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Schaeffer C, Schummer C, Scholer S, van Nieuwenhuyse A, Pincemaille J. Evaluation of environmental contamination in beeswax products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1244:124243. [PMID: 39068867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Beeswaxes are used as a coating agent or as a wrapping material for food products making them potentially ingested by consumers. There is no regulation yet in Europe giving maximum levels of contaminants in this type of product. Nevertheless, being a natural product, they are exposed to environmental pollution, thus it appears necessary to establish their contamination rate in order to evaluate potential human exposure. In this study, a method of extraction of different environmental contaminants including pesticides, phthalates, PAHs and phenols was developed. Based on a hot Soxhlet extraction, followed by cleaning steps, the method was validated for the quantitation of the cited contaminants by LC-MS/MS and GC-(MS)/MS. Three different types of waxes were analyzed including typical white waxes (Cera Alba) and yellow waxes (Cera Flava). It was shown that all waxes had the presence of at least one contaminant and that phthalates, in particular DEHP, was present in all beeswax samples. Insecticides were found in majority among all the classes of pesticides screened. The yellow waxes were found to be contaminated with the highest rates of PAHs (60%), pesticides (75%) and phenols (40%). The detection frequency of PAHs, in contrast to phthalates, was the lowest for all the types of waxes combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Schaeffer
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Service de Surveillance Alimentaire, Département des Laboratoires de protection de la Santé, 1, rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Claude Schummer
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Service de Surveillance Alimentaire, Département des Laboratoires de protection de la Santé, 1, rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Sarada Scholer
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Service de Surveillance Alimentaire, Département des Laboratoires de protection de la Santé, 1, rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - An van Nieuwenhuyse
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Département des Laboratoires de Protection de la Santé, 1, rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Justine Pincemaille
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Service de Surveillance Alimentaire, Département des Laboratoires de protection de la Santé, 1, rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg.
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2
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Ittycheri A, Biniszkiewicz B, Rodriguez C, German GK. Plastocapillarity: Partial and full Newtonian drop embedding into immiscible yield stress substrates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 667:617-623. [PMID: 38657545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Recent advances have been made in elastocapillarity; reversible 3D deformations of solid substrates with low elastic moduli from the surface tension of deposited drops. This study explores permanent deformations caused by liquid drops on immiscible yield stress substrates. We hypothesize that the substrate's rheological properties play a major role in determining the shape and stability of the drop-substrate interface, and govern partial or full embedding into the substrate. EXPERIMENTS Substrate yield stress magnitudes are modified through altering the mixture ratios of petroleum jelly to paraffin oil. Water drops are deposited on substrates and deformation profiles of the deformed interface are quantified. FINDINGS Above a critical Bingham-Capillary number, which characterizes the ratio of yield stress magnitude to surface tension, deposited water drops deform the substrate surface permanently, but minimally. Below this value, drops become increasingly embedded as the substrate yield stress magnitude decreases, with larger indentation depths and increased circumferential ridge heights. With sufficiently low yield stress magnitudes, where surface tension forces dominate over yield stress forces, the plastically deformed ridges fully encapsulate the liquid drop surface, resulting in full drop embedding within the substrate. These results advance knowledge of interfacial wetting on soft yield stress substrates and has implications for binary fluids, functional materials, and new drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ittycheri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - B Biniszkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - C Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - G K German
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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Naeem S, Ali L, Jaffar N, Khan SS, Shafiq Y, Suri S, Tahir A. Shark fish oil prevents scopolamine-induced memory impairment in an experimental model. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:15-27. [PMID: 38008885 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Fish oil has been known for its antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective characteristics due to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are essential for optimal brain function and mental health. The present study investigated the effect of Carcharhinus Bleekeri (Shark Fish) oil on learning and memory functions in scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Locomotor and memory-enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was investigated by assessing the open field and passive avoidance paradigm. Forty male Albino mice were divided into 4 equal groups (n = 10) as bellow: 1 - control (received 0.9% saline), 2 - SCOP (received scopolamine 2 mg/kg for 21 days), 3 - SCOP + SFO (received scopolamine and fish oil 5 mg/kg/ day for 21 days), 4 - SCOP + Donepezil groups (received 3 mg/kg/day for 21 days). SFO produced significant (P < 0.01) locomotor and memory-enhancing activities in open-field and passive avoidance paradigm models. Additionally, SFO restored the Acetylcholine (ACh) concentration in the hippocampus (p < 0.05) and remarkably prevented the degradation of monoamines. Histology of brain tissue showed marked cellular distortion in the scopolamine-treated group, while the SFO treatment restored distortion in the brain's hippocampus region. These results suggest that the SFO significantly ameliorates scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment by attenuating the ACh and monoamine concentrations in the rat's hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Naeem
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Liaquat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Jaffar
- Department of Pathology, Sindh Medical College, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saira Saeed Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Yousra Shafiq
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Suri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anosh Tahir
- Dow Institute of Medical Technology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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4
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Freitas F, Cabrita MJ, da Silva MG. A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Phthalates Esters in Two Important European Food Products: Olive Oil and Wine. Molecules 2023; 28:7628. [PMID: 38005350 PMCID: PMC10673500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of chemicals widely used as plasticizers. These compounds, considered toxic, do not bond to the polymeric matrix of plastic and can, therefore, migrate into the surrounding environment, posing a risk to human health. The primary source of human exposure is food, which can become contaminated during cultivation, production, and packaging. Therefore, it is imperative to control and regulate this exposure. This review covers the analytical methods used for their determination in two economically significant products: olive oil and wine. Additionally, it provides a summary and analysis of information regarding the characteristics, toxicity, effects on human health, and current regulations pertaining to PAEs in food. Various approaches for the extraction, purification, and quantification of these analytes are highlighted. Solvent and sorbent-based extraction techniques are reviewed, as are the chromatographic separation and other methods currently applied in the analysis of PAEs in wines and olive oils. The analysis of these contaminants is challenging due to the complexities of the matrices and the widespread presence of PAEs in analytical laboratories, demanding the implementation of appropriate strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Freitas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Cabrita
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Marco Gomes da Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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5
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Minho LAC, Cardeal ZDL, Menezes HC. A deep learning-based simulator for comprehensive two-dimensional GC applications. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300187. [PMID: 37525343 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Among the main approaches for predicting the spatial positions of eluates in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, the still under-explored computational models based on deep learning algorithms emerge as robust and reliable options due to their high adaptability to the structure and complexity of the data. In this work, an open-source program based on deep neural networks was developed to optimize chromatographic methods and simulate operating conditions outside the laboratory. The deep neural networks models were fit to convenient experimental predictors, resulting in scaled losses (mean squared error) equivalent to 0.006 (relative average deviation = 8.56%, R2 = 0.9202) and 0.014 (relative average deviation = 1.67%, R2 = 0.8009) in the prediction of the first- and second-dimension retention times, respectively. Good compliance was observed for the main chemical classes, such as environmental contaminants: volatile, semivolatile organic compounds, and pesticides; biochemistry molecules: amino acids and lipids; pharmaceutical industry and personal care products and residues: drugs and metabolites; among others. On the other hand, there is a need for continuous database updates to predict retention times of less common compounds accurately. Thus, forming a collaborative database is proposed, gathering voluntary findings from other users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Almir Cavalcante Minho
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Zenilda de Lourdes Cardeal
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Costa Menezes
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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6
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Martín-Carrasco I, Carbonero-Aguilar P, Dahiri B, Moreno IM, Hinojosa M. Comparison between pollutants found in breast milk and infant formula in the last decade: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162461. [PMID: 36868281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, breastfeeding has been the fundamental way of nurturing the newborn. The benefits of breast milk are widely known, as it is a source of essential nutrients and provides immunological protection, as well as developmental benefits, among others. However, when breastfeeding is not possible, infant formula is the most appropriate alternative. Its composition meets the nutritional requirements of the infant, and its quality is subject to strict control by the authorities. Nonetheless, the presence of different pollutants has been detected in both matrices. Thus, the aim of the present review is to make a comparison between the findings in both breast milk and infant formula in terms of contaminants in the last decade, in order to choose the most convenient option depending on the environmental conditions. For that, the emerging pollutants including metals, chemical compounds derived from heat treatment, pharmaceutical drugs, mycotoxins, pesticides, packaging materials, and other contaminants were described. While in breast milk the most concerning contaminants found were metals and pesticides, in infant formula pollutants such as metals, mycotoxins, and packaging materials were the most outstanding. In conclusion, the convenience of using a feeding diet based on breast milk or either infant formula depends on the maternal environmental circumstances. However, it is important to take into account the immunological benefits of the breast milk compared to the infant formula, and the possibility of using breast milk in combination with infant formula when the nutritional requirements are not fulfilled only with the intake of breast milk. Therefore, more attention should be paid in terms of analyzing these conditions in each case to be able to make a proper decision, as it will vary depending on the maternal and newborn environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Martín-Carrasco
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - P Carbonero-Aguilar
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - B Dahiri
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - I M Moreno
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - M Hinojosa
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Institutionen för biokemi och biofysik, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Bauwens G, Gorska A, Purcaro G. The role of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in mineral oil determination. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04718-3. [PMID: 37147559 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) contain a wide structural diversity of molecules, for which the reference method of analysis is the online coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID). These compounds are very heterogeneous from a toxicological viewpoint, and an accurate risk assessment when dealing with a MOH contamination can only be performed if sufficient information is available on the types of structures present (i.e., number of carbons, degree of alkylation, number of aromatic rings). Unfortunately, the separation performances of the current LC-GC-FID method are insufficient for such characterization, not even mentioning the possible coelution of interfering compounds which additionally hinder MOH determination. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), while mostly used for confirmation purposes in the past, starts to prove its relevance for overcoming the weaknesses of the LC-GC method and reaching even better the analytical requirements defined in the latest EFSA opinion. The present paper therefore aims at highlighting how GC × GC has contributed to the understanding of the MOH topic, how it has developed to meet the requirements of MOH determination, and how it could play a role in the field for overcoming many of the current analytical and toxicological challenges related to the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Gorska
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
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8
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Jaén J, Domeño C, Nerín C. Development of an analytical method for the determination of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) from printing inks in food packaging. Food Chem 2022; 397:133745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Baruah U, Saikia M, Bora IJ, Mohan B, Dutta PP, Saikia PJ, Baruah SD. Functionalized polyethylene on property enhancement of lubricating oil and their performance evaluation study. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urmilla Baruah
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Maitrayee Saikia
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Ishan J. Bora
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Bitupan Mohan
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Pranjal P. Dutta
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Prakash J. Saikia
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Jorhat Assam India
| | - Shashi D. Baruah
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division CSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST) Jorhat Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Jorhat Assam India
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Bunaciu AA, Fleschin S, Aboul-Enein HY. Determination of some edible oils adulteration with paraffin oil using infrared spectroscopy. PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e76175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectroscopy of molecular vibrations using mid-infrared or near-infrared techniques was used more and more to characterize different compounds, including edible oil, in order to monitor any changes and to detect fraudulent modifications. This article presents a new method for quantitative adulteration of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) or corn germ oil (CGO) with a mineral oil, such as paraffin oil (PO). A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometric method, using ATR spectra, was developed for the rapid, direct measurement of edible oils adulteration. The results indicate the efficiency of the proposed method for the detection of paraffin oil in adulteration of EVOO and CGO with RSD (< 3.0%).
Graphical abstract:
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11
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Jaén J, Domeño C, Vera P, Nerín C. Migration of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) from hot melt adhesives used in food packaging materials. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MINERAL OIL IN FISH FEED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR AND LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-COMPREHENSIVE MULTIDIMENSIONAL GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETER/FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Review on chromatographic and specific detection methodologies for unravelling the complexity of MOAH in foods. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1234:340098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Carrillo JC, Danneels D, Woldhuis J. Relevance of animal studies in the toxicological assessment of oil and wax hydrocarbons. Solving the puzzle for a new outlook in risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:418-455. [PMID: 34494504 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1944056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Paraffin waxes and white mineral oils are distinct petroleum products separated from a common feedstock by crystallization, where only n-alkanes, iso- and cyclo-alkanes with a linear backbone of ∼ 20 carbon atoms long, selectively crystalize out from the oil to form the wax, which is solid at room temperature, whereas oils remain liquid. Up until the 90's, these differences were reflected in separated regulatory assessments. A paradigm shift occurred when Fischer 344 rats (F-344) developed liver epithelioid granuloma following exposure to low and medium viscosity oils or waxes. This lesion was used as common denominator between these products to be jointly assessed under the common term "mineral hydrocarbons - MHC", obviating compositional differences. This regulatory paradigm dominated for the next 30 years, exacerbated by the EFSA 2012 evaluation using the analytical term "MOSH" (mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons) which encompassed these products under single chromatography fraction. The reconstruction of historical developments, together with recent EFSA-sponsored studies of toxicity and accumulation and supporting literature, has allowed us to understand the etiology of the F-344 rat hepatic epithelioid granuloma, which is presented in an adverse outcome pathway (AOP). Considering chemical composition, it clearly demonstrates that the hepatic effects in F-344 rats caused by linear alkanes of waxes are irrelevant for humans. Waxes are thus not MOSH and should thus be evaluated on their own merit. The term MOSH should not include n-alkanes and be exclusively used to mineral oil fractions when considering their chemical makeup for a relevant human hazard assessment.
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Ruiz JLH, Liébanas JA, Vidal JLM, Garrido Frenich A, González RR. Offline Solid-Phase Extraction and Separation of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Edible Oils, and Analysis via GC with a Flame Ionization Detector. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092026. [PMID: 34574136 PMCID: PMC8472750 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in edible oils, achieving similar limits of quantification than those obtained by online extraction methodologies, i.e., 0.5 mg/kg. The isolation of MOSH and MOAH was performed in a silver nitrated silica gel stationary phase prior to their analysis by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC-FID). To improve the sensitivity, the simulated on-column injection method, using a suitable liner, was optimized. The method was validated at 0.5, 10.0 and 17.9 mg/kg, and recoveries ranged from 80 to 110%. Intra and inter-day precision were evaluated at the same levels, and relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower than 20%. The method was applied to a total of 27 samples of different types of oil previously analyzed in an accredited laboratory, detecting MOSH up to 79.2 mg/kg and MOAH up to 22.4 mg/kg.
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Weber M, Wolf JC, Haisch C. Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Inlet-Mass Spectrometer Utilizing Plasma-Based Soft Ionization for the Analysis of Saturated, Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1707-1715. [PMID: 34170138 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft ionization by a chemical reaction in transfer (SICRIT) is applied to couple gas chromatography (GC) to a high-resolution atmospheric pressure inlet mass spectrometer. These instruments are generally used in combination with liquid chromatography systems (LC-MS). Ionization of alkanes is not possible here with conventional electrospray ionization. Alternatively, separate GC-electron ionization (EI)-MS is employed for the analysis of nonpolar substances like alkanes, however, with the inherent challenge of strong fragmentation. In the case of alkanes, the determination of molecular masses becomes nearly impossible in complex hydrocarbon mixtures because of the wealth of similar fragment ions and the absence of the molecular ion signal. SICRIT, a soft ionization technique based on dielectric barrier discharge (DBDI), produces characteristic oxidized cations from alkanes that can be directly correlated to their molecular mass. Isotope labeling experiments reveal an ionization mechanism via hydride abstraction and reaction with water. Soft ionization can be achieved for iso- and n-alkanes, with very little fragmentation, enabling the determination of their molecular mass. Calibrations for n-alkanes from C10 to C30 were performed exhibiting high linearity, reproducibility, and sensitivity with an average LOD of 69 pg (on column). Measurements of diesel fuel samples are compared to traditional GC-EI-MS. The presented method combines sensitivity and easy handling of a GC-EI-MS with the determination of molecular mass commonly only achieved with field ionization (FI)-MS, while using existing and highly optimized mass spectrometers commonly coupled with LC. Additionally, many other analytes such as (alkylated-) PAHs could be detected simultaneously in the diesel sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weber
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Plasmion GmbH, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Haisch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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17
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Pan JJ, Chen YF, Zheng JG, Hu C, Li D, Zhong HN. Migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from food contact papers into food simulants and extraction from their raw materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:870-880. [PMID: 33818316 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1891300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To determine the occurrence of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in food contact papers in China, and to investigate the potential sources of MOH contamination, a total of 159 food contact papers and raw materials were analysed by off-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography flame ionisation detection (SPE-GC-FID) and a GC-MS method. The migration of MOH from food contact papers into Tenax, olive oil or 50% ethanol under the worst foreseeable conditions of use was determined. The results indicated that the occurrence of MOH in China is of a potential health risk concerning the migration of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) which were detected in 82.6% and 50.4% of samples, respectively. Migration of MOSH from 47.9% of samples was higher than 2 mg/kg and migration of MOAH from 32.2% samples exceeded 0.5 mg/kg in case of the worst foreseeable condition of use. The highest mean migration of MOSH and MOAH were found in packaging papers for long-term storage (more than 6 months), with mean migration of 91.2 mg/kg and 1.4 mg/kg, respectively. Migration of MOH from printed paper was considerably higher than that of unprinted paper, validating previous findings that the printing ink is the predominant source of MOH contamination in food contact papers. Migration of MOH from paper bowls used for packing instant noodles was relatively low, suggesting the internal hollow layer may be acting as a functional barrier that could block the transfer of MOH (up to C28) through the gas phrase, even though the outer layer was made from recycled paper. High concentrations of MOSH and MOAH were also detected in de-foamers, adhesives and rosin sizing agents, indicating that the MOH contamination caused by the use of raw materials and additives should also be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing Pan
- China Guangzhou Customs Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Fen Chen
- China Guangzhou Customs Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Guo Zheng
- China Guangzhou Customs Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changying Hu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- China Guangzhou Customs Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography as a boosting technology in food‐omic investigations. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1592-1611. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Stephen E. Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department University of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
- GC Image Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco Università degli Studi di Torino Torino Italy
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19
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Bauwens G, Pantó S, Purcaro G. Mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons quantification: Mono- and two-dimensional approaches. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462044. [PMID: 33744654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the level of mineral oil contamination in foods is a well-known problem. This class of contaminants is generally divided into mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons with different toxicological relevance and analytical challenges. Among the many challenges, data interpretation and integration represent an important source of uncertainty in the results provided by different laboratories leading to a variation evaluated on the order of 20%. The use of multidimensional comprehensive gas chromatography (GC × GC) has been proposed to support the data interpretation but the integration and the reliability of the results using this methodology has never been systematically evaluated. The aim of this work was to assess the integration and quantification performance of a two-dimensional (2D) software. The data were generated using a novel, completely automated platform, namely LC-GC × GC coupled to dual detectors, i.e., time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MS) and flame ionization detector (FID). From a systematic study of the failures of the two-dimensional quantification approach a novel solution was proposed for simplifying and automating the entire process. The novel algorithm was tested on ad hoc created samples (i.e. a paraffin mixture added of n-alkanes) and real-world samples proving the agreement of the results obtained by LC-GC × GC and the traditional mono-dimensional approach. Moreover, the benefits of using an entirely integrated platform were emphasized, particularly regarding the identity confirmation capability of the MS data, which can be easily translated into the 2D FID quantification feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium
| | - Sebastiano Pantó
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, 5030, Belgium.
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20
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de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt R, Reis dos Santos Mallet J, Mesquita E, Silva Gôlo P, Fiorotti J, Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt V, Guedes Pontes E, da Costa Angelo I. Larvicidal activity, route of interaction and ultrastructural changes in Aedes aegypti exposed to entomopathogenic fungi. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105732. [PMID: 33188750 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Blastospores or conidia (formulated or not) of entomopathogenic fungi were assessed against Aedes aegypti larvae. Larvae (L2) were exposed to 105, 106, 107, and 108 propagules mL-1 water suspension. Mineral oil at 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0% (v/v) was employed to observe the effect on larval survival. The 0.1% mineral oil did not affect larval survival. Accordingly, 107 propagules mL-1 and 0.1% mineral oil were used to prepare all fungal emulsions. The fungal suspension or formulation was prepared as follows: 107 propagules mL-1 on 0.03% TweenⓇ 80 (v/v) aqueous solution or 107 propagules mL-1 on 0.03% TweenⓇ 80 plus 0.1% mineral oil; larval survival rates were evaluated for 7 days, and median survival time (S50) was also determined. The presence of fungi in larvae was examined both histologically and by scanning electron microscopy 24 h or 48 h after exposure. To evaluate the larval growth, larvae were exposed to 107 propagules mL-1 for 48 hours and their length measured using a digital caliper. Here, propagules had similar results in reducing the larvae survival rate and time. The treatment with Beauveria bassiana s.l. at 108 propagules mL-1 or with Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. at 108 blastopores mL-1 reduced the larval survival time to two days. M. anisopliae s.l. at 108 conidia mL-1 reduced the survival time to three days. The survival time of larvae submitted to the other treatments ranged from 6 days to over 7 days. M. anisopliae s.l. or B. bassiana s.l. oil-in-water emulsions at 107 propagules mL-1 yielded better results than the water suspensions, the larvae survival rate was 2 days for both propagules in oil-in-water emulsion. Larvae exposed to blastospores from both isolates or M. anisopliae conidia were longer than in the other treatments. Scanning electron microscopy and histology analyzes found fungi predominantly in the gut, mouthparts, and perispiracular lobes of larvae. Formulated fungus yielded better results than the aqueous suspensions for control of mosquito larvae. Thus, for the first time, the effect of mineral oil on the fungal interaction on A. aegypti larvae was observed as well as the effect of entomopathogenic fungi in the growth of larvae, supporting the search for strategies to control this arthropod.
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21
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Jimenez-Carvelo AM, Cuadros-Rodriguez L, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Chromatographic fingerprinting by comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography: Fundamentals and tools. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Sdrigotti N, Collard M, Purcaro G. Evolution of hyphenated techniques for mineral oil analysis in food. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:464-482. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sdrigotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
- Department of Agricultural Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences University of Udine Udine 33100 Italy
| | - Maurine Collard
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
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23
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Li M, Ying X, Yang C, Li J, Gao J, Sui H, Qian Z. Dietary exposure to mineral oil hydrocarbons of Chinese infants aged 0-6 months. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2070-2081. [PMID: 33151823 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1828625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are exposed to a range of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) via food. The potential adverse health effect of MOH varies widely. Since infant formula (IF) is the major food source for infants, it is necessary to understand MOH exposure and consequent health impact. In the present study, occurrence data of 42 IF samples and food consumption data of 0-6 months infants from China National Food Consumption Survey in 2015 were linked to evaluate the dietary exposure to MOH of 0-6 months infants in China. Ordinary consumers (who purchased IF for 0-6 months infants in different packaging type randomly), packaging type loyal- and brand loyal-consumers were selected as three representative populations. For ordinary consumers and packaging-loyal consumers, dietary exposure to MOH was estimated both deterministically and probabilistically. For brand-loyal consumers, point-estimation was used as the exposure assessment method. Due to toxicological gaps for MOHs, it was inappropriate to derive health-based guidance value and perform the robust human health risk assessment. MOE approach was used to characterise MOSH risk. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for induction of liver microgranulomas, 19 mg/kg BW per day, was used as a reference point for calculating margins of exposure (MOEs) for MOSH exposure. Although first exposure occurs in babies, there are no relevant toxicology studies. All MOE values for different scenarios were higher than 100. There are no dose-response data on the carcinogenicity of MOAH mixtures and hence it is not possible to establish a reference point to calculate the MOE and characterise its risk. Therefore, it is not possible to draw conclusions about the full nature of possible concerns for infants aged 0-6 months. This study evaluates by a probabilistic approach the dietary intake of Chinese infants aged 0-6 months to MOH for the first time and describes the associated uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Toxicology, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Tianjin, China.,Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Xuanyu Ying
- Analysis and Testing Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University , Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- National Food Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd , Beijing, China
| | - Jianwen Li
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Sui
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment , Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- Department of Toxicology, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Tianjin, China
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24
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Srbinovska A, Conchione C, Menegoz Ursol L, Lucci P, Moret S. Occurrence of n-Alkanes in Vegetable Oils and Their Analytical Determination. Foods 2020; 9:E1546. [PMID: 33114601 PMCID: PMC7694132 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetable oils contain endogenous linear hydrocarbons, namely n-alkanes, ranging from n-C21 to n-C35, with odd chain lengths prevalent. Different vegetable oils, as well as oils of the same type, but of different variety and provenience, show typical n-alkane patterns, which could be used as a fingerprint to characterize them. In the first part of this review, data on the occurrence of n-alkanes in different vegetable oils (total and predominant n-alkanes) are given, with a focus on obtaining information regarding variety and geographical origin. The second part aims to provide the state of the art on available analytical methods for their determination. In particular, a detailed description of the sample preparation protocols and analytical determination is reported, pointing out the main drawbacks of traditional sample preparation and possible solutions to implement the analysis with the aim to shift toward rapid and solvent-sparing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Srbinovska
- Department of Agri-Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (C.C.); (L.M.U.); (P.L.); (S.M.)
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25
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Fengler R, Gruber L. Migration and permeation of mineral oil components from paper-based food contact materials into foods – A critical comparison of analytical methods. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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The New Test Procedure for Group-Type Composition of Base Oils of Lubricating Oils, Especially Emitted into the Environment. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13153772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mineral base oil, a product of multistep fine refining of the relevant fractions from vacuum distillation of crude oil, is a main component of so-called mineral lubricating oils containing aliphatic and alicyclic substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e., derivatives of benzene and biphenyl. Mineral lubricating oil is composed mostly of mineral base oil and a low amount of enriching additives, most often products of advanced organic chemical technology. The application of mineral lubricating oils in open cutting systems has a very negative impact on environment and on the operator’s health. This work presents a simple, cheap and fast methodology allows identification of the group-type composition of base oil in lubricating oil and to estimate the content or total absence of base oil of mineral and vegetable origin in lubricating oil. The first step of the test is an in-situ screening for fluorescence of petroleum fraction under the 365 nm light. The next is the performance of infrared spectra with Fourier transformation (FT-MIR) to identify and estimate the content of vegetable oil and its derivatives and the performance of UV-Vis spectra to identify and determine the content of aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as dyes present in the lubricating oil. The last stage is normal phase thin layer chromatography (NP-TLC) using different visualization methods to evaluate the group-type composition of lubricating oil. Effectivity of the developed procedure has been confirmed during control of group-type composition evaluation of lubricating oils in cutting systems. The procedure can be also applied with respect to different oil matrices.
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27
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Stauff A, Schnapka J, Heckel F, Matissek R. Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons (MOSH/MOAH) in Edible Oils and Possible Minimization by Deodorization Through the Example of Cocoa Butter. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stauff
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Julia Schnapka
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Frank Heckel
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Reinhard Matissek
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
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28
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Biedermann M, Munoz C, Grob K. Epoxidation for the analysis of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons in food. An update. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461236. [PMID: 32540076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupled high performance liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (HPLC-GC-FID) used for determining mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in foods, particularly in certain oils and fats, may be disturbed by interfering olefins present as natural food components or resulting from raffination of the oils and fats. While some interference can be coped with by disregarding their peaks, others overload GC to the extent of obscuring the MOAH or form humps which need to be distinguished from the hump formed by the MOAH. In the latter cases, it is necessary to remove these interferences prior to HPLC-GC analysis. So far, epoxidation of the olefins to increase their retention time beyond that of the MOAH in HPLC is the best method available, though imperfect by causing some loss of MOAH and sometimes incomplete removal of the interference. Two methods are re-evaluated; preference is given to a slightly modified version of that proposed by Nestola and Schmidt. The performances are comparable: the losses of MOAH are similar and with both methods not all interfering olefins may be removed from refined edible oils. However, the Nestola/Schmidt method has practical advantages, the main ones being that no cooling is necessary and no solvent needs to be evaporated, which facilitates automation. Potential residual interferences must be recognized and subtracted, which can be by the characteristics of the hump they form in HPLC-GC-FID, by GCxGC-FID or by GCxGC-MS using characteristic mass fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Celine Munoz
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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29
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Ahmad A, Ahsan H. Lipid-based formulations in cosmeceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-020-00062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe fatty acids containing plant oils have been used as components of cosmetic formulations, and the best cosmetic function has been established for unsaturated fatty acids present in triglycerides. Many oils, fats, waxes, and phospholipids are employed as excipients in cosmetics and personal care products. Antioxidants such as carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols are used for their antioxidant properties because of their importance in therapeutic care. For skin care, the most important are oils with high contents of linoleic and α-linolenic acid which reduce the formation of eczemas or atopic dermatitis. These essential fatty acids incorporate into the cell membranes and regenerate the damaged lipid barrier of epidermis and restrict water loss. The unsaturated fatty acids show prominent healing effects on skin inflammation and are used in various cosmetic products. Mineral oils and waxes are also used in several products due to their property of skin tolerance, protection, cleansing, and viscosity. As cosmeceutical formulation, the nanoformulations are effective against irritated and inflamed skin and effective for therapy of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. The lipid nanoparticles offer advantages of chemical stability and good skin compatibility that can be used for protection against radiation and aging.
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30
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Sui H, Gao H, Chen Y, Ke R, Zhong H, Zhong Q, Liu Z, Song Y. Survey of mineral oil hydrocarbons in infant formula from the Chinese market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1040-1048. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1748234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Sui
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- National Food Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfen Chen
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Runhui Ke
- National Food Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Huaining Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiding Zhong
- National Food Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Song
- Division III of Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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31
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Amaral MSS, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Advances in Technology and Applications: Biennial Update. Anal Chem 2019; 92:85-104. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. S. Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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32
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Arcella D, Baert K, Binaglia M. Rapid risk assessment on the possible risk for public health due to the contamination of infant formula and follow‐on formula by mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Koster S, Varela J, Stadler RH, Moulin J, Cruz-Hernandez C, Hielscher J, Lesueur C, Roïz J, Simian H. Mineral oil hydrocarbons in foods: is the data reliable? Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:69-83. [PMID: 31639315 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1678770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of foods with mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) is a serious concern, requiring in most cases tedious mitigation measures that span across the whole food supply chain. A major issue today is the significant variability of the results generated by laboratories. This study was therefore designed to achieve a deeper insight into the analytical procedures used by commercial laboratories, identifying possible gaps and suggesting improvements that will enhance the reliability of the MOH data, an important prerequisite for risk assessment. In total six different food matrices, i.e. infant formula (IF), cocoa butter, cocoa powder, biscuits, fruit-based baby food containing biscuit and roast and ground coffee were subjected to comparative inter-laboratory studies, as well as one vegetable oil analysed within the frame of a professionally conducted proficiency test. The results indicate that on some matrices with possibly low amounts of MOH contamination, the current methodologies cannot reliably conclude whether or not a food sample is indeed contaminated with mineral oils (<10 mg/kg food). Urgently needed are: (i) an aligned and fully validated sample preparation strategy tested on a range of different food matrices; (ii) a confirmation of positive flame ionisation detection (FID) results by confirmatory methods such as mass spectrometry - in line with the CEN Standard and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) Guidance Document, (iii) a more detailed root-cause analysis in the reports of laboratories through the use of mineral oil markers, and (iv) a fully validated official method for the concerned foods with a limit of application <10 mg/kg food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Koster
- Food Contact Material Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Jesus Varela
- Food Contact Material Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Richard H Stadler
- Food Contact Material Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | - Julie Moulin
- Food Contact Material Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Herve Simian
- Food Contact Material Department, Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Switzerland
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34
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Geisser J, Teipel J, Kuballa T, Weber S, Mildau G, Walch SG, Lachenmeier DW. Requirements for accurate 1H NMR quantification of mineral oil hydrocarbons (paraffins) for pharmaceutical or cosmetic use. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 171:232-234. [PMID: 30981448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Geisser
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan Teipel
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuballa
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sandra Weber
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Mildau
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan G Walch
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Zhang S, Liu L, Li B, Xie Y, Ouyang J, Wu Y. Concentrations of migrated mineral oil/polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH/POSH) in Chinese commercial milk powder products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1261-1272. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuchang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bingning Li
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoqing Xie
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
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Wagner M, Oellig C. Screening for mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in paper and cardboard directly by planar solid phase extraction and by its coupling to gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1588:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Quantification of Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons (MOAH) in Anhydrous Cosmetics Using 1H NMR. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/1680269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In cosmetic products, hydrocarbons from mineral oil origin are used as ingredients in a wide variety of consistency, from liquid oil to solid wax. Refined mineral oil hydrocarbons consist of MOSH (mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons) and a low proportion of MOAH (mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons). MOSH and MOAH comprise a variety of chemically similar single substances with straight or branched chains. In the context of precautionary consumer protection, it is crucial to determine hydrocarbons from mineral oil origin of inferior quality quickly and efficiently. This publication presents a rapid method for quantifying MOAH by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H qNMR) in anhydrous cosmetics such as lipstick, lip gloss, and lip balm. A sample clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed for the complete removal of interfering aromatic substances to improve the robustness of the method for analysing compounded cosmetics. In preliminary trials using silica gel thin-layer chromatography, the retention behaviour of 21 common aromatic compounds was tested in eluents with different solvent strength including EtOAc, MeOH, cyclohexane, and dichloromethane. Based on these results, the SPE sample cleanup with silica gel and cyclohexane as an eluent was suggested as best suitable for the purpose. The SPE cleanup was successfully achieved for all tested potentially interfering aromatic cosmetic ingredients except for butylated hydroxytoluene. The recovery for lipophilic cosmetics is more than 80% based on naphthalene as calculation equivalent. Furthermore, a specific sample preparation for the examination of lipsticks was implemented. The SPE cleanup was validated, and the robustness of the method was tested on 57 samples from the retail trade. The 1H qNMR method is a good complement to the LC-GC-FID method, which is predominantly used for the determination of MOSH and MOAH. Chromatographic problems such as migration of MOSH into the MOAH fraction during LC-GC-FID can be avoided.
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Biedermann M, Grob K. Advantages of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for comprehensive analysis of potential migrants from food contact materials. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1057:11-17. [PMID: 30832909 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
All substances migrating from food contact materials (FCMs), such as packagings, into food must be safe. This presupposes comprehensive analysis of all constituents potentially reaching a concentration in food that may be of toxicological concern. There is no single technique meeting this task and usually several need to be combined. In many cases, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) is the best technique available to start with. It provides high resolution and an overview in well-structured plots, grouping similar substances in a manner facilitating identifications. Further, flame ionization detection (FID) enables approximate quantitation without standards, and electron impact (EI) fragmentation in mass spectrometry (MS) provides access to large libraries for identification. GC is limited in amenable molecular mass, but the characterization of the lower mass constituents is usually helpful also for the identification of higher mass ones by techniques like HPLC-MS. The scope of this paper is to advocate the use of GCxGC for comprehensive migrate analysis, based on advantages illustrated by examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich (Kantonales Labor), P.O. Box, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich (Kantonales Labor), P.O. Box, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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