for selective and specific labeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia A. Perkins
- School of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Marcel P. Bruchez
- The Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie MellonPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie MellonPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Molecular and Biosensor Imaging CenterCarnegie MellonPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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6
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Ackerman DS, Altun B, Kolodieznyi D, Bruchez MP, Tsourkas A, Jarvik JW. Antibody-Linked Fluorogen-Activating Proteins for Antigen Detection and Cell Ablation. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 30:63-69. [PMID: 30543409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate selective labeling of cell surface proteins using fluorogen-activating proteins (FAPs) conjugated to standard immunoglobulins (IgGs). Conjugation was achieved with a polypeptide reagent comprised of an N-terminal photoactivatable Fc-binding domain and a C-terminal FAP domain. The resulting FAP-antibody conjugates were effective agents for protein detection and cell ablation in cultured mammalian cells and for visualizing cell-cell contacts using a tethered fluorogen assay. Because our approach allows FAP-antibody conjugates to be generated for most currently available IgGs, it should have broad utility for experimental and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burcin Altun
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | | | | | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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7
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Mackie DI, Al Mutairi F, Davis RB, Kechele DO, Nielsen NR, Snyder JC, Caron MG, Kliman HJ, Berg JS, Simms J, Poyner DR, Caron KM. h CALCRL mutation causes autosomal recessive nonimmune hydrops fetalis with lymphatic dysplasia. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2339-2353. [PMID: 30115739 PMCID: PMC6122977 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Using genetic, pharmacological and animal model approaches, we elucidate a novel human mutation in a G protein coupled receptor that impairs receptor oligomerization and trafficking leading to fatal, non-immune hydrops fetalis associated with arrested lymphatic development. We report the first case of nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) associated with a recessive, in-frame deletion of V205 in the G protein–coupled receptor, Calcitonin Receptor-Like Receptor (hCALCRL). Homozygosity results in fetal demise from hydrops fetalis, while heterozygosity in females is associated with spontaneous miscarriage and subfertility. Using molecular dynamic modeling and in vitro biochemical assays, we show that the hCLR(V205del) mutant results in misfolding of the first extracellular loop, reducing association with its requisite receptor chaperone, receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP), translocation to the plasma membrane and signaling. Using three independent genetic mouse models we establish that the adrenomedullin–CLR–RAMP2 axis is both necessary and sufficient for driving lymphatic vascular proliferation. Genetic ablation of either lymphatic endothelial Calcrl or nonendothelial Ramp2 leads to severe NIHF with embryonic demise and placental pathologies, similar to that observed in humans. Our results highlight a novel candidate gene for human congenital NIHF and provide structure–function insights of this signaling axis for human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan I Mackie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia .,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema B Davis
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel O Kechele
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Natalie R Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Joshua C Snyder
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Harvey J Kliman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan S Berg
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John Simms
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, England, UK
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, England, UK
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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8
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Xu S, Hu HY. Fluorogen-activating proteins: beyond classical fluorescent proteins. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:339-348. [PMID: 29881673 PMCID: PMC5989828 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging is a powerful technique for the real-time noninvasive monitoring of protein dynamics. Recently, fluorogen activating proteins (FAPs)/fluorogen probes for protein imaging were developed. Unlike the traditional fluorescent proteins (FPs), FAPs do not fluoresce unless bound to their specific small-molecule fluorogens. When using FAPs/fluorogen probes, a washing step is not required for the removal of free probes from the cells, thus allowing rapid and specific detection of proteins in living cells with high signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, with different fluorogens, living cell multi-color proteins labeling system was developed. In this review, we describe about the discovery of FAPs, the design strategy of FAP fluorogens, the application of the FAP technology and the advances of FAP technology in protein labeling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hai-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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9
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Kim KL, Sung G, Sim J, Murray J, Li M, Lee A, Shrinidhi A, Park KM, Kim K. Supramolecular latching system based on ultrastable synthetic binding pairs as versatile tools for protein imaging. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1712. [PMID: 29703887 PMCID: PMC5923385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report ultrastable synthetic binding pairs between cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and adamantyl- (AdA) or ferrocenyl-ammonium (FcA) as a supramolecular latching system for protein imaging, overcoming the limitations of protein-based binding pairs. Cyanine 3-conjugated CB[7] (Cy3-CB[7]) can visualize AdA- or FcA-labeled proteins to provide clear fluorescence images for accurate and precise analysis of proteins. Furthermore, controllability of the system is demonstrated by treating with a stronger competitor guest. At low temperature, this allows us to selectively detach Cy3-CB[7] from guest-labeled proteins on the cell surface, while leaving Cy3-CB[7] latched to the cytosolic proteins for spatially conditional visualization of target proteins. This work represents a non-protein-based bioimaging tool which has inherent advantages over the widely used protein-based techniques, thereby demonstrating the great potential of this synthetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Lock Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyun Sung
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Sim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - James Murray
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Meng Li
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Annadka Shrinidhi
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeng Min Park
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Nanomaterials and Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Conner JW. Fluorogens: Generating Receptor-Specific Turn-On Fluorescence. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Lorenz-Guertin JM, Wilcox MR, Zhang M, Larsen MB, Pilli J, Schmidt BF, Bruchez MP, Johnson JW, Waggoner AS, Watkins SC, Jacob TC. A versatile optical tool for studying synaptic GABA A receptor trafficking. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3933-3945. [PMID: 29025969 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-cell imaging methods can provide critical real-time receptor trafficking measurements. Here, we describe an optical tool to study synaptic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor (GABAAR) dynamics through adaptable fluorescent-tracking capabilities. A fluorogen-activating peptide (FAP) was genetically inserted into a GABAAR γ2 subunit tagged with pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein (γ2pHFAP). The FAP selectively binds and activates Malachite Green (MG) dyes that are otherwise non-fluorescent in solution. γ2pHFAP GABAARs are expressed at the cell surface in transfected cortical neurons, form synaptic clusters and do not perturb neuronal development. Electrophysiological studies show γ2pHFAP GABAARs respond to GABA and exhibit positive modulation upon stimulation with the benzodiazepine diazepam. Imaging studies using γ2pHFAP-transfected neurons and MG dyes show time-dependent receptor accumulation into intracellular vesicles, revealing constitutive endosomal and lysosomal trafficking. Simultaneous analysis of synaptic, surface and lysosomal receptors using the γ2pHFAP-MG dye approach reveals enhanced GABAAR turnover following a bicucculine-induced seizure paradigm, a finding not detected by standard surface receptor measurements. To our knowledge, this is the first application of the FAP-MG dye system in neurons, demonstrating the versatility to study nearly all phases of GABAAR trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Lorenz-Guertin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Madeleine R Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mads B Larsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jyotsna Pilli
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brigitte F Schmidt
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jon W Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Alan S Waggoner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tija C Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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12
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Li C, Tebo AG, Gautier A. Fluorogenic Labeling Strategies for Biological Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071473. [PMID: 28698494 PMCID: PMC5535964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal fluorescence imaging of biological processes requires effective tools to label intracellular biomolecules in living systems. This review presents a brief overview of recent labeling strategies that permits one to make protein and RNA strongly fluorescent using synthetic fluorogenic probes. Genetically encoded tags selectively binding the exogenously applied molecules ensure high labeling selectivity, while high imaging contrast is achieved using fluorogenic chromophores that are fluorescent only when bound to their cognate tag, and are otherwise dark. Beyond avoiding the need for removal of unbound synthetic dyes, these approaches allow the development of sophisticated imaging assays, and open exciting prospects for advanced imaging, particularly for multiplexed imaging and super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenge Li
- École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Département de Chimie, PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ENS, CNRS, PASTEUR, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Alison G Tebo
- École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Département de Chimie, PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ENS, CNRS, PASTEUR, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Arnaud Gautier
- École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Département de Chimie, PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ENS, CNRS, PASTEUR, 75005 Paris, France.
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13
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Tan X, Constantin TP, Sloane KL, Waggoner AS, Bruchez MP, Armitage BA. Fluoromodules Consisting of a Promiscuous RNA Aptamer and Red or Blue Fluorogenic Cyanine Dyes: Selection, Characterization, and Bioimaging. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [PMID: 28644615 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An RNA aptamer selected for binding to the fluorogenic cyanine dye, dimethylindole red (DIR), also binds and activates another cyanine, oxazole thiazole blue (OTB), giving two well-resolved emission colors. The aptamer binds to each dye with submicromolar KD values, and the resulting fluoromodules exhibit fluorescence quantum yields ranging from 0.17 to 0.51 and excellent photostability. The aptamer was fused to a second aptamer previously selected for binding to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to create a bifunctional aptamer that labels cell-surface EGFR on mammalian cells. The fluorescent color of the aptamer-labeled EGFR can be switched between blue and red in situ simply by exchanging the dye in the medium. The promiscuity of the aptamer can also be used to distinguish between cell-surface and internalized EGFR on the basis of the addition of red or blue fluorogen at different times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tan
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
| | - Tudor P Constantin
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
| | - Kelly L Sloane
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
| | - Alan S Waggoner
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
| | - Bruce A Armitage
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and Center for Nucleic Acids Science and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, United States
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14
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Gallo E, Jarvik JW. Breaking the color barrier - a multi-selective antibody reporter offers innovative strategies of fluorescence detection. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2644-2653. [PMID: 28615413 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel bi-partite fluorescence platform exploits the high affinity and selectivity of antibody scaffolds to capture and activate small-molecule fluorogens. In this report, we investigated the property of multi-selectivity activation by a single antibody against diverse cyanine family fluorogens. Our fluorescence screen identified three cell-impermeant fluorogens, each with unique emission spectra (blue, green and red) and nanomolar affinities. Most importantly, as a protein fusion tag to G-protein-coupled receptors, the antibody biosensor retained full activity - displaying bright fluorogen signals with minimal background on live cells. Because fluorogen-activating antibodies interact with their target ligands via non-covalent interactions, we were able to perform advanced multi-color detection strategies on live cells, previously difficult or impossible with conventional reporters. We found that by fine-tuning the concentrations of the different color fluorogen molecules in solution, a user may interchange the fluorescence signal (onset versus offset), execute real-time signal exchange via fluorogen competition, measure multi-channel fluorescence via co-labeling, and assess real-time cell surface receptor traffic via pulse-chase experiments. Thus, here we inform of an innovative reporter technology based on tri-color signal that allows user-defined fluorescence tuning in live-cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Gallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan W Jarvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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15
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Li C, Plamont MA, Sladitschek HL, Rodrigues V, Aujard I, Neveu P, Le Saux T, Jullien L, Gautier A. Dynamic multicolor protein labeling in living cells. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5598-5605. [PMID: 28970939 PMCID: PMC5618792 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01364g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow Fluorescence-Activating and absorption-Shifting Tag (Y-FAST, hereafter called FAST) is a 14 kDa protein tag giving a bright green-yellow fluorescent complex upon interaction with the fluorogenic dye 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylidene rhodanine (HMBR). Here, we report a collection of fluorogens enabling tuning of the fluorescence color of FAST from green-yellow to orange and red. Beyond allowing the multicolor imaging of FAST-tagged proteins in live cells, these fluorogens enable dynamic color switching because of FAST's reversible labeling. This unprecedented behavior allows for selective detection of FAST-tagged proteins in cells expressing both green and red fluorescent species through two-color cross-correlation, opening up exciting prospects to overcome spectral crowding and push the frontiers of multiplexed imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenge Li
- École Normale Supérieure , PSL Research University , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS , Département de Chimie , PASTEUR , 24 rue Lhomond , 75005 Paris , France.,Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , ENS , CNRS , PASTEUR , 75005 Paris , France . ;
| | - Marie-Aude Plamont
- École Normale Supérieure , PSL Research University , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS , Département de Chimie , PASTEUR , 24 rue Lhomond , 75005 Paris , France.,Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , ENS , CNRS , PASTEUR , 75005 Paris , France . ;
| | - Hanna L Sladitschek
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit , European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Meyerhofstr. 1 , D-69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues
- École Normale Supérieure , PSL Research University , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS , Département de Chimie , PASTEUR , 24 rue Lhomond , 75005 Paris , France.,Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , ENS , CNRS , PASTEUR , 75005 Paris , France . ;
| | - Isabelle Aujard
- École Normale Supérieure , PSL Research University , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS , Département de Chimie , PASTEUR , 24 rue Lhomond , 75005 Paris , France.,Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , ENS , CNRS , PASTEUR , 75005 Paris , France . ;
| | - Pierre Neveu
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit , European Molecular Biology Laboratory , Meyerhofstr. 1 , D-69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- École Normale Supérieure , PSL Research University , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS , Département de Chimie , PASTEUR , 24 rue Lhomond , 75005 Paris , France.,Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , ENS , CNRS , PASTEUR , 75005 Paris , France . ;
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- École Normale Supérieure , PSL Research University , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS , Département de Chimie , PASTEUR , 24 rue Lhomond , 75005 Paris , France.,Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , ENS , CNRS , PASTEUR , 75005 Paris , France . ;
| | - Arnaud Gautier
- École Normale Supérieure , PSL Research University , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , CNRS , Département de Chimie , PASTEUR , 24 rue Lhomond , 75005 Paris , France.,Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06 , ENS , CNRS , PASTEUR , 75005 Paris , France . ;
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16
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Ackerman DS, Vasilev KV, Schmidt BF, Cohen LB, Jarvik JW. Tethered Fluorogen Assay to Visualize Membrane Apposition in Living Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1356-1362. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Ackerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Biosensor
and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kalin V. Vasilev
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Biosensor
and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Brigitte F. Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Biosensor
and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Lianne B. Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Biosensor
and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Jarvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Molecular Biosensor
and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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17
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Effect of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US27 on CXCR4 receptor internalization measured by fluorogen-activating protein (FAP) biosensors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172042. [PMID: 28207860 PMCID: PMC5313195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen and a member of the Herpesviridae family. HCMV has a large genome that encodes many genes that are non-essential for virus replication but instead play roles in manipulation of the host immune environment. One of these is the US27 gene, which encodes a protein with homology to the chemokine receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The US27 protein has no known chemokine ligands but can modulate the signaling activity of host receptor CXCR4. We investigated the mechanism for enhanced CXCR4 signaling in the presence of US27 using a novel biosensor system comprised of fluorogen activating proteins (FAPs). FAP-tagged CXCR4 and US27 were used to explore receptor internalization and recovery dynamics, and the results demonstrate that significantly more CXCR4 internalization was observed in the presence of US27 compared to CXCR4 alone upon stimulation with CXCL12. While ligand-induced endocytosis rates were higher, steady state internalization of CXCR4 was not affected by US27. Additionally, US27 underwent rapid endocytosis at a rate that was independent of either CXCR4 expression or CXCL12 stimulation. These results demonstrate that one mechanism by which US27 can enhance CXCR4 signaling is to alter receptor internalization dynamics, which could ultimately have the effect of promoting virus dissemination by increasing trafficking of HCMV-infected cells to tissues where CXCL12 is highly expressed.
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18
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Generation of Fluorogen-Activating Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (FADAs) as Versatile Sensor Tools. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1272-1289. [PMID: 26812208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes constitute a valuable toolbox to address a variety of biological questions and they have become irreplaceable for imaging methods. Commonly, such probes consist of fluorescent proteins or small organic fluorophores coupled to biological molecules of interest. Recently, a novel class of fluorescence-based probes, fluorogen-activating proteins (FAPs), has been reported. These binding proteins are based on antibody single-chain variable fragments and activate fluorogenic dyes, which only become fluorescent upon activation and do not fluoresce when free in solution. Here we present a novel class of fluorogen activators, termed FADAs, based on the very robust designed ankyrin repeat protein scaffold, which also readily folds in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm. The FADA generated in this study was obtained by combined selections with ribosome display and yeast surface display. It enhances the fluorescence of malachite green (MG) dyes by a factor of more than 11,000 and thus activates MG to a similar extent as FAPs based on single-chain variable fragments. As shown by structure determination and in vitro measurements, this FADA was evolved to form a homodimer for the activation of MG dyes. Exploiting the favorable properties of the designed ankyrin repeat protein scaffold, we created a FADA biosensor suitable for imaging of proteins on the cell surface, as well as in the cytosol. Moreover, based on the requirement of dimerization for strong fluorogen activation, a prototype FADA biosensor for in situ detection of a target protein and protein-protein interactions was developed. Therefore, FADAs are versatile fluorescent probes that are easily produced and suitable for diverse applications and thus extend the FAP technology.
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19
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Snyder JC, Pack TF, Rochelle LK, Chakraborty SK, Zhang M, Eaton AW, Bai Y, Ernst LA, Barak LS, Waggoner AS, Caron MG. A rapid and affordable screening platform for membrane protein trafficking. BMC Biol 2015; 13:107. [PMID: 26678094 PMCID: PMC4683952 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Membrane proteins regulate a diversity of physiological processes and are the most successful class of targets in drug discovery. However, the number of targets adequately explored in chemical space and the limited resources available for screening are significant problems shared by drug-discovery centers and small laboratories. Therefore, a low-cost and universally applicable screen for membrane protein trafficking was developed. RESULTS This high-throughput screen (HTS), termed IRFAP-HTS, utilizes the recently described MarsCy1-fluorogen activating protein and the near-infrared and membrane impermeant fluorogen SCi1. The cell surface expression of MarsCy1 epitope-tagged receptors can be visualized by simple addition of SCi1. User-friendly, rapid, and quantitative detection occurs on a standard infrared western-blotting scanner. The reliability and robustness of IRFAP-HTS was validated by confirming human vasopressin-2 receptor and dopamine receptor-2 trafficking in response to agonist or antagonist. The IRFAP-HTS screen was deployed against the leucine-rich G protein-coupled receptor-5 (Lgr5). Lgr5 is expressed in stem cells, modulates Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, and is therefore a promising drug target. However, small molecule modulators have yet to be reported. The constitutive internalization of Lgr5 appears to be one primary mode through which its function is regulated. Therefore, IRFAP-HTS was utilized to screen 11,258 FDA-approved and drug-like small molecules for those that antagonize Lgr5 internalization. Glucocorticoids were found to potently increase Lgr5 expression at the plasma membrane. CONCLUSION The IRFAP-HTS platform provides a versatile solution for screening more targets with fewer resources. Using only a standard western-blotting scanner, we were able to screen 5,000 compounds per hour in a robust and quantitative assay. Multi-purposing standardly available laboratory equipment eliminates the need for idiosyncratic and more expensive high-content imaging systems. The modular and user-friendly IRFAP-HTS is a significant departure from current screening platforms. Small laboratories will have unprecedented access to a robust and reliable screening platform and will no longer be limited by the esoteric nature of assay development, data acquisition, and post-screening analysis. The discovery of glucocorticoids as modulators for Lgr5 trafficking confirms that IRFAP-HTS can accelerate drug-discovery and drug-repurposing for even the most obscure targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Snyder
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Thomas F Pack
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lauren K Rochelle
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Subhasish K Chakraborty
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Andrew W Eaton
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yushi Bai
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lauren A Ernst
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Larry S Barak
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Alan S Waggoner
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Marc G Caron
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Departments of Medicine and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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20
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Wu Y, Stauffer SR, Stanfield RL, Tapia PH, Ursu O, Fisher GW, Szent-Gyorgyi C, Evangelisti A, Waller A, Strouse JJ, Carter MB, Bologa C, Gouveia K, Poslusney M, Waggoner AS, Lindsley CW, Jarvik JW, Sklar LA. Discovery of Small-Molecule Nonfluorescent Inhibitors of Fluorogen-Fluorogen Activating Protein Binding Pair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:74-87. [PMID: 26442911 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115609145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new class of biosensors, fluorogen activating proteins (FAPs), has been successfully used to track receptor trafficking in live cells. Unlike the traditional fluorescent proteins (FPs), FAPs do not fluoresce unless bound to their specific small-molecule fluorogens, and thus FAP-based assays are highly sensitive. Application of the FAP-based assay for protein trafficking in high-throughput flow cytometry resulted in the discovery of a new class of compounds that interferes with the binding between fluorogens and FAP, thus blocking the fluorescence signal. These compounds are high-affinity, nonfluorescent analogs of fluorogens with little or no toxicity to the tested cells and no apparent interference with the normal function of FAP-tagged receptors. The most potent compound among these, N,4-dimethyl-N-(2-oxo-2-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)benzenesulfonamide (ML342), has been investigated in detail. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that ML342 competes with the fluorogen, sulfonated thiazole orange coupled to diethylene glycol diamine (TO1-2p), for the same binding site on a FAP, AM2.2. Kinetic analysis shows that the FAP-fluorogen interaction is more complex than a homogeneous one-site binding process, with multiple conformational states of the fluorogen and/or the FAP, and possible dimerization of the FAP moiety involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Phillip H Tapia
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Oleg Ursu
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gregory W Fisher
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Annette Evangelisti
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anna Waller
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - J Jacob Strouse
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mark B Carter
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cristian Bologa
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kristine Gouveia
- Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mike Poslusney
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alan S Waggoner
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Biological Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan W Jarvik
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Biological Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Larry A Sklar
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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21
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Pratt CP, He J, Wang Y, Barth AL, Bruchez MP. Fluorogenic Green-Inside Red-Outside (GIRO) Labeling Approach Reveals Adenylyl Cyclase-Dependent Control of BKα Surface Expression. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1963-71. [PMID: 26301573 PMCID: PMC4576318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
regulation of surface levels of protein is critical for proper
cell function and influences properties including cell adhesion, ion
channel contributions to current flux, and the sensitivity of surface
receptors to ligands. Here we demonstrate a two-color labeling system
in live cells using a single fluorogen activating peptide (FAP) based
fusion tag, which enables the rapid and simultaneous quantification
of surface and internal proteins. In the nervous system, BK channels
can regulate neural excitability and neurotransmitter release, and
the surface trafficking of BK channels can be modulated by signaling
cascades and assembly with accessory proteins. Using this labeling
approach, we examine the dynamics of BK channel surface expression
in HEK293 cells. Surface pools of the pore-forming BKα subunit
were stable, exhibiting a plasma membrane half-life of >10 h. Long-term
activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin reduced BKα surface
levels by 30%, an effect that could not be attributed to increased
bulk endocytosis of plasma membrane proteins. This labeling approach
is compatible with microscopic imaging and flow cytometry, providing
a solid platform for examining protein trafficking in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Pratt
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and #Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jianjun He
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and #Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and #Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alison L Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and #Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marcel P Bruchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and #Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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22
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Bruchez MP. Dark dyes-bright complexes: fluorogenic protein labeling. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 27:18-23. [PMID: 26056741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Complexes formed between organic dyes and genetically encoded proteins combine the advantages of stable and tunable fluorescent molecules and targetable, biologically integrated labels. To overcome the challenges imposed by labeling with bright fluorescent dyes, a number of approaches now exploit chemical or environmental changes to control the properties of a bound dye, converting dyes from a weakly fluorescent state to a bright, easily detectable complex. Optimized, such approaches avoid the need for removal of unbound dyes, facilitate rapid and simple assays in cultured cells and enable hybrid labeling to function more robustly in living model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel P Bruchez
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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23
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Senutovitch N, Vernetti L, Boltz R, DeBiasio R, Gough A, Taylor DL. Fluorescent protein biosensors applied to microphysiological systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:795-808. [PMID: 25990438 PMCID: PMC4464952 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215584934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review discusses the evolution of fluorescence as a tool to study living cells and tissues in vitro and the present role of fluorescent protein biosensors (FPBs) in microphysiological systems (MPSs). FPBs allow the measurement of temporal and spatial dynamics of targeted cellular events involved in normal and perturbed cellular assay systems and MPSs in real time. FPBs evolved from fluorescent analog cytochemistry (FAC) that permitted the measurement of the dynamics of purified proteins covalently labeled with environmentally insensitive fluorescent dyes and then incorporated into living cells, as well as a large list of diffusible fluorescent probes engineered to measure environmental changes in living cells. In parallel, a wide range of fluorescence microscopy methods were developed to measure the chemical and molecular activities of the labeled cells, including ratio imaging, fluorescence lifetime, total internal reflection, 3D imaging, including super-resolution, as well as high-content screening. FPBs evolved from FAC by combining environmentally sensitive fluorescent dyes with proteins in order to monitor specific physiological events such as post-translational modifications, production of metabolites, changes in various ion concentrations, and the dynamic interaction of proteins with defined macromolecules in time and space within cells. Original FPBs involved the engineering of fluorescent dyes to sense specific activities when covalently attached to particular domains of the targeted protein. The subsequent development of fluorescent proteins (FPs), such as the green fluorescent protein, dramatically accelerated the adoption of studying living cells, since the genetic "labeling" of proteins became a relatively simple method that permitted the analysis of temporal-spatial dynamics of a wide range of proteins. Investigators subsequently engineered the fluorescence properties of the FPs for environmental sensitivity that, when combined with targeted proteins/peptides, created a new generation of FPBs. Examples of FPBs that are useful in MPS are presented, including the design, testing, and application in a liver MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Senutovitch
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational & Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Lawrence Vernetti
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational & Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Robert Boltz
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational & Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Richard DeBiasio
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Albert Gough
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational & Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational & Systems Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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24
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Telmer CA, Verma R, Teng H, Andreko S, Law L, Bruchez MP. Rapid, specific, no-wash, far-red fluorogen activation in subcellular compartments by targeted fluorogen activating proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1239-46. [PMID: 25650487 PMCID: PMC4867890 DOI: 10.1021/cb500957k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Live cell imaging
requires bright photostable dyes that can target
intracellular organelles and proteins with high specificity in a no-wash
protocol. Organic dyes possess the desired photochemical properties
and can be covalently linked to various protein tags. The currently
available fluorogenic dyes are in the green/yellow range where there
is high cellular autofluorescence and the near-infrared (NIR) dyes
need to be washed out. Protein-mediated activation of far-red fluorogenic
dyes has the potential to address these challenges because the cell-permeant
dye is small and nonfluorescent until bound to its activating protein,
and this binding is rapid. In this study, three single chain variable
fragment (scFv)-derived fluorogen activating proteins (FAPs), which
activate far-red emitting fluorogens, were evaluated for targeting,
brightness, and photostability in the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria,
peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum with a cell-permeant malachite
green analog in cultured mammalian cells. Efficient labeling was achieved
within 20–30 min for each protein upon the addition of nM concentrations
of dye, producing a signal that colocalized significantly with a linked
mCerulean3 (mCer3) fluorescent protein and organelle specific dyes
but showed divergent photostability and brightness properties dependent
on the FAP. These FAPs and the ester of malachite green dye (MGe)
can be used as specific, rapid, and wash-free labels for intracellular
sites in live cells with far-red excitation and emission properties,
useful in a variety of multicolor experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Telmer
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Richa Verma
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Haibing Teng
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Susan Andreko
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Leann Law
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marcel P. Bruchez
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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25
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Wang Y, Telmer CA, Schmidt BF, Franke JD, Ort S, Arndt-Jovin DJ, Bruchez MP. Fluorogen activating protein-affibody probes: modular, no-wash measurement of epidermal growth factor receptors. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 26:137-44. [PMID: 25490520 PMCID: PMC4306507 DOI: 10.1021/bc500525b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Fluorescence
is essential for dynamic live cell imaging, and affinity
reagents are required for quantification of endogenous proteins. Various
fluorescent dyes can report on different aspects of biological trafficking,
but must be independently conjugated to affinity reagents and characterized
for specific biological readouts. Here we present the characterization
of a new modular platform for small anti-EGFR affinity probes for
studying rapid changes in receptor pools. A protein domain (FAP dL5**) that binds to malachite-green (MG) derivatives for fluorescence
activation was expressed as a recombinant fusion to one or two copies
of the compact EGFR binding affibody ZEGFR:1907. This is
a recombinant and fluorogenic labeling reagent for native EGFR molecules.
In vitro fluorescence assays demonstrated that the binding of these
dyes to the FAP–affibody fusions produced thousand-fold fluorescence
enhancements, with high binding affinity and fast association rates.
Flow cytometry assays and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that
these probes label endogenous EGFR on A431 cells without disruption
of EGFR function, and low nanomolar surface Kd values were observed with the double-ZEGFR:1907 constructs. The application of light-harvesting fluorogens (dyedrons)
significantly improved the detected fluorescence signal. Altering
the order of addition of the ligand, probe, and dyes allowed differentiation
between surface and endocytotic pools of receptors to reveal the rapid
dynamics of endocytic trafficking. Therefore, FAP/affibody coupling
provides a new approach to construct compact and modular affinity
probes that label endogenous proteins on living cells and can be used
for studying rapid changes in receptor pools involved in trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- The Department of Biological Sciences, ‡The Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, and ⊥The Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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