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Luo Y, Wang R, Xie H, He Z. The interplay between memory control and emotion regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1533:73-80. [PMID: 38323929 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Memory control (MC) and emotion regulation (ER) are critical cognitive functions for adapting to life's challenges, drawing significant research attention. Accumulating evidence suggests these processes are interrelated, yet a comprehensive discussion of their interplay remains lacking. We introduce an integrative framework exploring the mutual influence between MC and ER, composed of two interrelated branches: first, MC aids in ER through the retrieval of positive memories, intentional forgetting of undesirable content, and the adaptive updating of memory stores. Second, ER impacts MC by upregulating positivity and downregulating negativity in memories. The framework spotlights the need to harness MC-ER interplay for future research. Potential directions include utilizing MC to amplify ER capabilities, training ER skills to refine MC performance, and modulating the cognitive and neural overlapping of both processes to improve both functions. Delving into the MC-ER nexus advances understanding of the intricate emotion-memory relationship and holds great promise for developing novel behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhong He
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Sikka P, Gross JJ. Affect Across the Wake-Sleep Cycle. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:563-569. [PMID: 37744973 PMCID: PMC10514005 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Affective scientists traditionally have focused on periods of active wakefulness when people are responding to external stimuli or engaging in specific tasks. However, we live much of our lives immersed in experiences not related to the current environment or tasks at hand-mind-wandering (or daydreaming) during wakefulness and dreaming during sleep. Despite being disconnected from the immediate environment, our brains still generate affect during such periods. Yet, research on stimulus-independent affect has remained largely separate from affective science. Here, we suggest that one key future direction for affective science will be to expand our field of view by integrating the wealth of findings from research on mind-wandering, sleep, and dreaming to provide a more comprehensive account of affect across the wake-sleep cycle. In developing our argument, we address two key issues: affect variation across the wake-sleep cycle, and the benefits of expanding the study of affect across the full wake-sleep cycle. In considering these issues, we highlight the methodological and clinical implications for affective science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilleriin Sikka
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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3
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Yang F. Cooperative care as origins of the "happy ape"? Behav Brain Sci 2023; 46:e80. [PMID: 37154348 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22001832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Grossmann proposes an interesting framework to explain how heightened fearfulness among humans could be evolutionarily adaptive in the context of cooperative care. I would like to propose that cooperative care may also be a potential mechanism promoting enhanced happiness expression among humans, shedding light on questions about the scope and boundary of the fearful ape hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA ://voices.uchicago.edu/potentialslab/
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4
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Koay JM, Van Meter A. The Effect of Emotion Regulation on Executive Function. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 35:315-329. [PMID: 37791006 PMCID: PMC10544783 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2172417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation and executive function are associated: adaptive regulatory strategies are linked to better executive functioning while maladaptive strategies correspond with worse executive functioning. However, if - and how - these two processes affect one another has not previously been explored; most studies have employed a correlational approach, leaving the direction of influence unknown. We aim to address this gap by using an experimental design to explore the impact of emotion regulation on executive functioning. Adult participants (N=31) completed an executive functioning task (Computerized Task-Switching Test) under four induced emotion regulation conditions (1) neutral/baseline, (2) positive mood-maintain, (3) negative mood-maintain, (4) negative mood-reduce (conditions 2-4 were randomized). Relative to baseline, participants demonstrated better set-shifting performance across regulation conditions. In contrast, inhibitory control performance was slower, despite anticipated improvement due to practice effects. This suggests that inhibitory control may be more involved in the emotion regulation process than set-shifting when participants have a specific emotion regulation goal to achieve. The present study provides preliminary evidence that individuals' ability to perform executive function tasks may be affected by concurrent emotion regulation demands; additional experiments are necessary to further probe the complexity of the association between these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Min Koay
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Anna Van Meter
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Behavioral Science
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
- The Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY
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5
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Kanazawa S, Li NP, Yong JC. Sunshine on my shoulders makes me happy. . . especially if I'm less intelligent: how sunlight and intelligence affect happiness in modern society. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:722-730. [PMID: 35189781 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2029358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The savanna theory of happiness proposes that, due to evolutionary constraints on the human brain, situations and circumstances that would have increased our ancestors' happiness may still increase our happiness today, and those that would have decreased their happiness then may still decrease ours today. It further proposes that, because general intelligence evolved to solve evolutionarily novel problems, this tendency may be stronger among less intelligent individuals. Because humans are a diurnal species that cannot see in the dark, darkness always represented danger to our ancestors and may still decrease our happiness today. Consistent with this prediction, the analysis of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) data shows that exposure to sunlight was associated with happiness but the association was significantly weaker among more intelligent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kanazawa
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Jose C Yong
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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6
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Lepine S. LES BONNES HUMEURS, LE BONHEUR ET LE BIEN-ÊTRE. LES ATELIERS DE L'ÉTHIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.7202/1097018ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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7
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Sikka P, Valli K, Revonsuo A, Tuominen J. The dynamics of affect across the wake-sleep cycle: From waking mind-wandering to night-time dreaming. Conscious Cogn 2021; 94:103189. [PMID: 34419707 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Affective experiences occur across the wake-sleep cycle-from active wakefulness to resting wakefulness (i.e., mind-wandering) to sleep (i.e., dreaming). Yet, we know little about the dynamics of affect across these states. We compared the affective ratings of waking, mind-wandering, and dream episodes. Results showed that mind-wandering was more positively valenced than dreaming, and that both mind-wandering and dreaming were more negatively valenced than active wakefulness. We also compared participants' self-ratings of affect with external ratings of affect (i.e., analysis of affect in verbal reports). With self-ratings all episodes were predominated by positive affect. However, the affective valence of reports changed from positively valenced waking reports to affectively balanced mind-wandering reports to negatively valenced dream reports. These findings show that (1) the positivity bias characteristic to waking experiences decreases across the wake-sleep continuum, and (2) conclusions regarding affective experiences depend on whether self-ratings or verbal reports describing these experiences are analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilleriin Sikka
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, Sweden.
| | - Katja Valli
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, Sweden
| | - Antti Revonsuo
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skövde, Sweden
| | - Jarno Tuominen
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Finland; Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Finland
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8
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Betsch T, Jäckel P, Hammes M, Brinkmann BJ. On the Adaptive Value of Paranormal Beliefs - a Qualitative Study. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2021; 55:318-328. [PMID: 33464467 PMCID: PMC7813974 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-020-09594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ten female and five male participants (age range 28-50 years) were recruited at esoteric fairs or via esoteric chatrooms. In a guided face-to-face interview, they reported origins and contents of their beliefs in e.g. esoteric practices, supernatural beings, rebirthing, channeling. Transcripts of the tape-recorded reports were subjected to a qualitative analysis. Exhaustive categorization of the narratives' content revealed that paranormal beliefs were functional with regard to two fundamental motives - striving for mastery and valuing me and mine (striving for a positive evaluation of the self). Moreover, paranormal beliefs paved the way for goal-setting and leading a meaningful life but, on the negative side, could also result in social exclusion. Results are discussed with reference to the adaptive value of paranormal beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilmann Betsch
- University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, University of Erfurt, Nordhäuser Strasse 63, D-99089, Erfurt, Germany.
| | | | - Mareike Hammes
- TH Köln (University of Applied Sciences), Cologne, Germany
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9
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Van Lange PAM, Columbus S. Vitamin S: Why Is Social Contact, Even With Strangers, So Important to Well-Being? CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09637214211002538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Even before COVID-19, it was well known in psychological science that people’s well-being is strongly served by the quality of their close relationships. But is well-being also served by social contact with people who are known less well? In this article, we discuss three propositions that support the conclusion that the benefits of social contact also derive from interactions with acquaintances and even strangers. The propositions state that most interaction situations with strangers are benign (Proposition 1), that most strangers are benign (Proposition 2), and that most interactions with strangers enhance well-being (Proposition 3). These propositions are supported, first, by recent research designed to illuminate the primary features of interaction situations. This research shows that situations with strangers often represent low conflict of interest. Also, in interactions with strangers, most people exhibit high levels of low-cost cooperation (social mindfulness) and, if the need is urgent, high levels of high-cost helping. We close by sharing research examples showing that even very subtle interactions with strangers yield short-term happiness. Broader implications for COVID-19 and urbanization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. M. Van Lange
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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10
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Anticipatory emotions at the prospect of the transition to higher education: A latent transition analysis. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Sheldon KM, Corcoran M, Sheldon M. Duchenne Smiles as Honest Signals of Chronic Positive Mood. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:654-666. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691620959831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic positive mood (CPM) has been shown to confer a wide variety of social, functional, and health benefits. Some researchers have argued that humans evolved to feel CPM, which explains why most people report better than neutral mood (the “positivity offset bias”) and why particularly happy people have particularly good outcomes. Here, we argue that the Duchenne smile evolved as an honest signal of high levels of CPM, alerting others to the psychological fitness of the smiler. Duchenne smiles are honest because they express felt positive emotion, making it difficult for unhappy people to produce them. Duchenne smiles enable happy people to signal and cooperate with one another, boosting their advantages. In our literature review, we found (a) that not all Duchenne smiles are “honest,” although producing them in the absence of positive emotion is difficult and often detectable, and (b) that the ability to produce and recognize Duchenne smiles may vary somewhat by a person’s cultural origin. In the final section of the article, we consider behavioral influences on CPM, reviewing research showing that engaging in eudaimonic activity reliably produces CPM, as posited by the eudaimonic-activity model. This research suggests that frequent Duchenne smiling may ultimately signal eudaimonic personality as well as CPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennon M. Sheldon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
- Department of Psychology, Higher School of Economics, National Research University
| | - Mike Corcoran
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
- Department of Psychology, Cabrini University
| | - Melanie Sheldon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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12
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O’Donnell A, Wilson L, Bosch JA, Borrows R. Life satisfaction and happiness in patients shielding from the COVID-19 global pandemic: A randomised controlled study of the 'mood as information' theory. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243278. [PMID: 33306679 PMCID: PMC7732102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To extrapolate the ‘mood as information’ theory to the unique and ecologically relevant setting of the COVID-19 pandemic; the specific aim was to inform health care providers of the impact of bringing the pandemic to salience during life satisfaction evaluations, assessing whether this ‘prime’ results in increased or decreased reports of satisfaction which are derived unconsciously. Design Prospective Randomised Interventional Study. Setting Renal Transplant Department in a tertiary centre in the United Kingdom. Participants 200 Renal transplant patients aged between 20 and 88 years. Telephone interviews were undertaken between 1st May, 2020 and 29th May, 2020, at the height of ‘shielding’ from COVID-19. Interventions Participants were randomised into 2 groups, with 1 group receiving a simple ‘priming question’ regarding the COVID pandemic and the other group having no prior contact. Main outcome measurements Individuals were then asked to rate their own overall lifetime happiness; desire to change; overall life satisfaction and momentary happiness on a scale of 1 to 10 for each measure. Independent sample t-tests were used to compare results between the two groups, with a type 1 error rate below 5% considered statistically significant. Results Participants’ overall happiness with their life as a whole revealed that individuals who were primed with a question about COVID-19 reported increased overall happiness with their life compared to individuals who had not been primed (+0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.42 to 1.35, p = 0.0002). In addition, participants in the primed group reported less desire to change their life when compared to the non-primed group (-1.35, 95% confidence interval -2.06 to -0.65, p = 0.0002). Participants who were primed with the COVID-19 question also reported a higher overall satisfaction with their life than individuals who had not been primed (+1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.50 to 1.52, p = 0.0001). Finally, the participants who received the priming question demonstrated increased reported momentary happiness (+0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.03 to 1.24, p = 0.04). Conclusions The results demonstrated that bringing salience to the COVID-19 pandemic with a simple question leads to positive changes in both momentary happiness and other components of global life satisfaction, thereby extrapolating evidence for the application of the mood-as-information theory to more extreme life circumstances. Given the importance of patient-reported evaluations, these findings have implications for how, when and where accurate and reproducible measurements of life satisfaction should be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice O’Donnell
- University of Birmingham Medical School, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Wilson
- University of Birmingham Medical School, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jos A. Bosch
- Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen, Programmagroep: Clinical Psychology, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Borrows
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Blome C, Kirsten N, Nergiz I, Schiffner U, Otten M, Augustin M. New method of measuring subjective well-being: prospective validation study of the 'Daily Experience Sampling Questionnaire' (DESQ) in patients with psoriasis and healthy subjects in Germany. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039227. [PMID: 33262188 PMCID: PMC7709519 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To validate the newly developed Daily Experience Sampling Questionnaire (DESQ) that measures affective subjective well-being (SWB). The DESQ is an end-of-day diary in which respondents retrospectively rate their SWB at six different, randomly determined moments; it is completed over 1 week. The DESQ shall provide an alternative or complementary approach to existing methods of near-time SWB measurement (experience sampling, Day Reconstruction Method). The primary research objective was to determine criterion validity of the DESQ. DESIGN Prospective, non-interventional study. SETTING Participants were recruited in Hamburg, Germany, at a specialised outpatient clinic (patients) and via different channels (healthy participants). PARTICIPANTS 101 adults with diagnosed and stable psoriasis (46 women, 55 men); 105 adults without psoriasis (49 women, 56 men). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed the DESQ for 3 weeks. In weeks 2 and 3, they also performed experience sampling. Criterion validity was determined by weekwise intraclass correlations (ICC) between both methods. Sensitivity to change was determined by the correlation between changes in both methods from weeks 2 to 3. For convergent validity, related concepts such as life satisfaction were measured. Retest reliability was determined using DESQ values of weeks 2 and 3. RESULTS Criterion validity was excellent (ICC: patients=0.86, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.91; healthy participants=0.86, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.91). Sensitivity to change was r=0.57 and r=0.56, respectively. Correlations with convergent criteria were mostly significant and higher in constructs more proximal to SWB. The ICC indicating retest reliability was 0.77 in patients (95% CI 0.68 to 0.84) and 0.81 in healthy participants (95% CI 0.73 to 0.86). CONCLUSIONS The DESQ is a valid, reliable and feasible instrument for SWB measurement in people with psoriasis and healthy people. Its approach of end-of-day evaluations of single moments may also lend itself to the measurement of other highly time-variant constructs such as pain, fatigue or depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Blome
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Kirsten
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Nergiz
- Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schiffner
- Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Otten
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Augustin
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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14
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McIvor L, Sui J, Malhotra T, Drury D, Kumar S. Self-referential processing and emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:311-329. [PMID: 32416036 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether differential self-perception influences the salience of emotional stimuli in depressive disorders, using a perceptual matching task in which geometric shapes were arbitrarily assigned to the self and an unknown other. Participants associated shapes with personal labels (e.g. "self" or "other"). Each geometric shape additionally contained a happy, sad or neutral line drawing of a face. Participants then judged whether shape-label pairs were as originally shown or re-paired, whilst facial emotion was task-irrelevant. The results showed biased responses to self-relevant stimuli compared to other-relevant stimuli, regardless of facial emotion, for both control and depressed participants. This was reflected in sensitivity (d') and drift rate (v) measures, suggesting that self-bias and a bias towards emotion may reflect different underlying processes. We further computed bias scores by subtracting the "neutral" value of each measure (acting as baseline) from the "happy" and "sad" values of each measure, indexing an "emotional bias" (EB) score for "self" and "other" separately. Compared to control participants, depressed participants exhibited reduced "happy" and "sad" emotional biases, regardless of the self-relevance of stimuli. This finding indicates that depressed participants may exhibit generalised Emotion Context Insensitivity (ECI), characterised by hyopoattention to both positive and negative information, at short stimulus presentations. The implications of this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy McIvor
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Department of Psychology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jie Sui
- Department of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tina Malhotra
- Department of Community Mental Health, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - David Drury
- Department of Psychology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Psychology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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15
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Abstract
Abstract. This study aims to examine the effect of affect on satisfaction, both at the between- and the within-person level for momentary assessments. Affect is regarded as an important source of information for life satisfaction judgments. This affective effect on satisfaction is well established at the dispositional level, while at the within-person level it is heavily under-researched. This is true especially for momentary assessments. In this experience sampling study both mood and satisfaction scales were administered five times a day for 7 days via hand-held devices ( N = 74 with 2,122 assessments). Several hierarchical linear models were fitted to the data. Even though the amount of between-person variance was relatively low, both positive and negative affect had substantial effects on momentary satisfaction on the between- and the within-person level as well. The within-person effects of affect on satisfaction appear to be more pronounced than the between-person ones. At the momentary level, the amount of between-person variance is lower than in studies with longer time-frames. The affect-related effects on satisfaction possibly have a curvilinear relationship with the time-frame used, increasing in intensity up to a point and then decreasing again. Such a relationship suggests that, at the momentary level, satisfaction might behave in a more stochastic manner, allowing for transient events/data which are not necessarily affect-related to affect it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Tončić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Petra Anić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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16
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Clemente M, Gandoy-Crego M, Bugallo-Carrera C, Reig-Botella A, Gomez-Cantorna C. Types of love as a function of satisfaction and age. Psych J 2020; 9:402-413. [PMID: 31960588 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research studies on love have focused on the study of typologies, among which Sternberg's triangular theory of love and the typology of Hendrick and Hendrick deriving from that of Sternberg have been the most common and empirically verified. Love types have been linked to all types of sociodemographic and psychological variables. However, these studies possess shortcomings: When the data are analyzed according to age, only a few ranges are studied; with respect to other variables such as satisfaction, typically only two levels are studied, and no continuous study is conducted. This study attempts to overcome these limitations. It analyzes types of love according to the two systems noted earlier and based on two variables: age and satisfaction. For satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) by Diener et al. was used, and 439 subjects aged 15 to 89 years participated in the study. The results show that both of the variables-age and satisfaction-explain that love types occur in varying degrees; however, satisfaction is more predictive than is age. Possibilities for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Gomez-Cantorna
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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17
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Diener E, Diener C, Choi H, Oishi S. Revisiting "Most People Are Happy"-And Discovering When They Are Not. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 13:166-170. [PMID: 29592656 DOI: 10.1177/1745691618765111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In our 1996 article, "Most People are Happy," we presented evidence showing that the majority of humans are above neutral in happiness. The article was popular perhaps for several reasons. First, we shed light on the ubiquity of positive or pleasant emotions, whereas previously many scholars had focused on negative or unpleasant ones. Second, our article may have received attention because, as we showed, most people believe that humans are much less happy than they actually are. Thus, our article provided an impetus for understanding the role of positive emotions as well as illuminating an important aspect of human happiness-the fact that happiness is not unusual but may be the default condition. In the current article, we review evidence from the first representative sample of humanity, the Gallup World Poll, and include many more nations that are very poor and troubled. We find that the majority of people are above neutral in affect balance but not life satisfaction. Furthermore, there are extremely bad life circumstances in which most people are below neutral in affect balance as well. This suggests that one explanation for most people's happiness is that most societies, but not all, can meet enough human needs that they provide the conditions for human happiness. Finally, our findings suggest that human happiness is not just in our heads or genes but is also influenced by personal and societal circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Diener
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Virginia.,2 Department of Psychology, University of Utah.,3 The Gallup Organization, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carol Diener
- 4 Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Hyewon Choi
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
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Diener E, Seligman MEP. Beyond Money: Progress on an Economy of Well-Being. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 13:171-175. [PMID: 29592646 DOI: 10.1177/1745691616689467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In our 2004 "Beyond Money" article, we argued that national accounts of psychological and subjective well-being should complement the economic indicators that frequently guide policy decisions. We claimed that economic indicators fail to reflect important aspects of quality of life that well-being indicators capture. Since the time of our article, progress has been made, and scores of nations have used some forms of well-being measures. The National Academy of Sciences of the United States and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development both issued reports on accounts of well-being. Researchers have pointed to policies that are supported by the findings, such as environmental and economic policies. The emergence of "big data" has opened major new pathways for measuring well-being in inexpensive, unobtrusive, and nonreactive fashion. Psychological researchers now need to create superordinate combinations of subjective and objective measures of well-being to study the impact of the policies they advocate. The accounts can serve as a lever for convincing policymakers to enact policies that increase human flourishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Diener
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Virginia.,2 Department of Psychology, University of Utah.,3 The Gallup Organization, Omaha, Nebraska
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Quoidbach J, Taquet M, Desseilles M, de Montjoye YA, Gross JJ. Happiness and Social Behavior. Psychol Sci 2019; 30:1111-1122. [PMID: 31268832 DOI: 10.1177/0956797619849666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often assumed that there is a robust positive symmetrical relationship between happiness and social behavior: Social relationships are viewed as essential to happiness, and happiness is thought to foster social relationships. However, empirical support for this widely held view is surprisingly mixed, and this view does little to clarify which social partner a person will be motivated to interact with when happy. To address these issues, we monitored the happiness and social interactions of more than 30,000 people for a month. We found that patterns of social interaction followed the hedonic-flexibility principle, whereby people tend to engage in happiness-enhancing social relationships when they feel bad and sustain happiness-decreasing periods of solitude and less pleasant types of social relationships that might promise long-term payoff when they feel good. These findings demonstrate that links between happiness and social behavior are more complex than often assumed in the positive-emotion literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Quoidbach
- 1 Department of People Management and Organisation, ESADE Business School, Ramon Llull University
| | - Maxime Taquet
- 2 Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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20
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Hitchcock C, Newby J, Timm E, Howard RM, Golden AM, Kuyken W, Dalgleish T. Memory category fluency, memory specificity, and the fading affect bias for positive and negative autobiographical events: Performance on a good day-bad day task in healthy and depressed individuals. J Exp Psychol Gen 2019; 149:198-206. [PMID: 31192634 PMCID: PMC6921927 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In mentally healthy individuals, autobiographical memory is typically biased toward positive events, which may help to maintain psychological well-being. Our aim was to assess a range of important positive memory biases in the mentally healthy and explore the possibility that these biases are mitigated in those with mental health problems. We administered a novel recall paradigm that required recollection of multiple good and bad past events (the Good Day–Bad Day task) to healthy and depressed individuals. This allowed us to explore differences in memory category fluency (i.e., the ability to generate integrated sets of associated events) for positive and negative memories, along with memory specificity, and fading affect bias—a greater reduction in the intensity of memory-related affect over time for negative versus positive events. We found that healthy participants demonstrated superior category fluency for positive relative to negative events but that this effect was absent in depressed participants. Healthy participants exhibited a strong fading affect bias that was significantly mitigated, although still present, in depression. Finally, memory specificity was reduced in depression for both positive and negative memories. Findings demonstrate that the positive bias associated with mental health is maintained by multiple autobiographical memory processes and that depression is as much a function of the absence of these positive biases as it is the presence of negative biases. Results provide important guidance for developing new treatments for improving mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Timm
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
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Yun YH, Rhee YE, Kang E, Sim JA. The Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Subjective Well-Being Inventory in the General Korean Population: Psychometric Properties and Normative Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091538. [PMID: 31052276 PMCID: PMC6539707 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Subjective Well-Being Inventory (SWBI) in a nationally representative sample in Korea. A total of 1200 people completed the semi-structured, self-reported questionnaire, which included five items from the SWLS and 14 items from the SWBI. All items and the total score of both the SWLS and the SWBI showed high internal consistency (with Cronbach’s alphas of 0.886 and 0.946, respectively). The item-total correlation values for both measures were in the ranges of 0.71–0.75 and 0.65–0.80, respectively. There were positive correlations between the SWLS and SWBI (r = 0.59, p = 0.01). The SWLS, SWBI and global well-being (GWB) scores were positively correlated with the McGill Quality of Life subscales (p = 0.01) but negatively correlated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (p = 0.01). Participants under 50 years old (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00–1.69) and those in rural areas (aOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.28–2.07) had higher scores on the SWLS than other participant groups. Participants who were under 50 years old (aOR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.12–1.92), were male (aOR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.04–1.71), were married (aOR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.13–2.01), lived in rural areas (aOR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.35–3.91), or had higher incomes (aOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.02–1.65) showed higher SWBI scores. This study showed that the SLWS and SWBI have good psychometric properties and could be applicable to Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Ye Eun Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Eunkyo Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jin-Ah Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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22
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Linking Prohibited Grazing Policy to Farmers’ Subjective Well-Being: A Case Study in Yanchi County, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11072180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the launch of a prohibited grazing policy (PGP) in 2002, the ecological environment in North China has improved markedly. The aims of PGP are to improve the ecological environment without reducing farmers’ well-being in rural areas. Hence, after the implementation of the policy for more than 16 years, the effect of this policy on farmers’ subjective well-being (SWB) has become a question that needs to be studied. In this paper, the survey data in Yanchi County was used to explore the relationship between the perception of the policy and farmers’ SWB using structural equation modelling (SEM). The results showed that there was a full mediation effect in the relationship between the perception of the PGP and farmers’ SWB through economic status, neuroticism, and extraversion. However, the mediation effect through the perception of the ecological environment was not significant. These findings suggest that it is important to continue to implement this policy.
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Wardecker BM, Matsick JL, Graham-Engeland JE, Almeida DM. Life Satisfaction Across Adulthood in Bisexual Men and Women: Findings from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:291-303. [PMID: 29569189 PMCID: PMC6151170 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The number of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults aged 50 and older is projected to reach 5 million in the U.S. by 2030 (Fredriksen-Goldsen, Kim, Shiu, Goldsen, & Emlet, 2015). Older bisexuals experience more negative mental and physical health outcomes when compared to both heterosexuals and other sexual minorities (Fredriksen-Goldsen, Shiu, Bryan, Goldsen, & Kim, 2017). As bisexuals are the numeric majority of sexual minorities in the U.S. (Herbenick et al., 2010), bisexual aging processes are critical to understand if researchers wish to reduce sexual minority health disparities and promote healthy aging. In the current study, we use a national probability sample of adults from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to assess life satisfaction across an 18-year period. We aimed to identify whether life satisfaction-an indicator of psychological health and well-being-is similar for same-age bisexual, lesbian and gay, and heterosexual midlife individuals, and whether sexual orientation predicts change in life satisfaction across adulthood. Further, we tested whether life satisfaction among bisexuals changes at the same rate and in the same pattern as for lesbian, gay, and heterosexual individuals. Overall, we found a linear pattern of increase in life satisfaction across adulthood. However, when we accounted for sexual orientation, a different pattern emerged for bisexuals. Whereas heterosexuals and lesbian and gay individuals experienced increases in life satisfaction across adulthood, bisexuals' life satisfaction did not increase over this period. Implications for bisexual health and well-being are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney M Wardecker
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Jes L Matsick
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Graham-Engeland
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - David M Almeida
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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The Joint Contribution of Motivation and Coping to Prisoners' Well-Being. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 21:E46. [PMID: 30355383 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2018.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Motivation and coping are two of the most relevant factors associated to well-being. One of our objectives was to describe the motivation to pursue the personal goals, the coping strategies used to pursue them, and the levels of well-being experienced, in a group of people serving prison sentences (n = 175: 143 males and 32 females). We mainly wanted to study the joint contribution of motivation and coping on their well-being. The results have shown that motivation and coping contribute to the different dimensions of well-being. Specifically, we have found that autonomous motivation (AM) as well as problem solving (PS) and positive cognitive restructuring (PCR) coping positively predict self-acceptance (β = .12, p = .06; β = .17, p < .05; β = .24, p < .01 respectively), purpose in life (β = .12, p = .06; β = .35, p < .001 and β = .24, p < .001 respectively) and positive affect (β = .13, p = .06; β = .29, p < .001 and β = .28, p < .001 respectively). Personal growth was positively predicted by AM (β = .21, p < .01) and PCR coping (β = .21, p < .01), and negatively by avoidance coping (β = -.16, p < .05). Negative affect was positively predicted by social support (β = .16, p < .05) and avoidance (β = .42, p < .001) coping. None of the variables analyzed predicted life satisfaction. The results suggest that well-being promotion programs in prison settings should encourage the pursuit of goals by AM and the use of PS and PCR coping to achieve these goals.
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Ye S, Cai S, Chen C, Wan Q, Qian X. How have males and females been described over the past two centuries? An analysis of Big-Five personality-related adjectives in the Google English Books. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Experience and expression are orthogonal emotion dimensions: we do not always show what we feel, nor do we always feel what we show. However, the experience and expression dimensions of emotion are rarely considered simultaneously. We propose a model outlining the intersection of goals for emotion experience and expression. We suggest that these goals may be aligned (e.g., feeling and showing) or misaligned (e.g., feeling but not showing). Our model posits these states can be separated into goals to (a) experience and express, (b) experience but not express, (c) express but not experience, or (d) neither experience nor express positive and negative emotion. We contend that considering intersections between experience and expression goals will advance understanding of emotion regulation choice and success.
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Social Dominance and Attitude towards Immigrants: The Key Role of Happiness. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci7080126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
War, famine, political conflicts and environmental factors (e.g., climate change) have increased the flow of immigrants into several European countries. Immigrants’ integration represents one of the most important challenges to our globalized society. Previous research has pointed out that social-dominant people show negative reactions towards immigrants. The present research is aimed at expanding and consolidating previous knowledge about immigrants’ research by proposing that: (i) citizens’ happiness is related to a favorable attitude towards immigrants; and (ii) social dominance orientation is related to attitude towards immigrants through happiness. In this study, a large sample recruited across different European countries (European Social Survey 2014 data, N = 40,185) has been considered. Measures of social dominance orientation, happiness and attitude towards immigrants have been assessed. Results showed that people’s happiness is related to favorable attitudes towards immigrants. Moreover, these results also showed the mediating role of happiness in the relationship between social dominance and attitude towards immigrants. Implications for future studies and policy strategies to support immigrants’ integration are discussed.
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Diener E, Lucas RE, Oishi S. Advances and Open Questions in the Science of Subjective Well-Being. COLLABRA. PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 4:15. [PMID: 30637366 PMCID: PMC6329388 DOI: 10.1525/collabra.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Subjective well-being (SWB) is an extremely active area of research with about 170,000 articles and books published on the topic in the past 15 years. Methodological and theoretical advances have been notable in this period of time, with the increasing use of longitudinal and experimental designs allowing for a greater understanding of the predictors and outcomes that relate to SWB, along with the process that underlie these associations. In addition, theories about these processes have become more intricate, as findings reveal that many associations with SWB depend on people's culture and values and the context in which they live. This review provides an overview of many major areas of research, including the measurement of SWB, the demographic and personality-based predictors of SWB, and process-oriented accounts of individual differences in SWB. In addition, because a major new focus in recent years has been the development of national accounts of subjective well-being, we also review attempts to use SWB measures to guide policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Diener
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA and Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Richard E Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Shigehiro Oishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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29
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Advances in subjective well-being research. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 2:253-260. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Experience of emotion in face to face and computer-mediated social interactions: An event sampling study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nørby
- Danish School of Education, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Olsson LE, Gärling T, Ettema D, Friman M, Ståhl M. Current Mood vs. Recalled Impacts of Current Moods after Exposures to Sequences of Uncertain Monetary Outcomes. Front Psychol 2017; 8:66. [PMID: 28184206 PMCID: PMC5266727 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Events in a sequence may each be evaluated as good or bad. We propose that such good-bad evaluations evoke emotional responses that change current mood. A model of recurrent updating of current mood is developed and compared to a model of how a sequence of events evoking emotional responses is evaluated retrospectively. In Experiment 1, 149 undergraduates are presented sequences of lottery outcomes with a fixed probability of losing or winning different amounts of money. Ratings of current mood are made after the sequence. Retrospective evaluations are either made after the ratings of current mood or, in a control condition, when no ratings of current mood are made. The results show an expected effect on current mood of the valence of the end of the sequence. The results are less clear in showing an expected beginning effect on the retrospective evaluations. An expected beginning effect on retrospective evaluations is found in Experiment 2 in which 41 undergraduates are first asked to remember the different amounts of money, then to evaluate the sequence as lottery outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars E Olsson
- Samot - The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group, Karlstad University Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Tommy Gärling
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dick Ettema
- Department of Human Geography and Planning, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Margareta Friman
- Samot - The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group, Karlstad University Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Michael Ståhl
- Samot - The Service and Market Oriented Transport Research Group, Karlstad University Karlstad, Sweden
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Pilleriin Sikka, Diana Feilhauer, Katja Valli, Antti Revonsuo. How You Measure Is What You Get: Differences in Self- and External Ratings of Emotional Experiences in Home Dreams. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.130.3.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Iliev R, Hoover J, Dehghani M, Axelrod R. Linguistic positivity in historical texts reflects dynamic environmental and psychological factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7871-E7879. [PMID: 27872286 PMCID: PMC5150390 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612058113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
People use more positive words than negative words. Referred to as "linguistic positivity bias" (LPB), this effect has been found across cultures and languages, prompting the conclusion that it is a panhuman tendency. However, although multiple competing explanations of LPB have been proposed, there is still no consensus on what mechanism(s) generate LPB or even on whether it is driven primarily by universal cognitive features or by environmental factors. In this work we propose that LPB has remained unresolved because previous research has neglected an essential dimension of language: time. In four studies conducted with two independent, time-stamped text corpora (Google books Ngrams and the New York Times), we found that LPB in American English has decreased during the last two centuries. We also observed dynamic fluctuations in LPB that were predicted by changes in objective environment, i.e., war and economic hardships, and by changes in national subjective happiness. In addition to providing evidence that LPB is a dynamic phenomenon, these results suggest that cognitive mechanisms alone cannot account for the observed dynamic fluctuations in LPB. At the least, LPB likely arises from multiple interacting mechanisms involving subjective, objective, and societal factors. In addition to having theoretical significance, our results demonstrate the value of newly available data sources in addressing long-standing scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumen Iliev
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
| | - Joe Hoover
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Morteza Dehghani
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Robert Axelrod
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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Positive mental health in outpatients: comparison within diagnostic groups. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:412. [PMID: 27863524 PMCID: PMC5116138 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive mental health (PMH) supplements the definition of mental health which is not just the mere absence of mental illness. It encompasses an individual's social, emotional and psychological well-being. This cross-sectional study examines the PMH levels in a multi-ethnic outpatient population and the socio-demographic correlates of PMH across the various diagnostic groups. In addition comparisons with the general population were conducted. METHODS Outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum, depressive or anxiety disorders seeking treatment at a tertiary psychiatric care hospital were included in the study sample. All respondents completed the PMH instrument. Independent t-tests and ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to establish differences between the PMH levels and domains. RESULTS Three hundred and sixty outpatients with a mean age of 39.2 years were included in the study. 52.5% were younger adults (21-39 years). There were slightly more males (50.8%) and 56.1% of the sample was unemployed. PMH scores differed between the patient and general populations. There were significant associations of the PMH domains with socio-demographic variables such as age, ethnicity, gender and education status in the patient population. CONCLUSIONS PMH can be viewed as a protective factor of mental illnesses. As such it is critical that mental health professionals examine the domains of PMH in individuals with mental illnesses. This will in turn allow them to develop coping strategies that can look into focusing on emotional, psychological and social well-being appropriately to allow these individuals to thrive.
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Chetverikov A, Kristjánsson Á. On the joys of perceiving: Affect as feedback for perceptual predictions. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2016; 169:1-10. [PMID: 27195963 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How we perceive, attend to, or remember the stimuli in our environment depends on our preferences for them. Here we argue that this dependence is reciprocal: pleasures and displeasures are heavily dependent on cognitive processing, namely, on our ability to predict the world correctly. We propose that prediction errors, inversely weighted with prior probabilities of predictions, yield subjective experiences of positive or negative affect. In this way, we link affect to predictions within a predictive coding framework. We discuss how three key factors - uncertainty, expectations, and conflict - influence prediction accuracy and show how they shape our affective response. We demonstrate that predictable stimuli are, in general, preferred to unpredictable ones, though too much predictability may decrease this liking effect. Furthermore, the account successfully overcomes the "dark-room" problem, explaining why we do not avoid stimulation to minimize prediction error. We further discuss the implications of our approach for art perception and the utility of affect as feedback for predictions within a prediction-testing architecture of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Chetverikov
- Laboratory for Visual Perception and Visuomotor Control, Faculty of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Psychology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Cognitive Research Lab, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Árni Kristjánsson
- Laboratory for Visual Perception and Visuomotor Control, Faculty of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Jamaludin NL, Sam DL, Sandal GM, Adam AA. Personal values, subjective well-being and destination-loyalty intention of international students. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:720. [PMID: 27375989 PMCID: PMC4908092 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
What are the factors that predict international students’ destination-loyalty intention? This is the main question this paper addresses, using an online survey among 396 (short-term, N = 182) and (long-term, N = 214) international students at a Norwegian university. Structural equation model-AMOS was conducted to examine relationships among personal values, subjective well-being and destination-loyalty intentions. The results showed that: (1) universalism was positively related to subjective well-being for short-term students; and (2) subjective well-being was positively related to destination-loyalty intention for all groups. We found that relatively stable and happy individuals might be important for ensuring destination-loyalty intentions. Results also indicated that personal values that emphasize justice and equity are also important for short-term international students’ well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Jamaludin
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Christies Gate 12, 5015 Bergen, Norway
| | - D L Sam
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Christies Gate 12, 5015 Bergen, Norway
| | - G M Sandal
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Christies Gate 12, 5015 Bergen, Norway
| | - A A Adam
- Faculty of Business Management, University Technology MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
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Floman JL, Hagelskamp C, Brackett MA, Rivers SE. Emotional Bias in Classroom Observations: Within-Rater Positive Emotion Predicts Favorable Assessments of Classroom Quality. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282916629595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Classroom observations increasingly inform high-stakes decisions and research in education, including the allocation of school funding and the evaluation of school-based interventions. However, trends in rater scoring tendencies over time may undermine the reliability of classroom observations. Accordingly, the present investigations, grounded in social psychology research on emotion and judgment, propose that state emotion may constitute a source of psychological bias in raters’ classroom observations. In two studies, employing independent sets of raters and approximately 5,000 videotaped fifth- and sixth-grade classroom interactions, within-rater state positive emotion was associated with favorable ratings of classroom quality using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS). Despite various protections enacted to secure reliable and valid observations in the face of rater trends—including professional training, certification testing, and routine calibration meetings—emotional bias still emerged. Study limitations and implications for classroom observation methodology are considered.
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Li NP, Kanazawa S. Country roads, take me home… to my friends: How intelligence, population density, and friendship affect modern happiness. Br J Psychol 2016; 107:675-697. [PMID: 26847844 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We propose the savanna theory of happiness, which suggests that it is not only the current consequences of a given situation but also its ancestral consequences that affect individuals' life satisfaction and explains why such influences of ancestral consequences might interact with intelligence. We choose two varied factors that characterize basic differences between ancestral and modern life - population density and frequency of socialization with friends - as empirical test cases. As predicted by the theory, population density is negatively, and frequency of socialization with friends is positively, associated with life satisfaction. More importantly, the main associations of life satisfaction with population density and socialization with friends significantly interact with intelligence, and, in the latter case, the main association is reversed among the extremely intelligent. More intelligent individuals experience lower life satisfaction with more frequent socialization with friends. This study highlights the utility of incorporating evolutionary perspectives in the study of subjective well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | - Satoshi Kanazawa
- Managerial Economics and Strategy Group, Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK.
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Luhmann M, Necka EA, Schönbrodt FD, Hawkley LC. Is Valuing Happiness Associated With Lower Well-Being? A Factor-Level Analysis using the Valuing Happiness Scale. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2016; 60:46-50. [PMID: 26778865 PMCID: PMC4710960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that valuing happiness is negatively associated with well-being. Most of these studies used the Valuing Happiness Scale (Mauss, Tamir, et al., 2011). In the present paper, we examined the factor structure of this scale using data pooled from six independent samples (Ntotal = 938). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Valuing Happiness Scale is not unidimensional and that only one of its three factors correlates negatively with various indicators of well-being, whereas non-significant or positive correlations were found for the other factors. These findings indicate that valuing happiness may not necessarily be bad for one's well-being, and call for a better definition, theoretical foundation, and operationalization of this construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Luhmann
- University of Cologne, Department of Psychology, Herbert-Lewin-Str. 2, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A. Necka
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychology, 5848 South University Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Felix D. Schönbrodt
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Psychology, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Louise C. Hawkley
- NORC at the University of Chicago, 1155 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Does positivity enhance work performance?: Why, when, and what we don’t know. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riob.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Despite decades of research establishing the causes and consequences of emotions in the laboratory, we know surprisingly little about emotions in everyday life. We developed a smartphone application that monitored real-time emotions of an exceptionally large (N = 11,000+) and heterogeneous participants sample. People's everyday life seems profoundly emotional: participants experienced at least one emotion 90% of the time. The most frequent emotion was joy, followed by love and anxiety. People experienced positive emotions 2.5 times more often than negative emotions, but also experienced positive and negative emotions simultaneously relatively frequently. We also characterized the interconnections between people's emotions using network analysis. This novel approach to emotion research suggests that specific emotions can fall into the following categories 1) connector emotions (e.g., joy), which stimulate same valence emotions while inhibiting opposite valence emotions, 2) provincial emotions (e.g., gratitude), which stimulate same valence emotions only, or 3) distal emotions (e.g., embarrassment), which have little interaction with other emotions and are typically experienced in isolation. Providing both basic foundations and novel tools to the study of emotions in everyday life, these findings demonstrate that emotions are ubiquitous to life and can exist together and distinctly, which has important implications for both emotional interventions and theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Trampe
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Quoidbach
- Department of Economics and Business, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Maxime Taquet
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
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Kanazawa S, Li NP. Happiness in modern society: Why intelligence and ethnic composition matter. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dey S, Ghosh S, Datta B, Barai P. A study on the antecedents and consequences of customer delight. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT & BUSINESS EXCELLENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14783363.2015.1049146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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