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Park J, Lee H, Han SW, Choi EK. Effects of parental holding on pain response in young children during cystometry: A randomized controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn 2024; 43:196-204. [PMID: 37746884 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystometry is essential for evaluating bladder function. However, children may react negatively to the physical pain of urethral catheterization or anxiety and fear of an unfamiliar environment. These pain responses during the cystometry procedure may interfere with the cystometry procedure and make it difficult to interpret the cystometry result. In this regard, the International Children's Continence Society has advised performing cystometry while holding infants as an effective nonpharmacological pain management method, but there is insufficient evidence to support this. PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze the effect of parental holding on reducing pain in children during cystometry. METHODS This was an experimental study in a randomized controlled pre-post test design. A total of 64 participants aged 6-18 months were recruited. During cystometry, the participants in the experimental group were placed on the parent's laps and held in the parents' arms. The participants in the control group were laid down on the examination table. During the procedure, both groups of parents were allowed to touch their children in all ways except holding them and to use the pacifier if they wished. The behavioral (face, leg, activity, cry, consolability scale) and physiological (oxygen saturation and heart rate) pain responses were measured at three-time points (immediately, 3, and 10 min after urethral catheter insertion). RESULTS Comparing the two groups, in the experimental group, the behavioral pain response at 3 min after urethral catheter insertion (t = -2.165, p = 0.034) and 10 min after (t = -3.155, p = 0.002) was decreased compared with that immediately after urethral catheter insertion. In addition, oxygen saturation increased more (t = 2.021, p = 0.048), and the heart rate decreased more (t = -2.033, p = 0.047) at 10 min than at 3 min after urethral catheter insertion in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that parental holding could reduce pain responses during cystometry in children. Further research is required to confirm the applicability and usefulness of parental holding during cystometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Park
- Graduate School of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Pediatric Bladder-Urethra Rehabilitation Clinic, Department of Pediatric Urology, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University Healthcare System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Han
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Choi
- College of Nursing, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Glenzel L, do Nascimento Oliveira P, Marchi BS, Ceccon RF, Moran CA. Validity and Reliability of Pain and Behavioral Scales for Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review. Pain Manag Nurs 2023; 24:e84-e96. [PMID: 37524611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the instruments used to assess behavior, stress, and/or pain in preterm newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and verify the validity and reliability of these instruments. DATA SOURCES Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), and EBSCOhost Research Platform. 12,295 records were found. REVIEW/ANALYSIS METHODS 37 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The COnsensus-based Standards for selecting health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist was used to assess the quality assessment and measurement properties. RESULTS We identified 25 scales that assessed behavior, pain, and/or stress in preterm newborns. The Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain (BIPP), Crying, Requires Oxygen, Increased Vital Signs, Expression, Sleeplessness (CRIES), Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP), and Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) had scored "very good" in quality data. The PIPP and PIPP-R scales received the "very good" classification in validity assessment. The Evaluation Enfant Douleur (EVENDOL), Children's and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS), PIPP-R, Neonatal Pain Agitation and Sedation Scale (N-PASS), Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates (BPSN), Faceless Acute Neonatal Pain Scale (FANS), BIIP, and Pain Assessment Scale for Preterm Infants (PASPI) obtained an assessment classified as excellent on reliability, both for inter-rater reliability and internal consistency, and the BPSN demonstrated a very strong value to intra-rater reliability. CONCLUSIONS Considering the assessments of inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and quality of scales by COSMIN, the BIPP, and PIPP-R, were the scales considered appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Glenzel
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Caterina, Brazil
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3
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Kildal ESM, Quintana DS, Szabo A, Tronstad C, Andreassen O, Nærland T, Hassel B. Heart rate monitoring to detect acute pain in non-verbal patients: a study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:252. [PMID: 37060049 PMCID: PMC10103503 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism entails reduced communicative abilities. Approximately 30% of individuals with autism have intellectual disability (ID). Some people with autism and ID are virtually non-communicative and unable to notify their caregivers when they are in pain. In a pilot study, we showed that heart rate (HR) monitoring may identify painful situations in this patient group, as HR increases in acutely painful situations. OBJECTIVES This study aims to generate knowledge to reduce the number of painful episodes in non-communicative patients' everyday lives. We will 1) assess the effectiveness of HR as a tool for identifying potentially painful care procedures, 2) test the effect of HR-informed changes in potentially painful care procedures on biomarkers of pain, and 3) assess how six weeks of communication through HR affects the quality of communication between patient and caregiver. METHODS We will recruit 38 non-communicative patients with autism and ID residing in care homes. ASSESSMENTS HR is measured continuously to identify acutely painful situations. HR variability and pain-related cytokines (MCP-1, IL-1RA, IL-8, TGFβ1, and IL-17) are collected as measures of long-term pain. Caregivers will be asked to what degree they observe pain in their patients and how well they believe they understand their patient's expressions of emotion and pain. Pre-intervention: HR is measured 8 h/day over 2 weeks to identify potentially painful situations across four settings: physiotherapy, cast use, lifting, and personal hygiene. INTERVENTION Changes in procedures for identified painful situations are in the form of changes in 1) physiotherapy techniques, 2) preparations for putting on casts, 3) lifting techniques or 4) personal hygiene procedures. DESIGN Nineteen patients will start intervention in week 3 while 19 patients will continue data collection for another 2 weeks before procedure changes are introduced. This is done to distinguish between specific effects of changes in procedures and non-specific effects, such as caregivers increased attention. DISCUSSION This study will advance the field of wearable physiological sensor use in patient care. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered prospectively at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05738278).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie S M Kildal
- K.G. Jebsen, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Psychiatry, Lovisenberg Diakonale Sykehus, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Daniel S Quintana
- K.G. Jebsen, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NevSom, Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Attila Szabo
- K.G. Jebsen, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Tronstad
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Andreassen
- K.G. Jebsen, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Nærland
- K.G. Jebsen, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- NevSom, Department of Rare Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Apaydin Cirik V, Gül U, Kihtir Z, Arayici S, Efe E, Çakmak H, Çalişkan F. The effect of using maternal voice, white noise, and holding combination interventions on the heel stick sampling. J Pediatr Nurs 2023; 70:1-11. [PMID: 36738536 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heel stick sampling, a common procedure in newborns, causes acute pain. AIMS This study aims to measure the outcome of five various non-pharmacologic pain relief groups; maternal voice, white noise, holding, maternal voice+holding, and white noise+holding. METHODS The study is an open label, randomized controlled trial. A total of 178 newborns were included in this study. Newborns were randomly allocated to each group; white noise (n = 31), maternal voice (n = 31), holding (n = 30), white noise+holding (n = 29), maternal voice+holding (n = 28), and control (n = 29) interventions. Newborns' pain responses were evaluated using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), and the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP). The primary measured outcomes were the newborns' pain levels, while the secondary outcomes were the heart rate and changes in oxygen saturation. The mean values of pain in neonates between groups were evaluated one minute before (Phase1), during (Phase2), and one minute after (Phase3) the procedure. RESULTS The research results are given with comparisons in three time periods (Phase1, Phase2 and Phase3). White noise and white noise+holding were found to have the lowest mean NIPS and PIPP score (p < 0.001). The mean heart rate was found to be the lowest in the white noise+holding group (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of oxygen saturation score (p = 0.453). CONCLUSION The white noise+holding applied to newborns during heel stick sampling were effective in pain reduction. Nurses and midwives can use white noise+holding method. IMPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE These results contribute to the pain management of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Apaydin Cirik
- Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Uğur Gül
- Child Health Nursing Department, Nursing Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Kihtir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Sema Arayici
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Emine Efe
- Child Health Nursing Department, Nursing Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Havva Çakmak
- Akdeniz University Hospital, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Çalişkan
- Akdeniz University Hospital, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
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Korving H, Zhou D, Xiang H, Sterkenburg P, Markopoulos P, Barakova E. Development of an AI-Enabled System for Pain Monitoring Using Skin Conductance Sensoring in Socks. Int J Neural Syst 2022; 32:2250047. [DOI: 10.1142/s0129065722500472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mataftsi A, Lithoxopoulou M, Seliniotaki AK, Talimtzi P, Oustoglou E, Diamanti E, Soubasi V, Ziakas N, Haidich A. Avoiding use of lid speculum and indentation reduced infantile stress during retinopathy of prematurity examinations. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:e128-e134. [PMID: 34939742 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the safety and efficacy of indirect ophthalmoscopy with (Sp) or without (speculum free, SpF) the use of lid speculum and scleral indentation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening. METHODS In this crossover randomized controlled trial, preterm infants received either the Sp on their first and the SpF technique on their second examination a week later or vice versa. Video recordings of the infants' reactions were assessed by two observers, using Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised score and the crying score of the Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates. Fundoscopy adequacy, its duration and adverse events within the first 24 hr postscreening were also recorded. RESULTS Thirty-seven infants with median (interquartile range) gestational age of 28.7 (28.0, 30.2) weeks and mean (standard deviation, SD) birth weight 1225 (377) grams were enrolled. The mydriasis-induced stress was similar between the Sp and SpF exam (mean difference [MD]: 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.83, 2.38; p = 0.33). The stress induced by fundoscopy (MD: 4.98, 95% CI: 3.58, 6.37; p < 0.001) and examination overall (MD: 2.32, 95% CI: 0.96, 3.67; p = 0.001) were higher in the Sp than in the SpF exam, and so was the crying score during fundoscopy (MD: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.56; p < 0.001). Adverse events in the two groups were similar (p = 0.13). Fundoscopy was adequate in identifying the absence of treatment-requiring ROP in all cases, and lasted longer in the Sp than in the SpF exam (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the use of speculum and indentation should be reserved for the few cases where fundus visualization is insufficient for excluding the presence of severe ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Mataftsi
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Maria Lithoxopoulou
- 2nd Department of Neonatology School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Aikaterini K. Seliniotaki
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Persefoni Talimtzi
- Department of Hygiene, Social‐Preventive Medicine & Medical Statistics School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Eirini Oustoglou
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Elisavet Diamanti
- 2nd Department of Neonatology School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Vasiliki Soubasi
- 2nd Department of Neonatology School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Nikolaos Ziakas
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Anna‐Bettina Haidich
- Department of Hygiene, Social‐Preventive Medicine & Medical Statistics School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
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Knudsen K, McGill G, Ann Waitzman K, Powell J, Carlson M, Shaffer G, Morris M. Collaboration to Improve Neuroprotection and Neuropromotion in the NICU: Team Education and Family Engagement. Neonatal Netw 2021; 40:212-223. [PMID: 34330871 DOI: 10.1891/11-t-680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The number of babies born extremely low birth weight surviving to be discharged home after experiencing the NICU continues to improve. Unfortunately, early sensory development for these babies occurs in an environment vastly different from the intended in-utero environment and places them at high risk of long-term neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive challenges. Our goal in the NICU must transition from simply discharge home to supporting the neurosensory development necessary for a thriving lifetime. To accomplish a goal of thriving families and thriving babies, it is clear the NICU interprofessional team must share an understanding of neurosensory development, the neuroprotective strategies safeguarding development, the neuropromotive strategies supporting intended maturational development, and the essential nature of family integration in these processes. We share the educational endeavors of 11 center collaboratives in establishing the foundational knowledge necessary to support preterm babies and their families.
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Hu J, Harrold J, Squires JE, Modanloo S, Harrison D. The validity of skin conductance for assessing acute pain in mechanically ventilated infants: A cross-sectional observational study. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:1994-2006. [PMID: 34101941 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing pain in mechanically ventilated infants is challenging. The assessment of skin conductance (SC) is based on the sympathetic nervous system response to stress. This study purpose was to evaluate the validity of SC for assessing pain in mechanically ventilated infants. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional observational design was used to study SC and its relation to: the category of procedure (i.e., painful or non-painful); the phase of procedure (i.e., before, during and after), and referent pain measurements (i.e., Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) and Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS)). Eligible infants were those up to 12 months of age, in intensive care units, who were mechanically ventilated, and required painful and non-painful procedures. RESULTS From October 2017 to November 2018, 130 eligible infants were identified, and 55 infants were studied. SC (number of waves per second) during painful procedures (median 0.27, interquartile range 0.2-0.4) was statistically significantly higher than those during non-painful procedures (0, 0-0.09). SC during painful procedures was statistically significantly higher than those before (0, 0-0.07) and after painful procedures (0, 0-0.07). SC showed moderate statistically significant positive correlations with PIPP-R (Spearman's rho = 0.4-0.62) and the four-item NFCS (Spearman's rho = 0.31-0.67) before, during and after painful or non-painful procedures respectively. SC had excellent performance (area under the receiver operator curve = 0.979) with excellent sensitivity (92.31%), specificity (95.42%) and negative predictive value (99.21%) but only sufficient positive predictive value (66.67%) when used to discriminate moderate-to-severe pain. CONCLUSIONS SC showed good validity for assessing pain in critically ill infants requiring mechanical ventilation. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Pain assessment in mechanically ventilated infants is challenging. In this study, the validity of skin conductance (SC) for pain assessment is evaluated in the same population of infants during painful and nonpainful procedures. SC showed good validity for assessing acute pain in relation to category of procedure, phase of procedure, and referent pain measurements. SC is a promising method, especially with other pain assessment methods and other determinants of pain, in a multimodal pain assessment approach to understand the complexity of pain in mechanically ventilated infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Hu
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, College of Health Professions, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - JoAnn Harrold
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet E Squires
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shokoufeh Modanloo
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise Harrison
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Cobo MM, Hartley C, Gursul D, Andritsou F, van der Vaart M, Schmidt Mellado G, Baxter L, Duff EP, Buckle M, Evans Fry R, Green G, Hoskin A, Rogers R, Adams E, Moultrie F, Slater R. Quantifying noxious-evoked baseline sensitivity in neonates to optimise analgesic trials. eLife 2021; 10:e65266. [PMID: 33847561 PMCID: PMC8087440 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high burden of pain experienced by hospitalised neonates, there are few analgesics with proven efficacy. Testing analgesics in neonates is experimentally and ethically challenging and minimising the number of neonates required to demonstrate efficacy is essential. EEG (electroencephalography)-derived measures of noxious-evoked brain activity can be used to assess analgesic efficacy; however, as variability exists in neonate's responses to painful procedures, large sample sizes are often required. Here, we present an experimental paradigm to account for individual differences in noxious-evoked baseline sensitivity which can be used to improve the design of analgesic trials in neonates. The paradigm is developed and tested across four observational studies using clinical, experimental, and simulated data (92 neonates). We provide evidence of the efficacy of gentle brushing and paracetamol, substantiating the need for randomised controlled trials of these interventions. This work provides an important step towards safe, cost-effective clinical trials of analgesics in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Cobo
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y AmbientalesQuitoEcuador
| | - Caroline Hartley
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Deniz Gursul
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Luke Baxter
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Eugene P Duff
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Miranda Buckle
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ria Evans Fry
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Newborn Care Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle Green
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Amy Hoskin
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Rogers
- Department of Anaesthetics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Eleri Adams
- Newborn Care Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Fiona Moultrie
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebeccah Slater
- Department of Paediatrics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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10
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Bošković S, Ličen S. Identification of Neonatal Infant Pain Assessment Tools as a Possibility of Their Application in Clinical Practice in Croatia: An Integrative Literature Review. Pain Manag Nurs 2021; 22:674-680. [PMID: 33582010 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article presents an integrative review of the literature with the aim of identifying instruments already in existence for measuring neonatal infant pain with a view to exploring possibilities of applying them in clinical practice in Croatia. DESIGN An integrative review. DATA SOURCES The databases searched included MEDLINE, Cinahl Cochrane Library, and Science Direct. The search was limited to available full-text articles in English published between 1990 and 2020. The studies were selected according to the PRISMA strategy and evaluated based on the methodologic framework proposed by Whittemore and Knafl. REVIEW/ANALYSIS METHODS The research identified 13 scales for assessing pain in neonatal infants, including 5 one-dimensional and 8 multidimensional scales that assess acute and prolonged pain in preterm and full-term infants. RESULTS Overall, the articles in this review confirm that pain is a multidimensional phenomenon and that professionals should consider other specific characteristics of the neonatal infant population while measuring pain. CONCLUSIONS Our review showed that various tools exist assessing pain in neonatal infants that could be used in clinical practice in Croatia. However, it is difficult to determine the most appropriate instrument at this stage, as the choice depends on various factors that still need to be considered. The decision on which pain scale to use or which is more appropriate should be based on further psychometric tests, its accuracy, and ease of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bošković
- Department of Health Care, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sabina Ličen
- Department of Nursing, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia.
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Roué JM, Morag I, Haddad WM, Gholami B, Anand KJS. Using sensor-fusion and machine-learning algorithms to assess acute pain in non-verbal infants: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e039292. [PMID: 33408199 PMCID: PMC7789448 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Objective pain assessment in non-verbal populations is clinically challenging due to their inability to express their pain via self-report. Repetitive exposures to acute or prolonged pain lead to clinical instability, with long-term behavioural and cognitive sequelae in newborn infants. Strong analgesics are also associated with medical complications, potential neurotoxicity and altered brain development. Pain scores performed by bedside nurses provide subjective, observer-dependent assessments rather than objective data for infant pain management; the required observations are labour intensive, difficult to perform by a nurse who is concurrently performing the procedure and increase the nursing workload. Multimodal pain assessment, using sensor-fusion and machine-learning algorithms, can provide a patient-centred, context-dependent, observer-independent and objective pain measure. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In newborns undergoing painful procedures, we use facial electromyography to record facial muscle activity-related infant pain, ECG to examine heart rate (HR) changes and HR variability, electrodermal activity (skin conductance) to measure catecholamine-induced palmar sweating, changes in oxygen saturations and skin perfusion, and electroencephalography using active electrodes to assess brain activity in real time. This multimodal approach has the potential to improve the accuracy of pain assessment in non-verbal infants and may even allow continuous pain monitoring at the bedside. The feasibility of this approach will be evaluated in an observational prospective study of clinically required painful procedures in 60 preterm and term newborns, and infants aged 6 months or less. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Institutional Review Board of the Stanford University approved the protocol. Study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at scientific meetings, taught via webinars, podcasts and video tutorials, and listed on academic/scientific websites. Future studies will validate and refine this approach using the minimum number of sensors required to assess neonatal/infant pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT03330496).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Roué
- Neonatal & Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Brest University Hospital, University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Iris Morag
- Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh), Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Wassim M Haddad
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Kanwaljeet J S Anand
- Department of Pediatrics, Pain/Stress Neurobiology Laboratory, Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Physiological Measures of Acute and Chronic Pain within Different Subject Groups: A Systematic Review. Pain Res Manag 2020; 2020:9249465. [PMID: 32952747 PMCID: PMC7487119 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9249465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Results The methods' heart rate variability and electroencephalogram show clear and consistent results as acute pain assessment. Magnetic resonance imaging can measure chronic pain. Ordered by invasiveness and vulnerability, a trend shows that the invasive methods are used more with less vulnerable subjects. Only instruments used for skin conductance and automatic facial recognition have a lower-than-average technological maturity. Conclusions Some pain assessment methods show good and consistent results and have high technological maturity; however, using them as pain assessment for persons with ID is uncommon. Since this addition can ameliorate caregiving, more research of assessment methods should occur.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain management is an essential component of care for pediatric patients following surgery. Massage reduces self-reported postoperative pain in adults with heart disease but has received little attention in postoperative pediatric patients with complex congenital heart disease (CCHD). OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of massage compared to a rest period on postoperative pain scores and physiological responses in infants with CCHD. METHODS We used a two-group randomized clinical trial design with a sample of 60 infants with CCHD between 1 day and 12 months of age following their first cardiothoracic surgery. Both groups received standard postoperative care. Group 1 received a daily 30-minute restriction of nonessential caregiving (quiet time), and Group 2 received a daily 30-minute massage. Interventions continued for seven consecutive days. Pain was measured six times daily using the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Pain Assessment Tool (FLACC). Average daily doses of analgesics were recorded. Heart rates (HRs), respiratory rates (RRs), and oxygen saturations (SpO2) were recorded continuously. Daily averages, pre- and postintervention FLACC scores, and physiological responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, generalized linear mixed models repeated measures, latent growth models, and/or regression discontinuity analysis. Fentanyl-equivalent narcotic values were used as a time-varying covariate. RESULTS Adjusted pain scores were lower for the massage group on all days except Day 7. Overall, there were no group effects on level of pain or differential rate of change in pain. However, the massage group had lower daily pain scores with small to medium effect size differences, largest at Days 4, 5, and 6, and lower average daily HR and RR. There was little difference between groups in SpO2. Infants demonstrated immediate effects of massage, with HR and RR decreasing and oxygen saturations increasing. DISCUSSION This study provides beginning evidence that postoperative massage may reduce pain and improve physiological parameters in infants with congenital heart disease. This nonpharmacological adjunct to pain management may provide a particular benefit for this population by reducing demand on the cardiorespiratory system.
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Popowicz H, Kwiecień-Jaguś K, Olszewska J, Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska WA. Pain Scales in Neonates Receiving Mechanical Ventilation in Neonatal Intensive Care Units - Systematic Review. J Pain Res 2020; 13:1883-1897. [PMID: 32801846 PMCID: PMC7399469 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s248042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, interest in the problem of proper prevention and monitoring of pain, especially acute, has been increasing in relation to various age groups. Greater awareness of the problem prompts discussion about the purpose of analgesia in newborns treated with mechanical ventilation. AIM The purpose of the systematic review was to analyze current research on the use of pain scales in newborns treated with mechanical ventilation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. METHODS Medline databases: PubMed, OVID, EBSCO, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were traced using the appropriate keywords. The search was limited to studies in English. The review took into account the years 2006-2019. Considering the criteria, 12 articles were included in further analysis, to which full access was obtained. RESULTS The analyzed scientific research showed differences in beliefs about the validity and credibility of the scales used. Researchers indicated that staff with practical experience in using scales in their daily practice was very skeptical of the results obtained on their basis. CONCLUSION Based on this review, no explicit evidence can be obtained to support the use of one proper scale in pain assessment. It can be inferred that the COMFORT and N-PASS scales are effective for pain assessment and for determining the need for analgesics in mechanically ventilated neonates. These scales may be equally effective in assessing chronic pain, especially in mechanically ventilated children. On the other hand, the PIPP and CRIES scales are most commonly recommended for assessing acute and postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Popowicz
- Department of Obstetric and Gynaecological Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiecień-Jaguś
- Department of Anaesthesiology Nursing and Intensive Care, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Olszewska
- Department of Obstetric and Gynaecological Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Schenk K, Stoffel L, Bürgin R, Stevens B, Bassler D, Schulzke S, Nelle M, Cignacco E. Acute pain measured with the modified Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates is influenced by individual contextual factors. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:1107-1118. [PMID: 32170786 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual contextual factors like gestational age (GA) or previous painful experiences have an influence on neonates' pain responses and may lead to inaccurate pain assessment when not appropriately considered. OBJECTIVES We set out to determine the influence of individual contextual factors on variability in pain response in neonates, measured with the modified Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates (BPSN), and, if necessary, to incorporate relevant individual factors into a revised version of the BPSN. METHODS We videotaped 154 full-term and preterm neonates of different GAs during 1-5 capillary heel sticks in their first 14 days of life. For each heel stick, we produced three video sequences: baseline, heel stick, and recovery. The randomized sequences were rated on the BPSN by five blinded nurses. Individual contextual factors were retrospectively extracted from patient charts and from the video recordings. We analysed the data in single and multiple linear mixed models. RESULTS Premature birth (b = -0.721), caffeine (b = -0.302), and the behavioural states quiet and awake (b = -0.283), active and asleep (b = -0.158), and quiet and asleep (b = -0.498) were associated with changes in behavioural pain scores. Premature birth (b = -0.232), mechanical ventilation (b = -0.196), and duration of the heel stick procedure (b = 0.0004) were associated with changes in physiological pain scores. Premature birth (b = -0.907), Caffeine (b = -0.402), the behavioural states quiet and awake (b = -0.274), and quiet and asleep (b = -0.459), and duration of the heel stick procedure (b = 0.001) were associated with changes in the modified BPSN total scores. CONCLUSIONS Postmenstrual age, behavioural state, caffeine, and ventilation status have an influence on neonates' pain response and should be incorporated in the revised BPSN to enhance clinical pain assessment in neonates with different GAs. SIGNIFICANCE We identified individual contextual factors associated with dampened pain response in neonates and will incorporate them into a revised version of the Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates to provide clinicians with a tool they can use to more accurately assess and manage pain in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schenk
- Division of Midwifery, Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lilian Stoffel
- Neonatalogy, Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Bürgin
- Division of Midwifery, Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bonnie Stevens
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing and Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dirk Bassler
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Schulzke
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Nelle
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Cignacco
- Division of Midwifery, Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
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Silva FFFD, Costa T, Peres HHC, Duarte ED, Castral TC, Bueno M. Expert assessment of the “Neonatal Pain Assessment Program” online course. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73:e20180392. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess layout quality, visual identity and content of the “Neonatal Pain Assessment Program” (Programa de Avaliação da Dor Neonatal) online course. Methods: a descriptive exploratory study. The course was assessed by 24 experts in pain, neonatology and education. A form containing 20 questions on technical, interface and educational aspects was used. For each item, the score ranged from 0 to 1. Mean scores above 0.7 were considered indicative of high quality of the items. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: navigation, clarity, ease of localization, content relevance, contextualization, content correction, multiple windows, ease of use, ease of return, ergonomics, esthetics, special brands, audiovisual resources, information and portability were assessed. All aspects obtained a mean ≥ 0.70 and no changes were required. Conclusions: the Neonatal Pain Assessment Program is considered as quality educational technology and promising strategy for health education.
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Vaart M, Duff E, Raafat N, Rogers R, Hartley C, Slater R. Multimodal pain assessment improves discrimination between noxious and non‐noxious stimuli in infants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 1:21-30. [PMID: 35546868 PMCID: PMC8974881 DOI: 10.1002/pne2.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infants in neonatal intensive care units frequently experience clinically necessary painful procedures, which elicit a range of behavioral, physiological, and neurophysiological responses. However, the measurement of pain in this population is a challenge and no gold standard exists. The aim of this study was to investigate how noxious‐evoked changes in facial expression, reflex withdrawal, brain activity, heart rate, and oxygen saturation are related and to examine their accuracy in discriminating between noxious and non‐noxious stimuli. In 109 infants who received a clinically required heel lance and a control non‐noxious stimulus, we investigated whether combining responses across each modality, or including multiple measures from within each modality improves our ability to discriminate the noxious and non‐noxious stimuli. A random forest algorithm was used to build data‐driven models to discriminate between the noxious and non‐noxious stimuli in a training set which were then validated in a test set of independent infants. Measures within each modality were highly correlated, while different modalities showed less association. The model combining information across all modalities had good discriminative ability (accuracy of 0.81 in identifying noxious and non‐noxious stimuli), which was higher than the discriminative power of the models built from individual modalities. This demonstrates the importance of including multiple modalities in the assessment of infant pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Vaart
- Department of Paediatrics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Eugene Duff
- Department of Paediatrics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Nader Raafat
- Department of Paediatrics University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Richard Rogers
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthesia John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford UK
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The influence of gestational age in the psychometric testing of the Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:20. [PMID: 30646872 PMCID: PMC6334397 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing pain in neonates is challenging because full-term and preterm neonates of different gestational ages (GAs) have widely varied reactions to pain. We validated the Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates (BPSN) by testing its use among a large sample of neonates that represented all GAs. METHODS In this prospective multisite validation study, we assessed 154 neonates between 24 2/7 and 41 4/7 weeks GA, based on the results of 1-5 capillary heel sticks in their first 14 days of life. From each heel stick, we produced three video sequences: baseline; heel stick; and, recovery. Five blinded nurses rated neonates' pain responses according to the BPSN. The underlying factor structure of the BPSN, interrater reliability, concurrent validity with the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R), construct validity, sensitivity and specificity, and the relationship between behavioural and physiological indicators were explored. We considered GA and gender as individual contextual factors. RESULTS The factor analyses resulted in a model where the following behaviours best fit the data: crying; facial expression; and, posture. Pain scores for these behavioural items increased on average more than 1 point during the heel stick phases compared to the baseline and recovery phases (p < 0.001). Among physiological items, heart rate was more sensitive to pain than oxygen saturation. Heart rate averaged 0.646 points higher during the heel stick than the recovery phases (p < 0.001). GA increased along with pain scores: for every additional week of gestation, the average increase of behavioural pain score was 0.063 points (SE = 0.01, t = 5.49); average heart rate increased 0.042 points (SE = 0.01, t = 6.15). Sensitivity and specificity analyses indicated that the cut-off should increase with GA. Modified BPSN showed good concurrent validity with the PIPP-R (r = 0.600-0.758, p < 0.001). Correlations between the modified behavioural subscale and the item heart rate were low (r = 0.102-0.379). CONCLUSIONS The modified BPSN that includes facial expression, crying, posture, and heart rate is a reliable and valid tool for assessing acute pain in full-term and preterm neonates, but our results suggest that adding different cut-off points for different GA-groups will improve the BPSN's clinical usefulness. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was retrospectively registered in the database of Clinical Trial gov. Study ID-number: NCT 02749461 . Registration date: 12 April 2016.
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A Systematic Review of Behavioral and Environmental Interventions for Procedural Pain Management in Preterm Infants. J Pediatr Nurs 2019; 44:22-30. [PMID: 30683278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Current research suggests behavioral and environmental interventions to prevent neonatal pain prior to an invasive procedure are rarely administered and seldom documented. The aim of this study was to systematically review findings from published randomized controlled trials that tested the effects of behavioral and environmental procedural pain management interventions on behavioral pain response in preterm infants. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials examining the effects of behavioral and environmental pain management interventions on behavioral pain response in preterm infants were identified. Articles accepted for inclusion met the following criteria: English language, original, peer refereed, randomized controlled clinical trials published within the past 5 years, study sample: preterm infants, setting: neonatal intensive care units, study intervention behavioral and environmental, outcome pain measurement score from valid and reliable pain scale. SAMPLE Fourteen randomized controlled trials from a literature search of PubMed and Medline databases were included in this review. RESULTS Across all age groups, facilitated tucking, oral sucrose, and kangaroo care decreased behavioral and physiologic pain response alone and in combination with other behavioral and environmental interventions. CONCLUSION Among preterm infants, facilitated tucking, oral sucrose, and kangaroo care significantly mitigates biobehavioral pain response associated with acutely painful procedures. IMPLICATIONS Evidence suggests that behavioral and environmental interventions can decrease biobehavioral pain response associated with acutely painful procedures in preterm infants. This review highlights the need for rigorous studies to help healthcare providers to build a tailored pain treatment plan for preterm infants.
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Physiologic and Behavioral Pain Assessment Measures in Infants. Pain 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99124-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Olsson E, Anderzén-Carlsson A, Atladóttir SM, Axelin A, Campbell-Yeo M, Eriksson M, Kristjánsdóttir G, Peltonen E, Stevens B, Vederhus B, Andersen RD. Cultural adaptation and harmonization of four Nordic translations of the revised Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP-R). BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:349. [PMID: 30409118 PMCID: PMC6225673 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm infants are especially vulnerable to pain. The intensive treatment often necessary for their survival unfortunately includes many painful interventions and procedures. Untreated pain can lead to both short- and long-term negative effects. The challenge of accurately detecting pain has been cited as a major reason for lack of pain management in these non-verbal patients. The Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) is one of the most extensively validated measures for assessing procedural pain in premature infants. A revised version, PIPP-R, was recently published and is reported to be more user-friendly and precise than the original version. The aims of the study were to develop translated versions of the PIPP-R in Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish languages, and to establish their content validity through a cultural adaptation process using cognitive interviews. Methods PIPP-R was translated using the recommendations from the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research and enhanced with cognitive interviews. The respondent nurse was given a copy of the translated, national version of the measure and used this together with a text describing the infant in the film to assess the pain of an infant in a short film. During the assessment the nurse was asked to verbalize her thought process (thinking aloud) and upon completion the interviewer administered probing questions (verbal probing) from a structured interview guide. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a structured matrix approach. Results The systematic approach resulted in translated and culturally adapted versions of PIPP-R in the Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish languages. During the cultural adaptation process several problems were discovered regarding how the respondent understood and utilized the measure. The problems were either measure problems or other problems. Measure problems were solved by a change in the translated versions of the measure, while for other problems different solutions such as education or training were suggested. Conclusions This study have resulted in translations of the PIPP-R that have content validity, high degree of clinical utility and displayed beginning equivalence with each other and the original version of the measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Olsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University Hospital, S-701 85, Örebro, Sweden. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Anderzén-Carlsson
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sigríður María Atladóttir
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Lanspitali University Children's Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anna Axelin
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marsha Campbell-Yeo
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Professions and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Centre for Pediatric Pain Research, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Guðrún Kristjánsdóttir
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Lanspitali University Children's Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Emilia Peltonen
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Bonnie Stevens
- Lawrence S Bloomberg, Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Nursing, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bente Vederhus
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Randi Dovland Andersen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Services, Telemark Hospital, Skien, Norway.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper assessment of pain is essential to allow for safe and compassionate care of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) used in an urban level IV NICU addresses acute pain but may not adequately measure chronic neonatal pain. PURPOSE The purpose of this quality improvement study was to improve acute and chronic pain measurements for neonates in an NICU through implementation of the Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale (N-PASS). METHODS/SEARCH STRATEGY An evidence search for a comprehensive tool to assess neonatal pain in the setting of a 45-bed level IV NICU was completed. The N-PASS was found to be inclusive of measuring acute and chronic neonatal pain. Participants for a quality improvement study, including NICU nurses and providers, were educated on the N-PASS. Nurses documented in the N-PASS and the NIPS during routine pain assessments for NICU infants for comparison. Participants completed a survey assessing knowledge of the N-PASS. FINDINGS/RESULTS When compared, the N-PASS generated 98% of pain scores greater than the NIPS. Surveys demonstrated an increase in staff knowledge for the N-PASS. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Implementation of a multidimensional pain tool that measures acute and chronic pain is essential for proper pain assessment. Providers can manage neonatal pain when accurate documentation is available. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Further research evaluating guided management of acute and chronic pain scores on the N-PASS would aid hospital policies on therapies for neonatal pain.
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Smith S, Keltner C, Stikes R, Hayes P, Crawford TN. Comparison of Axillary and Temporal Artery Thermometry in Preterm Neonates. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2018; 47:352-361. [PMID: 29625020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the accuracy of infrared temporal artery thermometry with axillary thermometry in a cohort of preterm neonates between 28 and 36 weeks postmenstrual age. DESIGN Descriptive repeated measures design with randomization to temperature measurement order. SETTING Level III NICU in the Central/Southeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-eight neonates born between 28 weeks and 36 weeks postmenstrual age cared for in incubators or open cribs. METHODS Neonates were randomly assigned to temperature measurement order (axillary followed by temporal artery or temporal artery followed by axillary). Temperature pairs were taken once during the day shift and once during the night shift. Behavioral states were assessed before, during, and after temperature measurement. RESULTS Neonates were predominantly female (64.7%) with a mean age of 6.6 days and a mean gestational age of 32.7 weeks, and most were cared for in incubators (n = 55). Noninferiority was observed between the two temperature methods (Holm-Bonferroni criterion = .025, p < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in the behavioral states of the neonates between the two temperature methods. It took nurses significantly longer to use the axillary thermometer than to use the temporal artery thermometer (p < .001). CONCLUSION Temporal artery temperature measurements were as accurate as axillary temperature measurements in low-birth-weight neonates in the NICU. Nurses spent less time measuring with the temporal artery method than with the axillary method.
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Collados-Gómez L, Camacho-Vicente V, González-Villalba M, Sanz-Prades G, Bellón-Vaquerizo B. Percepción del personal de enfermería sobre el manejo del dolor en neonatos. ENFERMERIA INTENSIVA 2018; 29:41-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enfi.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Validation of the Persian Version of Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised in Hospitalized Infants at the Neonatal Intensive Care Units. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ijp.10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sposito NPB, Rossato LM, Bueno M, Kimura AF, Costa T, Guedes DMB. Assessment and management of pain in newborns hospitalized in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: a cross-sectional study. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2017; 25:e2931. [PMID: 28902934 PMCID: PMC5599073 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.1665.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: to determine the frequency of pain, to verify the measures adopted for pain relief during the first seven days of hospitalization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and to identify the type and frequency of invasive procedures to which newborns are submitted. METHOD: cross-sectional retrospective study. Out of the 188 hospitalizations occurred during the 12-month period, 171 were included in the study. The data were collected from the charts and the presence of pain was analyzed based on the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale and on nursing notes suggestions of pain. For statistical analysis, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used, and the significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: there was at least one record of pain in 50.3% of the hospitalizations, according to the pain scale adopted or nursing note. The newborns underwent a mean of 6.6 invasive procedures per day. Only 32.5% of the pain records resulted in the adoption of pharmacological or non-pharmacological intervention for pain relief. CONCLUSION: newborns are frequently exposed to pain and the low frequency of pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions reinforces the undertreatment of this condition. OBJETIVO: determinar a frequência de dor e verificar as medidas realizadas para seu alívio durante os sete primeiros dias de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, bem como identificar o tipo e frequência de procedimentos invasivos aos quais os recém-nascidos foram submetidos. MÉTODO: estudo retrospectivo transversal. Das 188 internações ocorridas no período estipulado de 12 meses, 171 foram incluídas na pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados a partir dos prontuários e a presença de dor foi analisada tanto com base na escala de dor Neonatal Infant Pain Scale quanto mediante anotação de enfermagem sugestiva de dor. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: em 50,3% das internações houve ao menos um registro de dor, conforme escala de dor adotada ou anotação de enfermagem. Os recém-nascidos foram submetidos à média de 6,6 procedimentos invasivos por dia. Apenas 32,5% dos registros de dor resultaram na adoção de condutas farmacológicas ou não farmacológicas para seu alívio. CONCLUSÃO: observa-se que os recém-nascidos são frequentemente expostos à dor e a baixa frequência de intervenções farmacológicas ou não farmacológicas reforça o subtratamento dessa condição. OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia del dolor, comprobar las medidas tomadas para su alivio durante los siete primeros días de internación en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal e identificar el tipo de procedimientos invasivos y la frecuencia a que se sometieron los recién nacidos. MÉTODO: estudio retrospectivo transversal. De las 188 internaciones realizadas en el período estipulado de 12 meses, se incluyeron 171 en la investigación. Los datos se recolectaron a partir de los prontuarios; la presencia de dolor se analizó según la Escala de Valorización del Dolor en el Neonato (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale) y las notas de enfermería sobre el dolor. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizó el programa 'Paquete estadístico para las ciencias sociales' (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), adoptándose el nivel de significación del 5%. RESULTADOS: en el 50,3% de las internaciones hubo al menos un registro de dolor, según la escala de dolor adoptada o las notas de la enfermería. Se sometió a los recién nacidos a un promedio de 6,6 procedimientos invasivos por día. Sólo el 32,5% de los registros de dolor resultaron en la adopción de conductas farmacológicas o no farmacológicas para su alivio. CONCLUSIÓN: se observa que los recién nacidos a menudo están expuestos al dolor, y la frecuencia baja de intervenciones farmacológicas o de las no farmacológicas refuerza el subtratamiento de dicha condición.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Pinheiro Braga Sposito
- MSc, RN, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,
SP, Brazil. Professor, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Bueno
- PhD, Professor, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amélia Fumiko Kimura
- PhD, Professor, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, São
Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Taine Costa
- MSc, RN, Hospital Infantil Waldemar Monastier, Campo Largo, PR, Brazil
| | - Danila Maria Batista Guedes
- Doctoral student, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, São
Paulo, SP, Brazil. Scholarship holder at Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de
Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil
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Anand KJS. Defining pain in newborns: need for a uniform taxonomy? Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:1438-1444. [PMID: 28556311 PMCID: PMC5601230 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A framework for defining pain terms such as acute, persistent, prolonged or chronic pain to newborns was derived from the scientific literature on neonatal pain assessments, previous attempts to define chronic pain and the clinical and neurophysiological features of neonatal pain. This novel framework incorporates the temporal features, localising characteristics, and secondary effects of the pain experienced, as well as the behavioural and physiological response patterns of newborns. CONCLUSION Although not evidence-based, this framework provides an initial starting point for defining commonly used neonatal pain terms. It will require future revision/refinement based on the accumulating evidence for non-acute pain.
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Anand KJS, Eriksson M, Boyle EM, Avila-Alvarez A, Andersen RD, Sarafidis K, Polkki T, Matos C, Lago P, Papadouri T, Attard-Montalto S, Ilmoja ML, Simons S, Tameliene R, van Overmeire B, Berger A, Dobrzanska A, Schroth M, Bergqvist L, Courtois E, Rousseau J, Carbajal R. Assessment of continuous pain in newborns admitted to NICUs in 18 European countries. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:1248-1259. [PMID: 28257153 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Continuous pain occurs routinely, even after invasive procedures, or inflammation and surgery, but clinical practices associated with assessments of continuous pain remain unknown. METHODS A prospective cohort study in 243 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) from 18 European countries recorded the frequency of pain assessments, use of mechanical ventilation, sedation, analgesia or neuromuscular blockade for each neonate for up to 28 days after NICU admission. RESULTS Only 2113 of 6648 (31.8%) of neonates received assessments of continuous pain, occurring variably among tracheal ventilation (TrV, 46.0%), noninvasive ventilation (NiV, 35.0%) and no ventilation (NoV, 20.1%) groups (p < 0.001). Daily assessments for continuous pain occurred in only 10.4% of all neonates (TrV: 14.0%, NiV: 10.7%, NoV: 7.6%; p < 0.001). More frequent assessments of continuous pain occurred in NICUs with pain guidelines, nursing champions and surgical admissions (all p < 0.01), and for newborns <32 weeks gestational age, those requiring ventilation, or opioids, sedatives-hypnotics, general anaesthetics (O-SH-GA) (all p < 0.001), or surgery (p = 0.028). Use of O-SH-GA drugs increased the odds for pain assessment in the TrV (OR:1.60, p < 0.001) and NiV groups (OR:1.40, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Assessments of continuous pain occurred in less than one-third of NICU admissions and daily in only 10% of neonates. NICU clinical practices should consider including routine assessments of continuous pain in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwaljeet J. S. Anand
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA USA
| | - Mats Eriksson
- School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - Elaine M. Boyle
- Department of Health Sciences; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | | | | | - Kosmas Sarafidis
- 1st Department of Neonatology; ‘Hippokrateion’ General Hospital; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessalokiki Greece
| | - Tarja Polkki
- Children and Women Department; Oulu University Hospital; Oulu Finland
| | | | - Paola Lago
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Thalia Papadouri
- Department of Paediatrics; Arch. Makarios III Hospital; Nicosia Cyprus
| | | | - Mari-Liis Ilmoja
- Department of Paediatrics; Tallinn Children's Hospital; Tallinn Estonia
| | - Sinno Simons
- Department of Pediatrics; Erasmus MC-Sophia Kinderziekenhuis; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rasa Tameliene
- Department of Neonatology; Kaunas Perinatal Center; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Bart van Overmeire
- Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles; Erasme Hospital; Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Angelika Berger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Anna Dobrzanska
- Department of Neonatology; Children's Memorial Health Institute Warsaw; Warszawa Poland
| | - Michael Schroth
- Department of Paediatrics; Cnopf'sche Kinderklinik; Nürnberg Children's Hospital; Nürenberg Germany
| | - Lena Bergqvist
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology; Karolinska Institutet; Solna Sweden
| | - Emilie Courtois
- Urgences Pédiatriques; Hôpital Armand Trousseau; INSERM U1153; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Paris VI Paris France
| | - Jessica Rousseau
- Urgences Pédiatriques; Hôpital Armand Trousseau; INSERM U1153; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Paris VI Paris France
| | - Ricardo Carbajal
- Urgences Pédiatriques; Hôpital Armand Trousseau; INSERM U1153; Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Paris VI Paris France
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Xu W, Walsh S, Cong XS. Development of Accumulated Pain/Stressor Scale (APSS) in NICUs: A National Survey. Pain Manag Nurs 2016; 17:354-362. [PMID: 27756592 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-risk neonates experience numerous painful/stressful procedures daily in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Accumulated pain and stress have a detrimental impact on infants' neurodevelopment. Few valid tools are available to measure accumulated pain/stressors among NICU infants. The aim of this study was to obtain nurses' perceptions about severity and acuity levels regarding each painful/stressful procedure that infants may experience in the NICU. The data will support developing a new instrument, the Accumulated Pain/Stressor Scale (APSS) in NICUs. A nationwide online survey was conducted through the U.S. National Association of Neonatal Nurses membership. Respondents were asked to rate the perceived severity of pain/stress associated with 68 procedures using a 5-point Likert scale and to categorize pain/stress as acute or chronic. Modal values were used to determine summary rankings among the procedures. Eighty-four neonatal nurses completed the survey. Among 68 procedures, nearly all were rated as painful/stressful to some degree. Five procedures (7%) had a modal value of five (extremely painful/stressful), nine (14%) had a value of four, 20 (29%) had a value of three, 30 (44%) a value of two, and four (6%) had a value of one (not painful/stressful). Forty-four procedures (65%) were perceived as acute, six (9%) as chronic, and 18 (26%) as both acute and chronic. Nurses' perceptions of pain severity and acuity regarding procedures in NICUs varied somewhat. Further studies are needed in developing and validating the scale. The development of the APSS can quantitatively measure the accumulated neonatal pain/stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Xu
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Stephen Walsh
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Xiaomei S Cong
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut.
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Akcan E, Polat S. Comparative Effect of the Smells of Amniotic Fluid, Breast Milk, and Lavender on Newborns' Pain During Heel Lance. Breastfeed Med 2016; 11:309-314. [PMID: 27315487 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2015.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this randomized controlled experimental study was to evaluate the effect of the smells of amniotic fluid, breast milk, and lavender on the pain of newborns during heel lance. METHODS The sample of the study consisted of 102 newborn infants who complied with the sampling criteria between August and November, 2011. The newborns smelled the samples (lavender, breast milk, amniotic fluid, and distilled water) for 5 minutes before the heel lance until 5 minutes afterward. The Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), heart rate, and oxygen saturation were evaluated 1 minute before, during, and 1 minute after the heel lance. Data were evaluated by descriptive statistics, chi-square, intraclass correlation analysis, Spearman's rho correlation, Bonferroni's advanced analysis, Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Friedman, and Dunnett's tests. RESULTS The newborns in the control group had severe pain and the newborns in the breast milk, amniotic fluid, and lavender groups had moderate pain during the heel lance (p < 0.05). While the NIPS score of the newborns in the lavender group was lower than the breast milk and amniotic fluid groups during the heel lance, it was lower in the breast milk and amniotic fluid groups than the lavender group afterward. The lowest falls in oxygen saturation and increased in heart rate were in the breast milk and lavender groups during heel the lance. CONCLUSION The smells of lavender and breast milk prevent the increased heart rates, NIPS, falling oxygen saturation, and reduced pain during the invasive procedures in newborns more than amniotic fluid or control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Akcan
- 1 Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Kumluca Health Sciences, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sevinç Polat
- 2 Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Health, Bozok University , Yozgat, Turkey
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights challenges and current trends in tools used to assess acute pain across the lifespan. RECENT FINDINGS A plethora of similar assessment tools exist for acute pain, most focused on self-report of pain intensity. Attempts to improve the frequency and visibility of pain assessment by prompting pain as 'the fifth vital sign' resulted in unintended consequences, creating a pressing need for a conceptual shift to multidimensional assessment of acute pain. SUMMARY Valid and pragmatic assessment of pain is essential for effective pain management. Unidimensional scales that capture self-reported pain intensity ratings undervalue to the complexity of the pain experience. Pain is a biopsychosocial experience and assessment is a complex social transaction and an exchange of the meaning of pain that demands a more comprehensive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra B Gordon
- Integrated Pain Care Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Harborview, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Ruben MA, van Osch M, Blanch-Hartigan D. Healthcare providers' accuracy in assessing patients' pain: A systematic review. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2015; 98:1197-206. [PMID: 26223850 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Healthcare providers satisfy an important role in providing appropriate care in the prevention and management of acute and chronic pain, highlighting the importance of providers' abilities to accurately assess patients' pain. We systematically reviewed the literature on healthcare providers' pain assessment accuracy. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and PsycINFO to identify studies addressing providers' pain assessment accuracy, or studies that compared patients' self-report of pain with providers' assessment of pain. RESULTS 60 studies met the inclusion criteria. Healthcare providers had moderate to good pain assessment accuracy. Physicians and nurses showed similar pain assessment accuracy. Differences in pain assessment accuracy were found according to providers' clinical experience, the timing of the pain assessment, vulnerable patient populations and patients' pain intensity. CONCLUSION Education and training aimed at improving providers with poor pain assessment accuracy is discussed especially in relation to those with limited clinical experience (<4 years) or a great deal of clinical experience (>10 years) and those providing care for vulnerable patient populations. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS More research on characteristics that influence providers' pain assessment accuracy and trainings to improve pain assessment accuracy in medical and continuing education may improve pain treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A Ruben
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mara van Osch
- NIVEL (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hatfield LA. Neonatal pain: What's age got to do with it? Surg Neurol Int 2014; 5:S479-89. [PMID: 25506507 PMCID: PMC4253046 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.144630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The neurobiology of neonatal pain processing, especially in preterm infants, differs significantly from older infants, children, adolescence, and adults. Research suggests that strong painful procedures or repeated mild procedures may permanently modify individual pain processing. Acute injuries at critical developmental periods are risk factors for persistent altered neurodevelopment. The purpose of this narrative review is to present the seminal and current literature describing the unique physiological aspects of neonatal pain processing. Methods: Articles describing the structures and physiological processes that influence neonatal pain were identified from electronic databases Medline, PubMed, and CINAHL. Results: The representation of neonatal pain physiology is described in three processes: Local peripheral nervous system processes, referred to as transduction; spinal cord processing, referred to as transmission and modulation; and supraspinal processing and integration or perception of pain. The consequences of undermanaged pain in preterm infants and neonates are discussed. Conclusion: Although the process and pain responses in neonates bear some similarity to processes and pain responses in older infants, children, adolescence, and adults; there are some pain processes and responses that are unique to neonates rendering them at risk for inadequate pain treatment. Moreover, exposure to repeated painful stimuli contributes to adverse long-term physiologic and behavioral sequelae. With the emergence of studies showing that painful experiences are capable of rewiring the adult brain, it is imperative that we treat neonatal pain effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Hatfield
- Assistant Professor of Evidence-based Practice, Department of Family and Community Health University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Director of Research and Evidence-based practice, Pennsylvania Hospital, USA
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