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Ober P, Sobek C, Stein N, Spielau U, Abel S, Kiess W, Meigen C, Poulain T, Igel U, Lipek T, Vogel M. And yet Again: Having Breakfast Is Positively Associated with Lower BMI and Healthier General Eating Behavior in Schoolchildren. Nutrients 2021; 13:1351. [PMID: 33919560 PMCID: PMC8072724 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high prevalence of childhood overweight, school-based programs aiming at nutritional behavior may be a good starting point for community-based interventions. Therefore, we investigated associations between school-related meal patterns and weight status in 1215 schoolchildren. Anthropometry was performed on-site in schools. Children reported their meal habits, and parents provided family-related information via questionnaires. Associations between nutritional behavior and weight status were estimated using hierarchical linear and logistic regression. Analyses were adjusted for age, socio-economic status, school type, migration background, and parental weight status. Having breakfast was associated with a lower BMI-SDS (βadj = -0.51, p = 0.004) and a lower risk of being overweight (ORadj = 0.30, p = 0.009), while having two breakfasts resulting in stronger associations (BMI-SDS: βadj = -0.66, p < 0.001; risk of overweight: ORadj = 0.22, p = 0.001). Likewise, children who regularly skipped breakfast on school days showed stronger associations (BMI-SDS: β = 0.49, p < 0.001; risk of overweight: OR = 3.29, p < 0.001) than children who skipped breakfast only occasionally (BMI-SDS: β = 0.43, p < 0.001; risk of overweight: OR = 2.72, p = 0.032). The associations persisted after controlling for parental SES and weight status. Therefore, our data confirm the school setting as a suitable starting point for community-based interventions and may underline the necessity of national programs providing free breakfast and lunch to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Ober
- LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.O.); (S.A.); (W.K.); (C.M.); (T.P.); (U.I.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
- Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Carolin Sobek
- LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.O.); (S.A.); (W.K.); (C.M.); (T.P.); (U.I.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
- Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Nancy Stein
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Spielau
- Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Sarah Abel
- LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.O.); (S.A.); (W.K.); (C.M.); (T.P.); (U.I.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
- Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.O.); (S.A.); (W.K.); (C.M.); (T.P.); (U.I.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
- Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Christof Meigen
- LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.O.); (S.A.); (W.K.); (C.M.); (T.P.); (U.I.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
- Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Tanja Poulain
- LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.O.); (S.A.); (W.K.); (C.M.); (T.P.); (U.I.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
- Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Igel
- LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.O.); (S.A.); (W.K.); (C.M.); (T.P.); (U.I.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
- Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Department of Social Work, University of Applied Science, Altonaer Str. 25, 99085 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Tobias Lipek
- LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.O.); (S.A.); (W.K.); (C.M.); (T.P.); (U.I.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
- Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Mandy Vogel
- LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (P.O.); (S.A.); (W.K.); (C.M.); (T.P.); (U.I.); (T.L.); (M.V.)
- Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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