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Brooks A, Liang X, Zhang Y, Zhao CX, Roberts MS, Wang H, Zhang L, Crawford DHG. Liver organoid as a 3D in vitro model for drug validation and toxicity assessment. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105608. [PMID: 33852961 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen many advancements in the development of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models in pharmaceutical sciences and industry. Specifically, organoids present a self-organising, self-renewing and more physiologically relevant model than conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Liver organoids have been developed from a variety of cell sources, including stem cells, cell lines and primary cells. They have potential for modelling patient-specific disease and establishing personalised therapeutic approaches. Additionally, liver organoids have been used to test drug efficacy and toxicity. Herein we summarise cell sources for generating liver organoids, the advantages and limitations of each cell type, as well as the application of the organoids in modelling liver diseases. We focus on the use of liver organoids as tools for drug validation and toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Brooks
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yonglong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Haolu Wang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Darrell H G Crawford
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis is a devastating intestinal disease affecting preterm infants. In spite of ongoing research and advancement in neonatal care, mortality remains high, especially in infants with advanced disease. The mechanism of disease development, the progression of intestinal injury, and management remain areas of ongoing research and controversy. In this review, we examine our current understanding of the disease, its epidemiology, the risk factors associated with the development of the disease, and its pathophysiology. We also describe current management and new emerging research highlighting potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashriq Alganabi
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol Lee
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edoardo Bindi
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bo Li
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Liver damage, proliferation, and progenitor cell markers in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:909-913. [PMID: 29502797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease known to cause injury to multiple organs including the liver. Liver regeneration is essential for the recovery after NEC-induced liver injury. Our aim was to investigate hepatic proliferation and progenitor cell marker expression in experimental NEC. METHODS Following ethical approval (#32238), NEC was induced in mice by hypoxia, gavage feeding of hyperosmolar formula, and lipopolysaccharide. Breastfed pups were used as control. We analyzed serum ALT level, liver inflammatory cytokines, liver proliferation markers, and progenitor cell marker expression. Comparison was made between NEC and controls. RESULTS Serum ALT level was higher in NEC (p<0.05). The mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in the liver was also higher in NEC (IL6: p<0.05, TNF-α: p<0.01). Conversely, mRNA expression of proliferation markers in the liver was lower in NEC (Ki67; p<0.01, PCNA: p<0.01). LGR5 expression was also significantly decreased in NEC as demonstrated by mRNA (p<0.05) and protein (p<0.01) levels. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory injury was present in the liver during experimental NEC. Proliferation and LGR5 expression were impaired in the NEC liver. Modulation of progenitor cell expressing LGR5 may result in stimulation of liver regeneration in NEC-induced liver injury and improved clinical outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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