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Marino MJ, Gehlbach PL, Rege A, Jiramongkolchai K. Current and novel multi-imaging modalities to assess retinal oxygenation and blood flow. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:2962-2972. [PMID: 34117399 PMCID: PMC8526664 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia characterizes the underlying pathology in a multitude of retinal diseases that can ultimately lead to vision loss. A variety of novel imaging modalities have been developed to characterize retinal ischemia by measuring retinal oxygenation and blood flow in-vivo. These technologies offer valuable insight into the earliest pathophysiologic changes within the retina and provide physicians and researchers with new diagnostic and monitoring capabilities. Future retinal imaging technologies with the capability to provide affordable, noninvasive, and comprehensive data on oxygen saturation, vasculature, and blood flow mechanics are needed. This review will highlight current and future trends in multimodal imaging to assess retinal blood flow and oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Marino
- grid.415233.20000 0004 0444 3298Department of Medicine, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Peter L. Gehlbach
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Retina Division, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Abhishek Rege
- grid.505446.6Vasoptic Medical, Inc., Baltimore, MD USA
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Deng Y, Fu Y, Sheng L, Hu Y, Su L, Luo J, Yan C, Chi W. The Regulatory NOD-Like Receptor NLRC5 Promotes Ganglion Cell Death in Ischemic Retinopathy by Inducing Microglial Pyroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:669696. [PMID: 34095138 PMCID: PMC8173141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.669696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia is a common pathological event that can result in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and irreversible vision loss. The pathogenic mechanisms linking retinal ischemia to RGC loss and visual deficits are uncertain, which has greatly hampered the development of effective treatments. It is increasingly recognized that pyroptosis of microglia contributes to the indirect inflammatory death of RGCs. In this study, we report a regulatory NOD-like receptor, NOD-, LRR- and CARD-containing 5 (NLRC5), as a key regulator on microglial pyroptosis and the retinal ischemia process. Through an in-depth analysis of our recently published transcriptome data, we found that NLRC5 was significantly up-regulated in retina during ischemia–reperfusion injury, which were further confirmed by subsequent detection of mRNA and protein level. We further found that NLRC5 was upregulated in retinal microglia during ischemia, while NLRC5 knockdown significantly ameliorated retinal ischemic damage and RGC death. Mechanistically, we revealed that knockdown of NLRC5 markedly suppressed gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage and activation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and caspase-3, indicating that NLRC5 promotes both microglial pyroptosis and apoptosis. Notably, we found that NLRC5 directly bound to NLRP3 and NLRC4 in inflammasomes to cooperatively drive microglial pyroptosis and apoptosis mediating retinal ischemic damage. Overall, these findings reveal a previously unidentified key contribution of NLRC5 signaling to microglial pyroptosis under ischemia or hypoxia conditions. This NLRC5-dependent pathway may be a novel therapeutic target for treatment of ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longxiang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lishi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Rivera-Pérez J, Martínez-Rosas M, Conde-Castañón CA, Toscano-Garibay JD, Ruiz-Pérez NJ, Flores PL, Mera Jiménez E, Flores-Estrada J. Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate Has a Neuroprotective Effect in Retinas of Rabbits with Ischemia/Reperfusion through the Activation of Nrf2/HO-1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3716. [PMID: 32466215 PMCID: PMC7279438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (rI/R) generates an oxidative condition causing the death of neuronal cells. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nonetheless, its correlation with the pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) for the protection of the retina is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of single-doses of EGCG in rI/R and its association with Nrf2/Ho-1 expression. In albino rabbits, rI/R was induced and single-doses of EGCG in saline (0-30 mg/kg) were intravenously administered to select an optimal EGCG concentration that protects from retina damage. To reach this goal, retinal structural changes, gliosis by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining, and lipid peroxidation level by TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) assay were determined. EGCG in a dose of 15 mg/kg (E15) presented the lowest levels of histological damage, gliosis, and oxidative stress in the studied groups. To determine the neuroprotective efficacy of E15 in a timeline (6, 24, and 48 h after rI/R), and its association with the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, the following assays were done by immunofluorescence: apoptosis (TUNEL assay), necrosis (high-mobility group box-1; HMGB1), Nrf2, and HO-1. In addition, the Ho-1 mRNA (qPCR) and lipid peroxidation levels were evaluated. E15 showed a protective effect during the first 6 h, compared to 24 and 48 h after rI/R, as revealed by a decrease in the levels of all damage markers. Nuclear translocation Nrf2 and HO-1 staining were increased, including Ho-1 mRNA levels. In conclusion, a single dose of E15 decreases the death of neuronal cells induced by oxidative stress during the first 6 h after rI/R. This protective effect is associated with the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and with an elevation of Ho-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Rivera-Pérez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, CP 76230 Querétaro, Mexico;
| | - Martín Martínez-Rosas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección 16, Tlalpan, CP 14080 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;
| | - César A. Conde-Castañón
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Paseo de las Jacarandas S/N, La Raza, Azcapotzalco, CP 02990 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;
| | - Julia D. Toscano-Garibay
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de Mexico, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, CP 07760 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; (J.D.T.-G.); (N.J.R.-P.)
| | - Nancy J. Ruiz-Pérez
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de Mexico, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, CP 07760 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; (J.D.T.-G.); (N.J.R.-P.)
| | - Pedro L. Flores
- Departamento de Instrumentación Electromecánica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano 1, Sección 16, Tlalpan, CP 14080 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;
| | - Elvia Mera Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomas, Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;
| | - Javier Flores-Estrada
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de Mexico, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 5160, Magdalena de las Salinas, Gustavo A. Madero, CP 07760 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; (J.D.T.-G.); (N.J.R.-P.)
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Vestergaard N, Cehofski LJ, Honoré B, Aasbjerg K, Vorum H. Animal Models Used to Simulate Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Comprehensive Review. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:23. [PMID: 31440422 PMCID: PMC6701503 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To present an overview of animal models of retinal artery occlusion (RAO). Methods Through a systematic literature search in PubMed and Embase, papers describing methods of inducing RAO in animal models were included. The identified methodologic approaches were presented in a narrative synthesis and compared with RAO in humans. Results In total, 83 papers reporting on 88 experiments were included. Six different species were used with rodents and monkeys being the most common, and a minority were performed using cats, dogs, rabbits, or pigs. The anatomy of pigs and monkeys resemble that of humans most closely. The two most frequently used methods were laser-induced occlusion or ligation of the arteries. Other methods included raised intraocular pressure, arterial clamping, administration of vasoconstricting agents, the use of an occluder, embolization, and endovascular approaches to induce occlusion. In general, occlusions lasted for only 30 to 90 minutes, often followed by reperfusion. Conclusions Although a broad range of methods have previously been used, they all have limitations. Preferably, the methods should imitate the human disease as closely as possible and avoid damaging other structures. Therefore, monkeys followed by pigs are to be preferred and ligation or clamping may be a suitable model in larger animals as there is a potential to isolate and occlude the retinal artery only. Being less invasive, laser-induced occlusion is another suitable approach. Translational Relevance This review aims at assisting researchers in deciding on the most ideal experimental setting, and thereby increase the translational value to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Vestergaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lasse Jørgensen Cehofski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Vejle Hospital - part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bent Honoré
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristian Aasbjerg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Epidemiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Li QC, Yu J, Jiang CH, Zhu HH, Liu K, Zhao JC. Effects of perfluorooctane on the retina as a short-term and small amounts remnant in rabbits. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:381-386. [PMID: 30918804 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.03.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate changes in the rabbit retina after short-term and small amounts tamponade of perfluorooctane (PFO). METHODS New Zealand rabbits were used, and 48 eyes were randomly and evenly assigned into four different groups. The PFO groups received a residue of 0.1 mL of PFO for ophthalmic surgery or 0.1 mL of F-Octane at the end of surgery; eyes from the pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) group were filled with balanced salt solution and those having not received surgical intervention served as controls. Eyes were collected at 1, 4 and 12wk and studied. RESULTS Under a microscope, nuclear counts of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) did not differ among the four groups at all time points; however, slight disarrangement of the ONL and occasional vacuolization of the INL were found in the inferior retina only at 12wk in two PFO groups. Four of the groups had similar results of Caspase-3 and TNF-α staining at all time points. Alternatively, IL-8 was increased in PFOa and PPV control groups at 4wk and in all three PPV groups at 12wk; also, the apoptotic index (%) was similarly increased in all three PPV groups at 4 and 12wk. CONCLUSION Both PFOs are well tolerated in rabbit eyes for up to 12wk, which suggests that they can be used safely as intraoperative tools or for short-term and small amounts tamponade after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Chen Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chun-Hui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, and Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Shanghai No. 5, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao-Hao Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Shanghai No. 5, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jin-Chuan Zhao
- ZHEJIANG Institute of Medical Device Supervision and Testing, Hangzhou 310018, China
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D'Alessandro A, Cervia D, Catalani E, Gevi F, Zolla L, Casini G. Protective effects of the neuropeptides PACAP, substance P and the somatostatin analogue octreotide in retinal ischemia: a metabolomic analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1290-304. [PMID: 24514073 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70362b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a primary cause of neuronal death in retinal diseases and the somatostatin subtype receptor 2 agonist octreotide (OCT) is known to decrease ischemia-induced retinal cell death. Using a recently optimized ex vivo mouse model of retinal ischemia, we tested the anti-ischemic potential of two additional neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) and substance P (SP), and monitored the major changes occurring at the metabolic level. Metabolomics analyses were performed via fast HPLC online using a microTOF-Q MS instrument, a workflow that is increasingly becoming the gold standard in the field of metabolomics. The metabolomic approach allowed detection of the most significant alterations induced in the retina by ischemia and of the significance of the protective effects exerted by OCT, PACAP or SP. All treatments were shown to reduce ischemia-induced cell death, vascular endothelial growth factor over-expression and glutamate release. The metabolomic analysis showed that OCT and, to a lesser extent, also PACAP or SP, were able to counteract the ischemia-induced oxidative stress and to promote, with various efficacies, (i) decreased accumulation of glutamate and normalization of glutathione homeostasis; (ii) reduced build-up of α-ketoglutarate, which might serve as a substrate for the enhanced biosynthesis of glutamate in response to ischemia; (iii) reduced accumulation of peroxidized lipids and inflammatory mediators; (iv) the normalization of glycolytic fluxes and thus preventing the over-accumulation of lactate or either promoting the down-regulation of the glyoxalate anti-oxidant system; (v) a reduced metabolic shift from glycolysis towards the PPP or either a blockade at the non-oxidative phase of the PPP; and (vi) tuning down of purine metabolism. In addition, OCT seemed to stimulate nitric oxide production. None of the treatments was able to restore ATP production, although ATP reservoirs were partly replenished by OCT, PACAP or SP. These data indicate that, in addition to that of somatostatin, peptidergic systems such as those of PACAP and SP deserve attention in view of peptide-based therapies to treat ischemic retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università della Tuscia, L.go dell'Università snc, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Effect of PBNA on the NO content and NOS activity in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat retina. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 664:501-7. [PMID: 20238052 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1399-9_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigated the effect of Polygonum Bistorta L. n-butyl Alcohol (PBNA) extract on the NO content and NOS activity in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat retina. METHODS The model of retinal I/R injury in SD rats was made by reperfusion for 1 h after occlusion of common carotid artery (CCA) for 1 h. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, retinal I/R injury group, low-dosage PBNA treated group and high-dosage treated PBNA group. The control group was injected with 1 ml/kg NS through sublingual vein after CCA was dissociated. Other groups were treated with normal saline or PBNA before occlusion of CCA. After occlusion of CCA for 1 h following reperfusion for 1 h, blood was collected and serum was separated to determine the contents of NO, the activity of T-NOS, iNOS and eNOS. RESULT (1) The contents of NO in I/R group showed lower values than in control group (P<0.001) and low-dosage PBNA treated group (P<0.05). (2) The activities of T-NOS in both low-dosage PBNA group and high-dosage group increased, compared with I/R group (P<0.01). (3) The activity of serum iNOS in I/R group increased compared with control group (P<0.05) and low-dosage PBNA treated group evidently (P<0.05). (4) The activity of serum eNOS in I/R group decreased compared with control group (P<0.05), both low-dosage (P<0.05) and high-dosage PBNA (P<0.01) treated group markedly. CONCLUSION The date suggest that PBNA have a therapeutic effect on retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury by increasing the activities of T-NOS and eNOS, decreasing the activity of iNOS, elevating the content of NO, enhancing the Anti-oxidation and expanding the blood vessel.
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EMRE S, GUL M, ATES B, ESREFOGLU M, KOC B, ERDOGAN A, YESILADA E. Comparison of the Protective Effects of Prostaglandin Analogues in the Ischemia and Reperfusion Model of Rabbit Eyes. Exp Anim 2009; 58:505-13. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.58.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan EMRE
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University
| | - Mehmet GUL
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University
| | - Burhan ATES
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Inonu University
| | - Mukaddes ESREFOGLU
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University
| | - Bekir KOC
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University
| | - Ali ERDOGAN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Inonu University
| | - Elif YESILADA
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University
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