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Amato R, Melecchi A, Pucci L, Canovai A, Marracci S, Cammalleri M, Dal Monte M, Caddeo C, Casini G. Liposome-Mediated Delivery Improves the Efficacy of Lisosan G against Retinopathy in Diabetic Mice. Cells 2023; 12:2448. [PMID: 37887292 PMCID: PMC10605070 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are natural substances whose anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may be used to treat retinal pathologies. Their efficacy is limited by poor bioavailability, which could be improved using nanocarriers. Lisosan G (LG), a fermented powder from whole grains, protects the retina from diabetic retinopathy (DR)-induced damage. For this study, we tested whether the encapsulation of LG in liposomes (LipoLG) may increase its protective effects. Diabetes was induced in mice via streptozotocin administration, and the mice were allowed to freely drink water or a water dispersion of two different doses of LG or of LipoLG. Electroretinographic recordings after 6 weeks showed that only the highest dose of LG could partially protect the retina from diabetes-induced functional deficits, while both doses of LipoLG were effective. An evaluation of molecular markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the blood-retinal barrier confirmed that the highest dose of LG only partially protected the retina from DR-induced changes, while virtually complete prevention was obtained with either dose of LipoLG. These data indicate that the efficacy of LG in contrasting DR is greatly enhanced by its encapsulation in liposomes and may lay the ground for new dietary supplements with improved therapeutic effects against DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Amato
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (R.A.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Alberto Melecchi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (R.A.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Laura Pucci
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Alessio Canovai
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (R.A.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Silvia Marracci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (R.A.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Maurizio Cammalleri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (R.A.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (R.A.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carla Caddeo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (R.A.); (A.M.); (A.C.); (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.D.M.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Dietary vitamins, carotenoids and their sources in relation to age-related macular degeneration risk in China: a population-based case-control study. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1804-1811. [PMID: 35894297 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies have suggested that antioxidants have beneficial effects on age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study aimed to investigate the association between the types and sources of dietary vitamin and carotenoid intakes and AMD risk in China. A matched case-control study of 260 AMD cases and 260 matched controls was performed. The participants were interviewed for dietary information and potential confounders, and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were performed. Conditional logistic models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) of specific vitamins and carotenoids and their main sources. When comparing the extreme quartiles, the ORs (95 % CI) were 0·30 (0·10, 0·88) for lutein and 0·28 (0·11, 0·74) for β-cryptoxanthin. The associations for other dietary vitamin and carotenoid intakes were generally weaker and non-significant. Higher intakes of spinach and egg, which are important sources of lutein, were associated with a reduced odds of AMD. ORs (95% CIs) comparing extreme categories were 0·42 (0·20, 0·88) for spinach and 0·52 (95% CI: 0·27, 0·98) for egg. Participants who were in the highest category of both egg intake and spinach intake had a much greater reduced odds of having AMD (OR: 0·23; 95% CI: 0·08, 0·71) than those in the lowest category of egg intake and spinach intake. In conclusion, a higher intake of lutein and lutein-rich foods was associated with a significantly decreased odds of AMD. These findings provide further evidence of the benefits of lutein and lutein-rich foods in the prevention of AMD.
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Understanding Neurodegeneration from a Clinical and Therapeutic Perspective in Early Diabetic Retinopathy. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040792. [PMID: 35215442 PMCID: PMC8877033 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that neurodegeneration is a critical element of diabetic retinopathy (DR) pathogenesis. The neuronal cells’ apoptosis contributes to microvascular impairment and blood–retinal barrier breakdown. Therefore, neurodegeneration represents an early intervention target to slow and prevent the development of microvascular alterations visible on clinical examination. Multimodal imaging features and functional assessment can permit the identification of neuronal damage in a subclinical stage before the recognition of DR signs. Clinical features of neurodegeneration are crucial in identifying patients at high risk of developing a vascular impairment and, thus, serve as outcome measures to understand the efficacy of supplementation. The optimal approach for targeting neurodegeneration contemplates the use of topical compounds that possibly act on different elements of the pathogenic cascade. To date, clinical trials available on humans tested three different topical agents, including brimonidine, somatostatin, and citicoline, with promising results.
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Scuderi G, Troiani E, Minnella AM. Gut Microbiome in Retina Health: The Crucial Role of the Gut-Retina Axis. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:726792. [PMID: 35095780 PMCID: PMC8795667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The term microbiome means not only a complex ecosystem of microbial species that colonize our body but also their genome and the surrounding environment in which they live. Recent studies support the existence of a gut-retina axis involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic progressive ocular diseases, including age-related macular disorders. This review aims to underline the importance of the gut microbiome in relation to ocular health. After briefly introducing the characteristics of the gut microbiome in terms of composition and functions, the role of gut microbiome dysbiosis, in the development or progression of retinal diseases, is highlighted, focusing on the relationship between gut microbiome composition and retinal health based on the recently investigated gut-retina axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Scuderi
- Ophthalmology Unit, NESMOS Department, St. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gianluca Scuderi,
| | - Emidio Troiani
- Cardiology Unit, State Hospital, Institute for Social Security, Cailungo, San Marino
| | - Angelo Maria Minnella
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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