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Hasezaki T, Yoshima T, Mattsson M, Särnefält A, Takubo K. A monoclonal antibody recognizing a new epitope on CD81 inhibits T-cell migration without inducing cytokine production. J Biochem 2020; 167:399-409. [PMID: 31794019 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD81 is involved in leukocyte migration and cytokine induction. Previous work found that anti-CD81 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) showed therapeutic potential for several immune diseases via inhibiting leukocyte migration. Although the suppression of cell migration is a promising approach for treating immune diseases, some anti-CD81 mAbs can induce cytokine production, which may exacerbate disease. To obtain new anti-human CD81 mAbs that inhibited migration in the absence of cytokine production enhancement activity, we screened a human single chain variable fragment by phage library. One of the new anti-CD81 mAbs isolated, DSP-8250, had equivalent inhibitory cell migration activity with the established anti-CD81 mAb 5A6, but it lacked cytokine induction activity. These mAbs recognized different epitopes on CD81. mAb 5A6, which had inhibitory activity on T-cell migration and increased cytokine production, bound to three residues, Ser179, Asn180 and Phe186 of CD81. In contrast, DSP-8250, which had inhibitory activity on T-cell migration but no cytokine enhancement activity, bound to four residues, His151, Ala164, Ser168 and Asn172 of CD81 as a unique epitope. These results indicate that the set of His151, Ala164, Ser168 and Asn172 forms a novel epitope that might make the application of anti-CD81 mAb therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hasezaki
- External Innovation, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 3-1-98 Kasugade Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Yoshima
- Applied Bioscience Group, Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd, 3-1-98 Kasugade Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Mikael Mattsson
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Särnefält
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Keiko Takubo
- Group II, Platform Technology Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 3-1-98 Kasugade Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
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2
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Burgess TL, Amason JD, Rubin JS, Duveau DY, Lamy L, Roberts DD, Farrell CL, Inglese J, Thomas CJ, Miller TW. A homogeneous SIRPα-CD47 cell-based, ligand-binding assay: Utility for small molecule drug development in immuno-oncology. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226661. [PMID: 32240171 PMCID: PMC7117682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is an immune checkpoint protein that downregulates both the innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune response via its counter receptor SIRPα. Biologics, including humanized CD47 monoclonal antibodies and decoy SIRPα receptors, that block the SIRPα-CD47 interaction, are currently being developed as cancer immunotherapy agents. However, adverse side effects and limited penetration of tumor tissue associated with their structure and large size may impede their clinical application. We recently developed a quantitative high throughput screening assay platform to identify small molecules that disrupt the binding of SIRPα and CD47 as an alternative approach to these protein-based therapeutics. Here, we report on the development and optimization of a cell-based binding assay to validate active small molecules from our biochemical screening effort. This assay has a low volume, high capacity homogenous format that relies on laser scanning cytometry (LSC) and associated techniques to enhance signal to noise measurement of cell surface binding. The LSC assay is specific, concentration dependent, and validated for the two major human SIRPα variants (V1 and V2), with results that parallel those of our biochemical data as well as published studies. We also utilized the LSC assay to confirm published studies showing that the inhibition of amino-terminal pyroglutamate formation on CD47 using the glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor SEN177 disrupts SIRPα binding. The SIRPα-CD47 interaction could be quantitatively measured in live and fixed tumor cells. Use of fixed cells reduces the burden of cell maintenance and provides stable cell standards to control for inter- and intra-assay variations. We also demonstrate the utility of the assay to characterize the activity of the first reported small molecule antagonists of the SIRPα-CD47 interaction. This assay will support the screening of thousands of compounds to identify or validate active small molecules as hits, develop structure activity relationships and assist in the optimization of hits to leads by a typical iterative medicinal chemistry campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Burgess
- Paradigm Shift Therapeutics LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Amason
- Paradigm Shift Therapeutics LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Rubin
- Paradigm Shift Therapeutics LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Damien Y. Duveau
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Studies, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laurence Lamy
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Studies, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - James Inglese
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Studies, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Studies, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Miller
- Paradigm Shift Therapeutics LLC, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Antibodies binding the head domain of P2X4 inhibit channel function and reverse neuropathic pain. Pain 2019; 160:1989-2003. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Microfluidic single-cell technology in immunology and antibody screening. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 59:47-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Thom G, Hatcher J, Hearn A, Paterson J, Rodrigo N, Beljean A, Gurrell I, Webster C. Isolation of blood-brain barrier-crossing antibodies from a phage display library by competitive elution and their ability to penetrate the central nervous system. MAbs 2017; 10:304-314. [PMID: 29182455 PMCID: PMC5825204 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1409320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a formidable obstacle for delivery of biologic therapeutics to central nervous system (CNS) targets. Whilst the BBB prevents passage of the vast majority of molecules, it also selectively transports a wide variety of molecules required to maintain brain homeostasis. Receptor-mediated transcytosis is one example of a macromolecule transport system that is employed by cells of the BBB to supply essential proteins to the brain and which can be utilized to deliver biologic payloads, such as antibodies, across the BBB. In this study, we performed phage display selections on the mouse brain endothelial cell line, bEND.3, to enrich for antibody single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) that could compete for binding with a known BBB-crossing antibody fragment, FC5. A number of these scFvs were converted to IgGs and characterized for their ability to bind to mouse, rat and human brain endothelial cells, and subsequent ability to transport across the BBB. We demonstrated that these newly identified BBB-targeting IgGs had increased brain exposure when delivered peripherally in mice and were also able to transport a biologically active molecule, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), into the CNS. The antagonism of the interleukin-1 system within the CNS can result in the relief of neuropathic pain. We demonstrated that the BBB-targeting IgGs were able to elicit an analgesic response in a mouse model of nerve ligation-induced hypersensitivity when fused to IL-1RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Thom
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Cambridge , UK
| | - Jon Hatcher
- b Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Cambridge , UK
| | - Arron Hearn
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Cambridge , UK
| | - Judy Paterson
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Cambridge , UK
| | - Natalia Rodrigo
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Cambridge , UK
| | - Arthur Beljean
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Cambridge , UK
| | - Ian Gurrell
- b Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Cambridge , UK
| | - Carl Webster
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Cambridge , UK
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Shembekar N, Chaipan C, Utharala R, Merten CA. Droplet-based microfluidics in drug discovery, transcriptomics and high-throughput molecular genetics. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1314-31. [PMID: 27025767 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00249h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidics enables assays to be carried out at very high throughput (up to thousands of samples per second) and enables researchers to work with very limited material, such as primary cells, patient's biopsies or expensive reagents. An additional strength of the technology is the possibility to perform large-scale genotypic or phenotypic screens at the single-cell level. Here we critically review the latest developments in antibody screening, drug discovery and highly multiplexed genomic applications such as targeted genetic workflows, single-cell RNAseq and single-cell ChIPseq. Starting with a comprehensive introduction for non-experts, we pinpoint current limitations, analyze how they might be overcome and give an outlook on exciting future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Shembekar
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Chawaree Chaipan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ramesh Utharala
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christoph A Merten
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Webster CI, Caram-Salas N, Haqqani AS, Thom G, Brown L, Rennie K, Yogi A, Costain W, Brunette E, Stanimirovic DB. Brain penetration, target engagement, and disposition of the blood-brain barrier-crossing bispecific antibody antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1. FASEB J 2016; 30:1927-40. [PMID: 26839377 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Receptor mediated transcytosis harnessing the cellular uptake and transport of natural ligands across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been identified as a means for antibody delivery to the CNS. In this study, we characterized bispecific antibodies in which a BBB-crossing antibody fragment FC5 was used as a BBB carrier. Cargo antibodies were either a high-affinity, selective antibody antagonist of the metabotropic glutamate receptor-1 (BBB-mGluR1), a widely abundant CNS target, or an IgG that does not bind the CNS target (BBB-NiP). Both BBB-NiP and BBB-mGluR1 demonstrated a similar 20-fold enhanced rate of transcytosis across an in vitro BBB model compared with mGluR1 IgG fused to a control antibody fragment. All 3 bispecific antibodies exhibited identical pharmacokinetics in vivo Comparative assessment of BBB-NiP and BBB-mGluR1 revealed that, whereas their serum pharmacokinetics and BBB penetration were identical, their central disposition (brain levels) and elimination (cerebrospinal fluid levels) were widely different, due to central target-mediated removal of the mGluR1-engaging antibody. Central mGluR1 target engagement after systemic administration was demonstrated by a dose-dependent inhibition of mGluR-1-mediated thermal hyperalgesia and by colocalization of the antibody with thalamic neurons involved in mGluR1-mediated pain processing. We demonstrate the feasibility of targeting central G-protein-coupled receptors using a BBB-crossing bispecific antibody approach and emerging principles that govern brain distribution and disposition of these antibodies. These data will be important for designing safe and selective CNS antibody therapeutics.-Webster, C. I., Caram-Salas, N., Haqqani, A. S., Thom, G., Brown, L., Rennie, K., Yogi, A., Costain, W., Brunette, E., Stanimirovic, D. B. Brain penetration, target engagement, and disposition of the blood-brain barrier-crossing bispecific antibody antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl I Webster
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
| | - Nadia Caram-Salas
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arsalan S Haqqani
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Thom
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Brown
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kerry Rennie
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alvaro Yogi
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Willard Costain
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Brunette
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danica B Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Wang JC, Ku HY, Shieh DB, Chuang HS. A bead-based fluorescence immunosensing technique enabled by the integration of Förster resonance energy transfer and optoelectrokinetic concentration. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:014113. [PMID: 26865906 PMCID: PMC4733077 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bead-based immunosensing has been growing as a promising technology in the point-of-care diagnostics due to great flexibility. For dilute samples, functionalized particles can be used to collect dispersed analytes and act as carriers for particle manipulation. To realize rapid and visual immunosensing, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used herein to ensure only the diabetic biomarker, lipocalin 1, to be detected. The measurement was made in an aqueous droplet sandwiched between two parallel plate electrodes. With an electric field and a focused laser beam applying on the microchip simultaneously, the immunocomplexes in the droplet were further concentrated to enhance the FRET fluorescent signal. The optoelectrokinetic technique, termed rapid electrokinetic patterning (REP), has been proven to be excellent in dynamic and programmable particle manipulation. Therefore, the detection can be complete within several tens of seconds. The lower detection limit of the REP-enabled bead-based diagnosis reached nearly 5 nM. The combinative use of FRET and the optoelectrokinetic technique for the bead-based immunosensing enables a rapid measure to diagnose early stage diseases and dilute analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hu-Yao Ku
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan
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Riedl T, van Boxtel E, Bosch M, Parren PWHI, Gerritsen AF. High-Throughput Screening for Internalizing Antibodies by Homogeneous Fluorescence Imaging of a pH-Activated Probe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:12-23. [PMID: 26518032 PMCID: PMC4708616 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115613270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a rapidly growing class of biotherapeutics that deliver drugs specifically to target cells by binding of the antibody component to surface receptors. The majority of ADCs require receptor internalization depending on intrinsic features of the specific ADC-antigen interaction. The development of potent ADCs would greatly benefit from the identification of efficiently internalizing antibodies at early stages of discovery. We developed a highly sensitive and rapid antibody internalization assay using an indirect Cypher5E label. The pH-activated CypHer5E label becomes fluorescent upon internalization into the acidic environment of endocytic organelles, whereas background fluorescence of noninternalized CypHer5E is minimal. The pH-dependency of the CypHer5E signal enables robust discrimination of antibody internalization from surface binding. The favorable signal-over-background ratio allows a homogeneous assay design with high-throughput fluorescence imaging in 384- and 1536-well formats. The biophysical readout of the primary internalization event substantially shortens incubation times compared to killing assays using toxin internalization. The assay was validated with tumor-relevant targets, including receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR and HER2) and a class II cytokine receptor (TF) expressed by A431, AU565, and SKOV-3 cells and transient expression systems (CHO-S). Our method enables functional screening of large antibody libraries to identify therapeutic antibody candidates with internalization characteristics favorable for the development of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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10
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Rossant CJ, Carroll D, Huang L, Elvin J, Neal F, Walker E, Benschop JJ, Kim EE, Barry ST, Vaughan TJ. Phage display and hybridoma generation of antibodies to human CXCR2 yields antibodies with distinct mechanisms and epitopes. MAbs 2015; 6:1425-38. [PMID: 25484064 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.34376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of functional antibodies against integral membrane proteins such as the G-protein coupled receptor CXCR2 is technically challenging for several reasons, including limited epitope accessibility, the requirement for a lipid environment to maintain structure and their existence in dynamic conformational states. Antibodies to human CXCR2 were generated by immunization in vivo and by in vitro selection methods. Whole cell immunization of transgenic mice and screening of phage display libraries using CXCR2 magnetic proteoliposomes resulted in the isolation of antibodies with distinct modes of action. The hybridoma-derived antibody fully inhibited IL-8 and Gro-α responses in calcium flux and β-arrestin recruitment assays. The phage-display derived antibodies were allosteric antagonists that showed ligand dependent differences in functional assays. The hybridoma and phage display antibodies did not cross-compete in epitope competition assays and mapping using linear and CLIPS peptides confirmed that they recognized distinct epitopes of human CXCR2. This illustrates the benefits of using parallel antibody isolation approaches with different antigen presentation methods to successfully generate functionally and mechanistically diverse antagonistic antibodies to human CXCR2. The method is likely to be broadly applicable to other complex membrane proteins.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CDR, complementarity determining region
- CXCR2
- CXCR2, C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 2
- ECL, extracellular loops
- ENA-78, epithelial derived -neutrophil activating protein
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FMAT, Fluorescence Microvolume Assay Technology
- GCP-2, granulocyte activating protein
- GPCR
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- Gro-α, growth related oncogene- α
- Gro-β, growth related oncogene- β
- Gro-γ, growth related oncogene- γ
- IL-8, Interleukin-8
- Ig, Immunoglobulin
- NAP-2, neutrophil activating protein-2, CLIPS, Chemical Linkage of Peptides onto Scaffolds
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- epitope mapping
- human antibody
- immunization
- phage display
- proteoliposomes
- scFv, single chain Fv fragments
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Chin SE, Ferraro F, Groves M, Liang M, Vaughan TJ, Dobson CL. Isolation of high-affinity, neutralizing anti-idiotype antibodies by phage and ribosome display for application in immunogenicity and pharmacokinetic analyses. J Immunol Methods 2015; 416:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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England E, Newton P, Neal F, Kitching L, Colley C, Rossant CJ. Application of the mirrorball high-sensitivity cytometer to multiplexed assays for antibody drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:536-44. [PMID: 25381256 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114557776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive, high-throughput assay technologies are required for the identification of antibody therapeutics. Multiplexed assay systems are particularly advantageous because they allow evaluation of several parameters within 1 well, increasing throughput and reducing hands-on laboratory time. The mirrorball (TTP Labtech), using high-throughput fluorometric microvolume assay technology, offers simultaneous scanning with up to 3 lasers as well as laser scatter detection. This makes the mirrorball especially suitable for the development of highly sensitive and multiplexed assays. We have developed bead- and cell-based binding assays that demonstrate how the multilaser capability of the mirrorball can be exploited to enhance assay sensitivity. In addition, using the multilaser simultaneous scanning capability, we have established multiplexed cytokine quantitation assays and antibody-cell binding assays. Our results demonstrate the potential utility of this technology to improve the sensitivity and efficiency of biologics screening, resulting in streamlining of the lead antibody selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth England
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip Newton
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frances Neal
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Kitching
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Colley
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Wang KC, Kumar A, Williams SJ, Green NG, Kim KC, Chuang HS. An optoelectrokinetic technique for programmable particle manipulation and bead-based biosignal enhancement. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3958-67. [PMID: 25109364 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00661e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Technologies that can enable concentration of low-abundance biomarkers are essential for early diagnosis of diseases. In this study, an optoelectrokinetic technique, termed Rapid Electrokinetic Patterning (REP), was used to enable dynamic particle manipulation in bead-based bioassays. Various manipulation capabilities, such as micro/nanoparticle aggregation, translation, sorting and patterning, were developed. The technique allows for versatile multi-parameter (voltage, light intensity and frequency) based modulation and dynamically addressable manipulation with simple device fabrication. Signal enhancement of a bead-based bioassay was demonstrated using dilute biotin-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) solutions mixed with streptavidin-conjugated particles and rapidly concentrated with the technique. As compared with a conventional ELISA reader, the REP-enabled detection achieved a minimal readout of 3.87 nM, which was a 100-fold improvement in sensitivity. The multi-functional platform provides an effective measure to enhance detection levels in more bead-based bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chih Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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14
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Glassy MC, Gupta R. Technical and ethical limitations in making human monoclonal antibodies (an overview). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1060:9-36. [PMID: 24037834 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-586-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the broadest sense there are no longer any technical limitations to making human mAbs. Biological issues involving the type and nature of either a synthetic or a natural antibody, advantages of various B cell immunological compartments, and various assays needed to qualitate and quantitate mAbs have essentially been solved. If the target antigen is known then procedures to optimize antibody development can be readily planned out and implemented. When the antigen or target is unknown and specificity is the driving force in generating a human mAb then considerations about the nature and location of the B cell making the sought after antibody become important. And, therefore, the person the B cell is obtained from can be an ethical challenge and a limitation. For the sources of B cells special considerations must be taken to insure the anonymity and privacy of the patient. In many cases informed consent is adequate for antibody development as well as using discarded tissues. After the antibody has been generated then manufacturing technical issues become important that greatly depend upon the amounts of mAb required. For kilogram quantities then special considerations for manufacturing that include FDA guidelines will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Glassy
- Integrated Medical Sciences Association Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
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15
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Evolution of biologics screening technologies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:681-8. [PMID: 24276173 PMCID: PMC3817722 DOI: 10.3390/ph6050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for biologics, in particular antibody drugs, has evolved significantly over the last 20 years. Initially, the screening processes and technologies from many years experience with small molecules were adopted and modified to suit the needs of biologics discovery. Since then, antibody drug discovery has matured significantly and is today investing earlier in new technologies that commercial suppliers are now developing specifically to meet the growing needs of large molecule screening. Here, we review the evolution of screening and automation technologies employed in antibody discovery and highlight the benefits that these changes have brought.
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Ghafari H, Parambath M, Hanley QS. Macromolecular binding and kinetic analysis with optically sectioned planar format assays. Analyst 2012; 137:4809-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35134j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Ghafari H, Hanley QS. Analysis of layered assays and volume microarrays in stratified media. Analyst 2012; 137:5520-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35767d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Unitt J, Fagura M, Phillips T, King S, Perry M, Morley A, MacDonald C, Weaver R, Christie J, Barber S, Mohammed R, Paul M, Cook A, Baxter A. Discovery of small molecule human FPR1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2991-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pei J, Li Q, Kennedy RT. Rapid and label-free screening of enzyme inhibitors using segmented flow electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1107-1113. [PMID: 20219390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is an attractive analytical tool for high-throughput screening because of its rapid scan time and ability to detect compounds without need for labels. Impediments to the use of ESI-MS for screening have been the relatively large sample consumed and slow sample introduction rates associated with commonly used flow injection analysis. We have previously shown that by segmenting nanoliter plugs of sample with air, an array of discrete samples can be delivered to a platinum-coated emitter tip for ESI-MS analysis with throughput as high as 0.8 Hz and carry-over between samples less than 0.1%. This method was applied to screening for inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase as a demonstration of the potential of segmented flow ESI-MS for such applications. Each enzyme assay consumed 10 nL of sample. At 1 microL/min infusion rate, 102 samples were analyzed, corresponding to a 0.65 Hz sample analysis rate. Linear quantification of choline was achieved from 200 microM to 10 mM using this method and Z' values were over 0.8 for the assay. Detailed pharmacologic dose-response curves of selected inhibitors were also measured in high-throughput fashion to validate the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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20
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Ghafari H, Zhou Y, Ali S, Hanley QS. Confocal detection of planar homogeneous and heterogeneous immunosorbent assays. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:064022. [PMID: 20059260 DOI: 10.1117/1.3268772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Optically sectioned detection of fluorescence immunoassays using a confocal microscope enables the creation of both homo- and heterogeneous planar format assays. We report a set assays requiring optically sectioned detection using a model system and analysis procedures for separating signals of a surface layer from an overlying solution. A model sandwich assay with human immunoglobulin G as the target antigen is created on a glass substrate. The prepared surfaces are exposed to antigen and a FITC-labeled secondary antibody. The resulting preparations are either read directly to provide a homogeneous assay or after wash steps, giving a heterogeneous assay. The simplicity of the object shapes arising from the planar format makes the decomposition of analyte signals from the thin film bound to the surface and overlayer straightforward. Measured response functions of the thin film and overlayer fit well to the Cauchy-Lorentz and cumulative Cauchy-Lorentz functions, respectively, enabling the film and overlayer to be separated. Under the conditions used, the detection limits for the homogeneous and heterogeneous forms of the assay are 2.2 and 5.5 ng/ml, respectively. Planar format, confocally read fluorescence assays enable wash-free detection of antigens and should be applicable to a wide range of assays involving surface-bound species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homanaz Ghafari
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
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21
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Chi X, May JM. Oxidized lipoprotein induces the macrophage ascorbate transporter (SVCT2): protection by intracellular ascorbate against oxidant stress and apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 485:174-82. [PMID: 19254685 PMCID: PMC3722556 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To assess whether ascorbic acid decreases the cytotoxicity of oxidized human low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in cells involved in atherosclerosis, its interaction with oxLDL was studied in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Macrophages took up ascorbate to millimolar intracellular concentrations and retained it with little loss over 18h in culture. Culture of the macrophages with oxLDL enhanced ascorbate uptake. This was associated with increased expression of the ascorbate transporter (SVCT2), which was prevented by ascorbate and by inhibiting the NF-kappaB pathway. Culture of RAW264.7 macrophages with oxLDL increased intracellular dihydrofluorescein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, both of which were decreased by intracellular ascorbate. Ascorbate also protected the cells against oxLDL-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, but it did not affect macrophage accumulation of lipid from oxLDL or oxLDL-induced increases in macrophage cytokine secretion. These results suggest that ascorbate protects macrophages against oxLDL-induced oxidant stress and subsequent apoptotic death without impairing their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Chi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6303
| | - James M. May
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6303
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Sanganee HJ, Baxter A, Barber S, Brown AJ, Grice D, Hunt F, King S, Laughton D, Pairaudeau G, Thong B, Weaver R, Unitt J. Discovery of small molecule human C5a receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1143-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Leifert WR. An overview on GPCRs and drug discovery: structure-based drug design and structural biology on GPCRs. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 552:51-66. [PMID: 19513641 PMCID: PMC7122359 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-317-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent 50-60% of the current drug targets. There is no doubt that this family of membrane proteins plays a crucial role in drug discovery today. Classically, a number of drugs based on GPCRs have been developed for such different indications as cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and oncologic diseases. Owing to the restricted structural information on GPCRs, only limited exploration of structure-based drug design has been possible. Much effort has been dedicated to structural biology on GPCRs and very recently an X-ray structure of the beta2-adrenergic receptor was obtained. This breakthrough will certainly increase the efforts in structural biology on GPCRs and furthermore speed up and facilitate the drug discovery process.
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Lee PH, Miller SC, van Staden C, Cromwell EF. Development of a Homogeneous High-Throughput Live-Cell G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Binding Assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:748-54. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057108317835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of ligand receptor binding parameters for G-protein-coupled receptors is indispensable in the drug discovery process. Traditional ligand receptor binding assays require scale-up of cells and membrane preparations, which is an expensive and time-consuming process. In this report, the authors describe the development of a homogeneous live-cell binding assay for GPCRs using a fluorophore-labeled nonpeptide ligand. The model assay used Cy3B-labeled telenzepine and Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. This homogeneous live-cell fluorescence binding assay format is superior to the traditional binding methods because it measures binding of a ligand to intact receptors on living cells. The assay requires no washing or separation steps, thereby allowing a real-time kinetic readout for the determination of ligand association and dissociation from the intact receptors. The results also suggest that miniaturization is feasible without compromising the data quality. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008:748-754)
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Lee
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California,
| | | | - Carlo van Staden
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
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25
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Lee R, Tran M, Nocerini M, Liang M. A High-Throughput Hybridoma Selection Method Using Fluorometric Microvolume Assay Technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:210-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057108314148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are not only useful reagents but also represent a promising type of therapeutics due to their high affinity and exquisite specificity for their antigens. A critical step in mAb generation is to identify antigen-specific antibodies. Although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been broadly applied for antibody selection against secreted antigens, an inherent disadvantage for ELISA is the difficulty in identifying antibodies that recognize the native conformation of cell surface antigens. To overcome this drawback, the authors have developed a high-throughput cell-based antibody binding assay using fluorometric microvolume assay technology (FMAT). This method offers a homogeneous assay for detection of antibody binding to its antigen on the cell surface. To distinguish antibodies that bind to antigen on the cell surface from those that bind nonspecifically to cells, the binding is assessed using both antigen-expressing cells and related cells devoid of the antigen expression. This assay can detect antibodies at a concentration as low as 5 ng/mL and cell surface antigen as low as 9000 copies per cell. Results demonstrate that the FMAT method provides a sensitive and homogeneous assay to detect antibody binding to cell surface antigens and is amenable for high-throughput hybridoma selection. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008:210-217)
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Meina Liang
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Hayward, California,
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27
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High-throughput homogeneous immunoassay readily identifies monoclonal antibody to serovariant clostridial neurotoxins. J Immunol Methods 2007; 328:128-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Matsukuma E, Kato Z, Omoya K, Hashimoto K, Li A, Yamamoto Y, Ohnishi H, Hiranuma H, Komine H, Kondo N. Development of fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay for high throughput screening of interferon-gamma. Allergol Int 2006; 55:49-54. [PMID: 17075286 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.55.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human interferon-gamma (hIFN-gamma) is produced by lymphocytes and has a variety of biological properties. Measurement of hIFN-gamma is widely used for various immunological responses for allergic or autoimmune diseases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an established immunoassay used to quantify cellular metabolites or cytokines. ELISA requires many incubation and wash steps and is not practically suitable for screening large numbers of samples. METHODS We have developed a fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) method for the detection of hIFN-gamma. We measured the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of the hIFN-gamma production by interleukin (IL)-18 binding protein and anti-IL-18 monoclonal antibody. The IC50 described by FLISA was compared with that by ELISA. RESULTS We developed a new system for measuring hIFN-gamma using Allophycocyanine (APC) fluorescent protein and compared it with the previous method using Cy5.5. The proposed FLISA had a smaller coefficient of variation than ELISA, and the means of coefficient of variation using the same samples measured by ELISA and FLISA were, respectively, 11.1% and 3.8%, suggesting that the edge effect often giving non-specific results may be smaller in FLISA than in ELISA. CONCLUSIONS The improved FLISA system proposed is ideally suited for efficient measurements of hIFN-gamma. This homogeneous and multiplex method will be a powerful tool for high throughput screening for drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsukuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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29
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Hung PJ, Lee PJ, Sabounchi P, Lin R, Lee LP. Continuous perfusion microfluidic cell culture array for high-throughput cell-based assays. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 89:1-8. [PMID: 15580587 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present for the first time a microfluidic cell culture array for long-term cellular monitoring. The 10 x 10 array could potentially assay 100 different cell-based experiments in parallel. The device was designed to integrate the processes used in typical cell culture experiments on a single self-contained microfluidic system. Major functions include repeated cell growth/passage cycles, reagent introduction, and real-time optical analysis. The single unit of the array consists of a circular microfluidic chamber, multiple narrow perfusion channels surrounding the main chamber, and four ports for fluidic access. Human carcinoma (HeLa) cells were cultured inside the device with continuous perfusion of medium at 37 degrees C. The observed doubling time was 1.4 +/- 0.1 days with a peak cell density of approximately 2.5*10(5) cells/cm(2). Cell assay was demonstrated by monitoring the fluorescence localization of calcein AM from 1 min to 10 days after reagent introduction. Confluent cell cultures were passaged within the microfluidic chambers using trypsin and successfully regrown, suggesting a stable culture environment suitable for continuous operation. The cell culture array could offer a platform for a wide range of assays with applications in drug screening, bioinformatics, and quantitative cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Hung
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 485 Evans Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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30
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Abstract
Image-based screening (IBS) has proven itself with whole-well assays in which throughput and assay miniaturization are priorities. Recent interest, however, has centered upon the use of automated imaging technology to conduct assays at subcellular resolution. These in vitro assays have the potential to increase lead quality at early stages in drug discovery. Subcellular IBS is not yet mature and, although some assays provide reliable data at reasonable throughput, many others have yet to demonstrate robust application. Developments in image acquisition, analysis and informatics technologies are ongoing and are expected to broaden the usefulness of subcellular IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ramm
- Invicta Research Inc., 290 Riverview Boulevard, St Catharines, ON L2T 3N4, Canada.
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31
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Kato Z, Kondo N. New Methods for Clinical Proteomics in Allergy. Allergol Int 2005. [DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.54.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Toney JH, Ogawa A, Blair M, Park YW. A "Mix and Read" Assay for Insulin Using Fluorometric Microvolume Assay Technology. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2003; 1:521-5. [PMID: 15090248 DOI: 10.1089/154065803322302772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel, "mix and read" immunoassay for insulin in biological samples using FMAT. Current commercial assays for insulin require multiple washing steps and can be expensive. The insulin assay described is a simple two-step, time-saving assay and amenable to robotics. The linear response for the fluorometric signal is comparable to that observed using classical ELISA and RIA. A series of mouse plasma samples were tested for insulin levels and yielded results comparable to that measured using a commercial ELISA for insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Toney
- Metabolic Disorders-Diabetes, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA
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33
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Fiscella M, Perry JW, Teng B, Bloom M, Zhang C, Leung K, Pukac L, Florence K, Concepcion A, Liu B, Meng Y, Chen C, Elgin EC, Kanakaraj P, Kaufmann TE, Porter J, Cibotti R, Mei Y, Zhou J, Chen G, Roschke V, Komatsoulis G, Mansfield B, Ruben S, Sanyal I, Migone TS. TIP, a T-cell factor identified using high-throughput screening increases survival in a graft-versus-host disease model. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21:302-7. [PMID: 12598909 DOI: 10.1038/nbt797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2002] [Accepted: 01/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A coordinated effort combining bioinformatic tools with high-throughput cell-based screening assays was implemented to identify novel factors involved in T-cell biology. We generated a unique library of cDNAs encoding predicted secreted and transmembrane domain-containing proteins generated by analyzing the Human Genome Sciences cDNA database with a combination of two algorithms that predict signal peptides. Supernatants from mammalian cells transiently transfected with this library were incubated with primary T cells and T-cell lines in several high-throughput assays. Here we describe the discovery of a T cell factor, TIP (T cell immunomodulatory protein), which does not show any homology to proteins with known function. Treatment of primary human and murine T cells with TIP in vitro resulted in the secretion of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-10, whereas in vivo TIP had a protective effect in a mouse acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) model. Therefore, combining functional genomics with high-throughput cell-based screening is a valuable and efficient approach to identifying immunomodulatory activities for novel proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fiscella
- Department of Preclinical Discovery, Human Genome Sciences, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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34
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Lee JY, Miraglia S, Yan X, Swartzman E, Cornell-Kennon S, Mellentin-Michelotti J, Bruseo C, France DS. Oncology drug discovery applications using the FMAT 8100 HTS system. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2003; 8:81-8. [PMID: 12855001 DOI: 10.1177/1087057102239668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) for potential anticancer agents requires a broad portfolio of assay platforms that may include kinase enzyme assays, protein-protein binding assays, and functional cell-based apoptosis assays. The authors have explored the use of fluorometric microvolume assay technology (the FMAT 8100 HTS System) in three distinct homogeneous HTS assays: (1). a Src tyrosine kinase enzyme assay, (2). a Grb2-SH2 protein-peptide interaction assay, and (3). an annexin V binding apoptosis assay. Data obtained from all three assays suggest that the FMAT system should facilitate the implementation of homogeneous assays for a wide variety of molecular targeted and cell-based screens.
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35
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Auld DS, Dunn DA, Lehrach JM, McCoy P, Swanson R. 1,536-Well Assay Development and Screening Using Whole Cell Displacement Binding and Laser Scanning Imaging. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2003; 1:167-74. [PMID: 15090143 DOI: 10.1089/154065803321537881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A screen of a GPCR against Pharmacopeia's combinatorial libraries was performed using 1,536-well plates in a 1.5-microl assay volume with an LSI that was specially modified to enable detection at these volumes. The screen encompassed approximately 4 x 10(6) compounds. The assay uses a CHO cell line that expresses human CXCR1. The plate format chosen was the Corning 1536 low-profile wafer plate. The performance of the screen is evaluated, and the necessity to obtain cytotoxicity data from the same well is described.
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36
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Abstract
The desire for more biologically relevant data from primary screening has resulted in a dramatic increase of cell-based assays in HTS labs. Consequently, new cell-array technologies are being developed to increase the quality and quantity of data emerging from such screens. These technologies take the form of both positional and non-positional formats, each with their own advantages. Notably, screens using these technologies generate databases of high-quality data that can be analyzed in ways currently not possible. The power of cell-based assays combined with new array and analytical technologies will enable the condensation of serial drug discovery processes, thereby decreasing the time and cost of taking a hit compound into clinical trials. Here, we compare array strategies being developed towards the goal of integrating multiplexed cell-based assays into HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren E Beske
- Virtual Arrays, 1190 Bordeaux Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
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37
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Abstract
The Human Genome Project is expected to increase the number of potential drug targets from the current figure of 500 to approximately 3,000-4,000. This increased number of targets, and increasing knowledge of signaling-pathway networks and their complexities, sets new demands for efficiency on HTS assay technologies. Assessment of the total efficacy of a given drug candidate requires not only the classical assays, but also a wide variety of assays related to signaling cascades and cellular functions. Discrete functional assays traditionally involved Ca(2+) flux, kinases and cAMP, but today extend to the whole signaling network, from ligand binding to expression. This review discusses emerging novel non-radioisotopic assays, such as ligand-stimulated GTP-binding, the inositol triphosphate assay, cellular receptor trafficking, and protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka A Hemmilä
- PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Wallac, PO Box 10 FIN, 20101 Turku 10, Finland.
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38
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Han M, Gao X, Su JZ, Nie S. Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules. Nat Biotechnol 2001; 19:631-5. [PMID: 11433273 DOI: 10.1038/90228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1474] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding different-sized quantum dots (zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide nanocrystals) into polymeric microbeads at precisely controlled ratios. Their novel optical properties (e.g., size-tunable emission and simultaneous excitation) render these highly luminescent quantum dots (QDs) ideal fluorophores for wavelength-and-intensity multiplexing. The use of 10 intensity levels and 6 colors could theoretically code one million nucleic acid or protein sequences. Imaging and spectroscopic measurements indicate that the QD-tagged beads are highly uniform and reproducible, yielding bead identification accuracies as high as 99.99% under favorable conditions. DNA hybridization studies demonstrate that the coding and target signals can be simultaneously read at the single-bead level. This spectral coding technology is expected to open new opportunities in gene expression studies, high-throughput screening, and medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Han
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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39
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Banks P, Gosselin M, Prystay L. Impact of a red-shifted dye label for high throughput fluorescence polarization assays of G protein-coupled receptors. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2000; 5:329-34. [PMID: 11080691 DOI: 10.1177/108705710000500504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High throughput screening fluorescence polarization assays using G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as targets have been compared using fluorescein and BODIPY TMR-labeled peptides. The red-shifted BODIPY TMR dye exhibits improved assay performance relative to fluorescein due to improvement in both ligand affinity to the GPCRs and assay precision brought about by the higher intensity probe. Furthermore, the red-shifted dye demonstrates an insensitivity to the effects of the highly colored compound tartrazine, which can produce false-negative results for assays conducted with fluorescein as a label.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Banks
- Advanced Bioconcept Company, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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40
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Banks P, Gosselin M, Prystay L. Fluorescence polarization assays for high throughput screening of G protein-coupled receptors. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2000; 5:159-68. [PMID: 10894759 DOI: 10.1177/108705710000500308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization assays in 384-well microtiter plates have been demonstrated. The performance is suitable for high throughput drug screening applications with respect to speed of analysis, displaceable signal, precision, and sensitivity to various reagents. Rank order of potency was maintained relative to [(125)I]-ligand filtration assays, and the effects of the highly colored compounds, tartrazine and Chicago Sky Blue, were insignificant on the polarization signal up to a concentration of 1 microM. These attributes suggest that accurate assessment of drug binding can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Banks
- Advanced Bioconcept Company, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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41
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42
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Sundberg SA. High-throughput and ultra-high-throughput screening: solution- and cell-based approaches. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2000; 11:47-53. [PMID: 10679349 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(99)00051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The trend towards assay miniaturization for high-throughput and ultra-high-throughput screening continues to spur development of homogeneous, fluorescence-based assays in higher density, smaller volume microplate formats. Recently, first-generation microfluidic devices have been designed for performing continuous-flow biochemical and cell-based assays. These devices provide orders-of-magnitude reduction in reagent consumption, and offer the potential for implementing high-throughput screening in formats that integrate up-front compound handling with unique assay functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Sundberg
- Caliper Technologies Corporation, CA 94043, USA. steve.
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