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Doostdari F, Kianimoghadam AS, Fatollahzadeh S, Mohammadi NZ, Masjedi-Arani A, Hajmanouchehri R. Attachment and negative affect on mental health and pain experience patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Mediated by coping strategies and loneliness. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 88:105641. [PMID: 38850797 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis and its related stressors significantly affect the mental health of people with MS. Considering the progressive and relapsing-remitting nature of the disease and somatic complaint, the Pain experience for MS patients is challenging. We examined the direct effects of Attachment and the negative affect on mental health and pain experience and the indirect effects of Attachment, negative affect, loneliness, and coping strategies on the mental health and pain experience of people with multiple sclerosis. METHODS Three hundred forty-five patients with MS were selected through the Iranian MS Association. Measures included the negative affect (PANAS), Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ28), short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-mpq-2), Social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA-S), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations(CISS-21). The present study has employed the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to investigate the direct and indirect effects of coping strategies, attachment, loneliness, and negative affect on mental health and pain experienced by individuals with MS. The fit of the model to the data was examined using the Discrepancy Function Divided by Degrees of Freedom (CMIN/DF), Normed Fit Index (NFI), TuckerLewis Index (TLI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). RESULTS The fit indices results showed that the model's fit was good. Furthermore, findings indicate that 13 % (R2=13) of the pain experience Changes and 47 % (R2=47) of the mental health Changes are explained via study predictors. Negative affect directly affects mental health and pain experience, and Attachment directly affects mental health. Negative affect indirectly affects coping strategies. Attachment and Negative affect indirectly affect loneliness. Loneliness and coping strategies indirectly affect mental health and pain experience. CONCLUSION Study findings contribute to our understanding of the crucial structures that play a role in the mental health and pain experience of individuals with MS. Loneliness and coping strategies as mediating variables play essential roles in these people's mental health and pain experience. In the times ahead, it would be beneficial to prioritize addressing negative affect, attachment, coping strategies, and loneliness in the patients with MS' medical and psychological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Doostdari
- PhD student in clinical psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sam Kianimoghadam
- Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Religion and Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saina Fatollahzadeh
- MSc in Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nassim Zakibakhsh Mohammadi
- Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abbas Masjedi-Arani
- Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hajmanouchehri
- Neurologist, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
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Parchment A, Lawrence W, Rahman E, Townsend N, Wainwright E, Wainwright D. 'Making every contact count' with patients with musculoskeletal conditions: a qualitative exploration of acceptability to physiotherapists. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1125. [PMID: 37858090 PMCID: PMC10588214 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To qualitatively explore physiotherapists' experiences and acceptability of implementing 'Making Every Contact Count Healthy Conversation Skills' (MECC HCS) in routine practice with patients with musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions. METHODS This article reports the second phase of a mixed method, sequential explanatory study. Physiotherapists trained in and delivering MECC HCS in their practice were invited to take part in semi-structured interviews. We hoped to develop a rich, in-depth understanding of their use and perceptions of the brief intervention and to contextualise findings from the first phase of the study. Qualitative data were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. RESULTS Physiotherapists valued MECC HCS as being integral to their practice, promoting a person-centred approach to supporting behaviour change and enhancing self-management in patients with MSK conditions and pain. It was believed that this brief intervention could reduce workload pressure for physiotherapists and have significant wider benefits for health services. Time limitations associated with appointments did, however, pose as a challenge to MECC HCS delivery, and it was felt that more organisational-level support was needed to sustain it. CONCLUSIONS These findings support our quantitative data, collected in the first phase of this study. MECC HCS is a highly acceptable brief intervention that can be delivered in physiotherapy care to support behaviour change in patients with MSK conditions. Future roll-out may be optimised within organisations by providing regular refresher training and adopting a MECC champion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Parchment
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, England, UK.
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration- Greater Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, England.
| | - Wendy Lawrence
- Primary Care, Population Science and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England, UK
| | - Em Rahman
- Public Health Workforce Development, Southern House, Health Education England, Winchester, SO21 2RU, England, UK
| | - Nick Townsend
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, England, UK
| | - Elaine Wainwright
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health (Epidemiology Group), School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David Wainwright
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, England, UK
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3
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Lee S, Small BJ, Cawthon PM, Stone KL, Almeida DM. Social activity diversity as a lifestyle factor to alleviate loneliness and chronic pain. J Psychosom Res 2023; 172:111434. [PMID: 37422980 PMCID: PMC10528390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether social activity diversity, a novel concept indicating an active social lifestyle, is associated with lower subsequent loneliness, and decreased loneliness is further associated with less chronic pain over time. METHODS 2528 adults from the Midlife in the United States Study (Mage = 54 yrs) provided data at baseline (2004-2009) and 9 years later. Social activity diversity was operationalized by Shannon's entropy that captures the variety and evenness of engagement across 13 social activities (0-1). Participants reported feelings of loneliness (1-5), presence of any chronic pain (yes/no), the degree of chronic pain-related interference (0-10), and the number of chronic pain locations. Indirect associations of social activity diversity with chronic pain through loneliness were evaluated, adjusting for sociodemographics, living alone, and chronic conditions. RESULTS Higher social activity diversity at baseline (B = -0.21, 95%CI = [-0.41, -0.02]) and an increase in social activity diversity over time (B = -0.24, 95%CI = [-0.42, -0.06]) were associated with lower loneliness 9 years later. An increase in loneliness was associated with 24% higher risk of any chronic pain (95%CI = [1.11, 1.38]), greater chronic pain-related interference (B = 0.36, 95%CI = [0.14, 0.58]), and 17% increase in the number of chronic pain locations (95%CI = [1.10, 1.25]) at the follow-up, after controlling for corresponding chronic pain at baseline and covariates. Social activity diversity was not directly was associated with chronic pain, but there were indirect associations through its association with loneliness. CONCLUSION Diversity in social life may be associated with decreased loneliness, which in turn, may be associated with less chronic pain, two of the prevalent concerns in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomi Lee
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
| | - Brent J Small
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - Katie L Stone
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
| | - David M Almeida
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
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Zwolinski J. Does Level of Social Support During Rejection Affect Pain Sensitivity and Distress? Psychol Rep 2023:332941231174389. [PMID: 37163682 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231174389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether level of social support would decrease emotional distress and physical pain sensitivity following rejection. Healthy undergraduate students received varying levels of social support from a close companion during the Partial Future Life Alone rejection paradigm. Participants also completed baseline and post-stressor measures of physical pain sensitivity as well as post-stressor measures of emotional distress. Results indicated that all levels of social support benefited rejected participants by either buffering and/or improving fundamental needs, mood, and pain to levels comparable to non-rejected participants; however, passive support resulted in the fewest beneficial outcomes. The current study provides preliminary evidence that even minimal levels of support during rejection benefits or at least neutralizes associated pain and distress outcomes.
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Harvey AR. Injury, illness, and emotion: A review of the motivational continuum from trauma through recovery from an ecological perspective. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 27:100586. [PMID: 36655055 PMCID: PMC9841046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Image 1.
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Sharvit G, Schweinhardt P. The influence of social signals on the self-experience of pain: A neuroimaging review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:856874. [PMID: 36090868 PMCID: PMC9459049 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.856874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers in cognitive neuroscience have investigated extensively how psychological factors shape the processing and perception of pain using behavioral, physiological, and neuroimaging methods. However, social influences of pain, an essential part of biopsychosocial pain models, have received relatively little attention. This is particularly true for the neurobiological mechanisms underlying social modulations on pain. Therefore, this review discusses the findings of recent neuroimaging studies measuring the effects of social manipulations on pain perception (e.g., verbal and non-verbal social signals, social interaction style, conformity, social support, and sociocultural mediators). Finally, a schematic summary of the different social modulatory themes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Sharvit
- Department of Chiropractic Medicine, Integrative Spinal Research, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Gil Sharvit
| | - Petra Schweinhardt
- Department of Chiropractic Medicine, Integrative Spinal Research, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
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Olson KL, Panza E, Lillis J, Wing RR. Association of Weight-Related Stigmas With Daily Pain Symptoms Among Individuals With Obesity. Ann Behav Med 2022; 57:269-274. [PMID: 35738017 PMCID: PMC10074027 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with obesity are disproportionately impacted by pain-related symptoms. PURPOSE This study evaluated experienced weight stigma and internalized weight bias (IWB) as predictors of pain symptoms in daily life among individuals with obesity. METHODS Adults with obesity (n = 39; 51% female, 67% White, 43.8 ± 11.6 years old, BMI = 36.8 ± 6.7 kg/m2) completed a baseline assessment (demographics, experienced weight stigma, IWB) and a 14-day Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) period involving five daily prompts of pain/aches/joint pain, muscle soreness, experienced weight stigma, and IWB. Generalized linear models were used to assess experienced weight stigma and IWB at baseline as prospective predictors of EMA pain/soreness symptoms. Multi-level models were used to test the association of momentary weight stigma experiences and IWB with pain/soreness at the same and subsequent EMA prompts. RESULTS IWB at baseline, but not experienced weight stigma, was associated with more frequent pain symptoms (p < .05) and muscle soreness (p < .01) during EMA. Momentary IWB (but not experienced stigma) was associated with more pain/aches/joint pain and muscle soreness at the same and subsequent prompt. CONCLUSIONS Internalized (but not experienced) weight bias was prospectively associated with pain symptoms in daily life among individuals with obesity. Results are consistent with growing evidence that weight-related stigmas represent psychosocial factors that contribute to weight-related morbidity typically attributed to body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- KayLoni L Olson
- The Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,The Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Emily Panza
- The Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,The Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jason Lillis
- The Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,The Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rena R Wing
- The Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,The Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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Do no harm. Say no harm. Write no harm. Pain Manag Nurs 2022; 23:375-376. [PMID: 35725543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Jaubert T, Chekroun P, Légal JB, Gosling P. You Are Not Alone! SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Experiencing ostracism is a painful situation that can urge a desire to restore social bonds. However, few studies have investigated the conditions under which it leads to ingroup identification. In three studies using minimal groups ( N = 611), we have investigated the consequences of coexperiencing ostracism for group identification and well-being. In Study 1a and 1b ( N = 171; N = 211), the results showed that sharing a common experience of ostracism with an ingroup member increases ingroup identification but does not improve psychological needs during the ostracism experience. In Study 2 ( N = 230), we replicated our results on identification and showed that sharing ostracism fosters psychological closeness with the partner ostracized but does not moderate need recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Jaubert
- Department of Psychology, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
- Department of Psychology, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Peggy Chekroun
- Department of Psychology, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | | | - Patrick Gosling
- Department of Psychology, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
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10
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Olson KL, Goldstein SP, Wing RR, Williams DM, Demos KE, Unick JL. Internalized weight bias is associated with perceived exertion and affect during exercise in a sample with higher body weight. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:405-414. [PMID: 34401199 PMCID: PMC8346369 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For individuals with overweight/obesity, internalized weight bias (IWB) is linked to low physical activity (PA). This study used a laboratory-based paradigm to test the hypothesis that IWB moderates the association between heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion and affect during PA. METHODS Participants with overweight/obesity completed 30-min of supervised moderate-intensity treadmill walking (65%-75% of age-predicted maximal HR). Body Mass Index (BMI) and Weight Bias Internalization Scale were assessed at baseline. HR was monitored every minute; perceived exertion and affect were assessed every 5 min. Linear mixed models were employed with random effects of time and participant. RESULTS The sample (n = 59; 79.7% female, 91.5% white) had an average BMI = 32.1 kg/m2 (SD: 3.3), and age = 47.1 (SD: 10.3) years. There was a main effect of IWB on perceived exertion (greater IWB was associated with greater perceived exertion during exercise; p < 0.001). There was an interaction of IWB and HR on affect (B = -0.01, p < 0.01). For individuals with high IWB, HR elevations were associated with a negative affective response during exercise. For individuals with low IWB, HR elevations were associated with increased positive affect during PA. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that among individuals of higher body weight, IWB is associated with reporting higher perceived exertion during 30 min of moderate intensity PA. IWB moderated the relationship between increasing HR during exercise and affect. Among individuals with overweight/obesity who report IWB, the initial experience of PA may be harder and more unpleasant, with lasting implications for the adoption of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- KayLoni L. Olson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorBrown Medical SchoolProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research CenterThe Miriam HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Stephanie P. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorBrown Medical SchoolProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research CenterThe Miriam HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Rena R. Wing
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorBrown Medical SchoolProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research CenterThe Miriam HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | | | - Kathryn E. Demos
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorBrown Medical SchoolProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research CenterThe Miriam HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Jessica L. Unick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorBrown Medical SchoolProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research CenterThe Miriam HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
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11
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Zhang H, Zhang S, Lu J, Lei Y, Li H. Social exclusion increases the executive function of attention networks. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9494. [PMID: 33947874 PMCID: PMC8096936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in humans have shown that brain regions activating social exclusion overlap with those related to attention. However, in the context of social exclusion, how does behavioral monitoring affect individual behavior? In this study, we used the Cyberball game to induce the social exclusion effect in a group of participants. To explore the influence of social exclusion on the attention network, we administered the Attention Network Test (ANT) and compared results for the three subsystems of the attention network (orienting, alerting, and executive control) between exclusion (N = 60) and inclusion (N = 60) groups. Compared with the inclusion group, the exclusion group showed shorter overall response time and better executive control performance, but no significant differences in orienting or alerting. The excluded individuals showed a stronger ability to detect and control conflicts. It appears that social exclusion does not always exert a negative influence on individuals. In future research, attention to network can be used as indicators of social exclusion. This may further reveal how social exclusion affects individuals' psychosomatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huoyin Zhang
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, No. 5, Jing'an Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610068, China.,College of Psychology and Society, University of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518067, China
| | - Shiyunmeng Zhang
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, No. 5, Jing'an Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610068, China.,College of Psychology and Society, University of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518067, China
| | - Jiachen Lu
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, No. 5, Jing'an Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610068, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, No. 5, Jing'an Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610068, China. .,College of Psychology and Society, University of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518067, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, No. 5, Jing'an Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610068, China.,College of Psychology and Society, University of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518067, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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12
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Loeffler A, Steptoe A. Bidirectional longitudinal associations between loneliness and pain, and the role of inflammation. Pain 2021; 162:930-937. [PMID: 32960533 PMCID: PMC7886943 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pain and loneliness are consistently associated, but the direction of the relationship is uncertain. We assessed bidirectional associations over a 4-year period in a sample of 4906 men and women (mean 65.1 ± 8.72 years) who were participants in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The role of inflammation in these links was also investigated. Pain was defined by reports of being often troubled by pain at a moderate or severe intensity, whereas loneliness was measured using the shortened UCLA scale. Age, sex, ethnicity, educational attainment, wealth as a marker of socioeconomic resources, marital status, physical activity, and depressive symptoms were included as covariates. We found that baseline loneliness was associated with pain 4 years later after adjusting for baseline pain and other covariates (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.47, P = 0.007). Similarly, baseline pain independently predicted loneliness 4 years later (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.14-1.58, P = 0.001). Associations remained significant after additional adjustment for baseline mobility impairment. Likelihood of pain on follow-up was heightened when baseline loneliness was accompanied by elevated C-reactive protein concentration (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.13-2.00, P = 0.006), whereas inflammation did not predict future loneliness or contribute to the association between baseline pain and future loneliness. Both pain and loneliness are distressing experiences that impact well-being and quality of life. We conclude that there were bidirectional longitudinal relationships between pain and loneliness in this representative sample of older men and women, but that the mechanisms underlying these processes may differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Loeffler
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Klauke F, Kauffeld S. Does It Matter What I Say? Using Language to Examine Reactions to Ostracism as It Occurs. Front Psychol 2020; 11:558069. [PMID: 33304292 PMCID: PMC7693538 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of our knowledge related to how social exclusion affects those who ostracize and those who are being ostracized is based on questionnaires administered after the ostracism situation is over. In this research, we strived to further our understanding of the internal dynamics of an ostracism situation. We therefore examined individuals' language-specifically, function words-as a behavior indicative of psychological processes and emergent states that can be unobtrusively recorded right in the situation. In online chats, 128 participants talked about a personal topic in groups of three. In the experimental group (n = 79), two conversation partners ignored every contribution by the third. We found that, compared to the control group, these targets of ostracism used language indicative of a self-focus and worsened mood, but not of social focus or positivity, although positivity was related to a writer's likeability. Sources of ostracism used language suggesting that they were distancing themselves from the situation, and they further engaged in victim derogation. We discuss how our results highlight the severity and potential self-sustainability of ostracism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Klauke
- Department for Work, Organizational, and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simone Kauffeld
- Department for Work, Organizational, and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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