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Stoean B, Lehene M, Zagrean-Tuza C, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R, Cristea C, Gaina L. Transient radical species and oxygen colorimetric indicators grounded on phenothiazinium dyes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 320:124602. [PMID: 38852305 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates four phenothiazinium dyes including methylene blue (MB) and three analogues containing auxochrome variation 2-4 as oxygen colorimetric indicators prepared by their incorporation into two types of oxygen permeable materials containing: a) polyvinyl alcohol substrate with additional TiO2 photocatalysts (PhOxIn), and b) carboxymethylcellulose polymer matrix containing glucose and KOH (ChOxIn). In vacuum packages where volumetric concentrations of oxygen were below 0.01 %, the leuco forms of the tested phenothiazinum dyes were readily oxidised, initiating the colour turn from white to blue. The redox processes involved were explored by experimental electron paramagnetic resonance EPR and UV-vis spectroscopic methods and further supported by theoretical quantum chemistry. The EPR experiments showed that the chemical oxidation of the leuco-form of the phenothiazinium dyes 1-4 produced transient aminyl radical species with the single electron mainly located at the nitrogen atom of the heterocyclic core. The formation of these transient aminyl species was also perceived by UV-vis spectroscopy, their absorption maxima situated in the 552-592 nm range being also supported by TD-DFT theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Stoean
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Heterochemistry, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, România
| | - Maria Lehene
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Heterochemistry, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, România
| | - Cezara Zagrean-Tuza
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Heterochemistry, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, România
| | - Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Heterochemistry, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, România
| | - Castelia Cristea
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Heterochemistry, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, România
| | - Luiza Gaina
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Heterochemistry, 11 Arany Janos Str., RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, România.
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Chen D, Lawrence KG, Sandler DP. Nontraditional Occupational Exposures to Crude Oil Combustion Disasters and Respiratory Disease Risk: A Narrative Review of Literature. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:299-311. [PMID: 37166706 PMCID: PMC10330790 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Burning of petroleum products has been consistently associated with adverse respiratory health effects. Combustion of crude oil, specifically, produces toxic byproducts, but there have been relatively few studies of health effects. Burning of crude oil is increasingly employed as a means of mitigating environmental disasters despite the potential health risks to workers involved in clean-up efforts. Here, we review epidemiological studies of respiratory effects following unique crude oil burning events to (1) characterize respiratory health effects from this nontraditional occupational exposure and (2) identify approaches used to characterize exposures that could be applied to future disaster-related studies. RECENT FINDINGS We searched PubMed and EMBASE for references from inception to January 30, 2023. We also manually screened references cited in eligible articles. We identified 14 eligible publications. Our review suggests that exposure to crude oil combustion has adverse respiratory effects, including reduced lung function and increased occurrence of respiratory symptoms and disease. However, the evidence is inconsistent, and quality of data varied across studies. While some studies used quantitative, modeled exposure estimates, most used self-reported proxies of exposure. Although disasters involving crude oil combustion are relatively rare, limited evidence suggests that some worker populations may be at risk for respiratory effects from burning exposures in disaster settings. Future studies that use improved exposure assessment methods (e.g., personal monitors, remote sensing data) may help further quantify the respiratory risk from crude oil burning exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhe Chen
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kaitlyn G Lawrence
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Kansiime WK, Mugambe RK, Atusingwize E, Wafula ST, Nsereko V, Ssekamatte T, Nalugya A, Coker ES, Ssempebwa JC, Isunju JB. Use of biomass fuels predicts indoor particulate matter and carbon monoxide concentrations; evidence from an informal urban settlement in Fort Portal city, Uganda. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1723. [PMID: 36089579 PMCID: PMC9464485 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) is a leading cause of respiratory and cardiopulmonary illnesses. Particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) are critical indicators of IAQ, yet there is limited evidence of their concentrations in informal urban settlements in low-income countries.
Objective
This study assessed household characteristics that predict the concentrations of PM2.5 and CO within households in an informal settlement in Fort Portal City, Uganda.
Methodology
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 374 households. Concentrations of PM2.5 and CO were measured using a multi-purpose laser particle detector and a carbon monoxide IAQ meter, respectively. Data on household characteristics were collected using a structured questionnaire and an observational checklist. Data were analysed using STATA version 14.0. Linear regression was used to establish the relationship between PM2.5, CO concentrations and household cooking characteristics.
Results
The majority (89%, 332/374) of the households used charcoal for cooking. More than half (52%, 194/374) cooked outdoors. Cooking areas had significantly higher PM2.5 and CO concentrations (t = 18.14, p ≤ 0.05) and (t = 5.77 p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Cooking outdoors was associated with a 0.112 increase in the PM2.5 concentrations in the cooking area (0.112 [95% CI: -0.069, 1.614; p = 0.033]). Cooking with moderately polluting fuel was associated with a 0.718 increase in CO concentrations (0.718 [95% CI: 0.084, 1.352; p = 0.027]) in the living area.
Conclusions
The cooking and the living areas had high concentrations of PM2.5 and CO during the cooking time. Cooking with charcoal resulted in higher CO in the living area. Furthermore, cooking outdoors did not have a protective effect against PM2.5, and ambient PM2.5 exceeded the WHO Air quality limits. Interventions to improve the indoor air quality in informal settlements should promote a switch to cleaner cooking energy and improvement in the ambient air quality.
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Levasseur JL, Hoffman K, Herkert NJ, Cooper E, Hay D, Stapleton HM. Characterizing firefighter's exposure to over 130 SVOCs using silicone wristbands: A pilot study comparing on-duty and off-duty exposures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155237. [PMID: 35447169 PMCID: PMC9728008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters are occupationally exposed to an array of hazardous chemicals, and these exposures have been linked to the higher rates of some cancer in firefighters. However, additional research that characterizes firefighters' exposure is needed to fully elucidate the impacts on health risks. In this pilot study, we used silicone wristbands to quantify off-duty and on-duty chemical exposures experienced by 20 firefighters in Durham, North Carolina. By using each firefighter's off-duty wristband to represent individual baseline exposures, we assessed occupation-related exposures (i.e. on-duty exposures). We also investigated the influence of responding to a fire event while on-duty. In total, 134 chemicals were quantified using both GC-MS and LC-MS/MS targeted methods. Seventy-one chemicals were detected in at least 50% of all silicone wristbands, including 7 PFAS, which to our knowledge, have not been reported in wristbands previously. Of these, phthalates were generally measured at the highest concentrations, followed by brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs). PFAS were measured at lower concentrations overall, but firefighter PFOS exposures while on-duty and responding to fires were 2.5 times higher than off-duty exposures. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), BFRs, and some OPEs were occupationally associated, with firefighters experiencing 0.5 to 8.5 times higher exposure while on-duty as compared to off-duty. PAH exposures were also higher for firefighters who respond to a fire than those who did not while on-duty. Additional research with a larger population of firefighters that builds upon this pilot investigation may further pinpoint exposure sources that may contribute to firefighters' risk for cancer, such as those from firefighter gear or directly from fires. This research demonstrates the utility of using silicone wristbands to quantify occupational exposure in firefighters and the ability to disentangle exposures that may be specific to fire events as opposed to other sources that firefighters might experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Nicholas J Herkert
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Ellen Cooper
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Duncan Hay
- Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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Han Y, Lee J, Haiping G, Kim KH, Wanxi P, Bhardwaj N, Oh JM, Brown RJC. Plant-based remediation of air pollution: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113860. [PMID: 34626947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans face threats from air pollutants present in both indoor and outdoor environments. The emerging role of plants in remediating the atmospheric environment is now being actively investigated as a possible solution for this problem. Foliar surfaces of plants (e.g., the leaves of cotton) can absorb a variety of airborne pollutants (e.g., formaldehyde, benzene, trimethylamine, and xylene), thereby reducing their concentrations in indoor environments. Recently, theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted to offer better insights into the interactions between plants and the surrounding air. In our research, an overview on the role of plants in reducing air pollution (often referred to as phytoremediation) is provided based on a comprehensive literature survey. The major issues for plant-based research for the reduction of air pollution in both outdoor and indoor environments are discussed in depth along with future challenges. Analysis of the existing data confirms the effectiveness of phytoremediation in terms of the absorption and purification of pollutants (e.g., by the leaves and roots of plants and trees), while being controlled by different variables (e.g., pore characteristics and planting patterns). Although most lab-scale studies have shown that plants can effectively absorb pollutants, it is important for such studies to reflect the real-world conditions, especially with the influence of human activities. Under such conditions, pollutants are to be replenished continually while the plant surface area to ambient atmosphere volume ratio vastly decreases (e.g., relative to lab-based experiments). The replication of such experimental conditions is the key challenge in this field of research. This review is expected to offer valuable insights into the innate ability of various plants in removing diverse pollutants (such as formaldehyde, benzene, and particulate matter) under different environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering & Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Gu Haiping
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
| | - Peng Wanxi
- School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Neha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Jong-Min Oh
- Department of Environmental Science & Environmental Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, 17104, South Korea
| | - Richard J C Brown
- Atmospheric Environmental Science Department, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Chen C, Shen J, Yang L, Zhang W, Xia R, Huan F, Gong X, Wang L, Wang C, Yuan H, Wang SL. Identification of structural properties influencing the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by cytochrome P450 1A1. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143997. [PMID: 33333309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) has served as a known metabolic enzyme that mediates the carcinogenesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the structural mechanism involved in the metabolic capacity remains unclear. In this study, thirty-three calculated properties representing the physicochemical and electronic properties of PAH and PAH-CYP1A1 interactions were utilized to identify the key structural properties that affect metabolic processes, including binding ability, metabolic clearance, and mutagenicity, using a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) strategy combined with docking methods, QM/MM calculations and ab initio calculations. van der Waals interactions (glide vdw) appeared to be important for PAH binding to CYP1A1 and were mainly affected by the molecular weight and hydrophobic structures of PAHs. Interaction features between PAHs and heme, including the distance between iron and carbons of PAHs (Fe_Cmin) and heme vdw, coordinately influence the metabolic clearance of PAHs. Furthermore, the electronic properties (ESP neg variance) appeared to be critical for the mutagenicity of PAHs by CYP1A1 through influencing epoxide metabolite formation. The QSAR models with these key properties provide a new perspective on the structural mechanism of PAH metabolism and provide a useful in silico tool for screening, classifying and predicting PAHs for their metabolism-related toxicities and risk assessment in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Jiemiao Shen
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Rong Xia
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Fei Huan
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Xing Gong
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Haoliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Shou-Lin Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China.
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7
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Jia H, Zhao S, Shi Y, Zhu L, Wang C, Sharma VK. Transformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals on Modified Montmorillonite: The Role of Surface Metal Ions and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Molecular Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5725-5733. [PMID: 29658709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the transformation of PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, benzo[a]anthracene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene) on montmorillonite clays that are modified by transition-metal ions [Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), or Zn(II)] at room temperature (∼23 °C). The decay of these PAHs follows first-order kinetics, and the dependence of the observed rate constants ( kobs, day-1) on the presence of metal ions follows the order Fe(III) > Cu(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II). The values of kobs show reasonable linear relationships with the oxidation potentials of the PAHs and the redox potentials of the metal ions. Notably, transformation of these PAHs results in the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are of major concern due to their adverse effects on human health. The potential energy surface (PES) calculations using density functional theory were performed to understand the trends in kobs and the plausible mechanisms for radical formation from the PAHs on modified clays. The yields and stability of these EPFRs from anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene on clay surfaces varies with both the parent PAH and the metal ion. The results demonstrated the potential role of metals in the formation and fate of PAH-induced EPFR at co-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Song Zhao
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Yafang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment , Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100 , China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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Weidemann E, Andersson PL, Bidleman T, Boman C, Carlin DJ, Collina E, Cormier SA, Gouveia-Figueira SC, Gullett BK, Johansson C, Lucas D, Lundin L, Lundstedt S, Marklund S, Nording ML, Ortuño N, Sallam AA, Schmidt FM, Jansson S. 14th congress of combustion by-products and their health effects-origin, fate, and health effects of combustion-related air pollutants in the coming era of bio-based energy sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8141-8159. [PMID: 26906006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The 14th International Congress on Combustion By-Products and Their Health Effects was held in Umeå, Sweden from June 14th to 17th, 2015. The Congress, mainly sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Superfund Research Program and the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, focused on the "Origin, fate and health effects of combustion-related air pollutants in the coming era of bio-based energy sources". The international delegates included academic and government researchers, engineers, scientists, policymakers and representatives of industrial partners. The Congress provided a unique forum for the discussion of scientific advances in this research area since it addressed in combination the health-related issues and the environmental implications of combustion by-products. The scientific outcomes of the Congress included the consensus opinions that: (a) there is a correlation between human exposure to particulate matter and increased cardiac and respiratory morbidity and mortality; (b) because currently available data does not support the assessment of differences in health outcomes between biomass smoke and other particulates in outdoor air, the potential human health and environmental impacts of emerging air-pollution sources must be addressed. Assessment will require the development of new approaches to characterize combustion emissions through advanced sampling and analytical methods. The Congress also concluded the need for better and more sustainable e-waste management and improved policies, usage and disposal methods for materials containing flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Weidemann
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Christoffer Boman
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Danielle J Carlin
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Elena Collina
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Brian K Gullett
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Environment and Health Administration, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Donald Lucas
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Nuria Ortuño
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Asmaa A Sallam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Florian M Schmidt
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Stina Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
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