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Bailey A, Harrington C, Evans EA. A scoping review of community-based post-opioid overdose intervention programs: implications of program structure and outcomes. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2023; 11:3. [PMID: 36707446 PMCID: PMC9883127 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emergent intervention to address the opioid epidemic is the use of multidisciplinary outreach teams which connect an individual in the community to healthcare resources after the experience of an opioid overdose. While these interventions are receiving federal funding, less is known empirically to inform future interventions. Understanding the process and outcomes of these interventions is advisable due to the novel partnerships of public health and law enforcement agencies who sometimes hold divergent goals. The objective of the present review was to describe program structure and evaluated outcomes of community-based post-overdose interventions. RESULTS A search of PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science yielded 5 peer-reviewed articles that detail the implementation and outcomes of interventions delivered in the United States published from 2001 to July 2021. Most interventions used a multidisciplinary outreach team and referenced first responder data to contact individuals who recently experienced an overdose at their residence. Services offered often included referral to substance use treatment, recovery coaches, and social services. Method of outreach, evaluation measures, and outcomes varied. From the available literature, facilitators of program engagement included communication, information sharing, and leadership buy-in among multidisciplinary partners. CONCLUSIONS Future studies could benefit from exploration of service provision in rural areas, for family affected by overdose, and for minoritized populations. Community-based post-overdose interventions utilizing a law enforcement partnership are emergent with promising yet limited examples in empirical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Bailey
- Department of Health Promotion and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Calla Harrington
- Department of Health Promotion and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Evans
- Department of Health Promotion and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
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First Responder Assertive Linkage Programs: A Scoping Review of Interventions to Improve Linkage to Care for People Who Use Drugs. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2022; 28:S302-S310. [PMID: 36194798 PMCID: PMC9531971 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In response to the drug overdose crisis, first responders, in partnership with public health, provide new pathways to substance use disorder (SUD) treatment and other services for individuals they encounter in their day-to-day work. OBJECTIVE This scoping review synthesizes available evidence on first responder programs that take an assertive approach to making linkages to care. RESULTS Seven databases were searched for studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals between January 2000 and December 2019. Additional articles were identified through reference-checking and subject matter experts. Studies were selected for inclusion if they sufficiently described interventions that (1) focus on adults who use drugs; (2) are in the United States; (3) involve police, fire, or emergency medical services; and (4) assertively link individuals to SUD treatment. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria and described 34 unique programs, implementation barriers and facilitators, assertive linkage strategies, and linkage outcomes, including unintended consequences. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the range of linkage strategies concurrently implemented and areas for improving practice and research, such as the need for more linkages to evidence-based strategies, namely, medications for opioid use disorder, harm reduction, and wraparound services.
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Dickson-Gomez J, Spector A, Krechel S, Li J, Montaque HDG, Ohlrich J, Galletly C, Weeks M. Barriers to drug treatment in police diversion programs and drug courts: A qualitative analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2022; 92:692-701. [PMID: 36227322 PMCID: PMC9993933 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drug treatment courts and police diversion programs are designed to divert people away from incarceration and into drug treatment. This article explores barriers in linking people who use drugs (PWUD) into drug treatment facilities in urban, suburban, and rural areas of Connecticut, Kentucky, and Wisconsin. Between December 2018 and March 2020, study teams in the three states conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with key informants involved in programs to divert PWUD from criminal justice involvement including police, lawyers, judges, and others who work in drug treatment courts, and substance use disorder treatment providers who received referrals from and worked with police diversion programs or drug courts. Police diversion programs and drug treatment courts showed intraprogram variation in the structure of their programs in the three states and in different counties within the states. Structural barriers to successfully linking PWUD to treatment included a lack of resources, for example, a limited number of treatment facilities available, difficulties in funding mandated treatment, particularly in Wisconsin where Medicaid expansion has not occurred, and PWUDs' need for additional services such as housing. Many police officers, judges, and others within drug treatment court, including drug treatment specialists, hold stigmatizing attitudes toward medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD) and are unlikely to recommend or actively refer to MOUD treatment. Drug courts and police diversion programs offer a welcome shift from prior emphases on criminalization of drug use. However, for such programs to be effective, more resources must be dedicated to their success. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoinette Spector
- Department of Rehabilitation Services and Technology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Sarah Krechel
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Jessica Ohlrich
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Carol Galletly
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin
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Medina S, Van Deelen A, Tomaszewski R, Hager K, Chen N, Palombi L. Relentless Stigma: A Qualitative Analysis of a Substance Use Recovery Needs Assessment. Subst Abuse 2022; 16:11782218221097396. [PMID: 35664045 PMCID: PMC9160899 DOI: 10.1177/11782218221097396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) pose emotional, mental, and physical threats to persons worldwide. There is a paucity of research focused on capturing individual perspectives on supports and barriers to recovery from a SUD. This need has been identified in areas of Minnesota where a gap in evidence-based substance use support exists. A team of interdisciplinary professionals distributed a qualitative survey assessing supports and barriers to SUD recovery within recovery circles in order to inform the efforts of local organizations. This paper and online access survey was adapted from an existing survey created by Faces and Voices of Recovery. The online survey was accessed by a link and distributed to persons in recovery across Minnesota over 7 months. Data from this survey were analyzed through a consensual qualitative research (CQR) coding method. Notable themes emerged in the following domains: healthcare, environment, individual, and community. Community-wide stigma was an overarching concern, and the study yielded unique insights into stigma within healthcare and the community at-large. Barriers and support to recovery were reported. Barriers included experiencing high levels of stigma and identifying a need for community education on SUDs and recovery. Support included local recovery groups, peer recovery support, and access to healthcare and medication. Our findings illuminate the needs of the recovery community from the perspective of individuals with lived experience and will inform local organizations in specifying resources to help meet the identified needs. This survey may also be adapted and used around the world to inform substance use prevention, treatment, and recovery programing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany Medina
- South Dakota State University – University of South Dakota Joint Master of Public Health Program, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Anna Van Deelen
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota – College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Robyn Tomaszewski
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota – College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Keri Hager
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota – College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Nathaniel Chen
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota – College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Laura Palombi
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota – College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
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Andraka-Christou B, Clark MH, Atkins DN, del Pozo B. Criminal problem-solving and civil dependency court policies regarding medications for opioid use disorder. Subst Abuse 2022; 43:425-432. [PMID: 34236297 PMCID: PMC9518695 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2021.1944958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Criminal problem-solving courts and civil dependency courts often have participants with substance use disorder (SUD), including opioid use disorder (OUD). These courts refer participants to treatment and set treatment-related requirements for court participants to avoid incarceration or to regain custody of children. Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are the most effective treatment for OUD but are underutilized by court system participants. Little is known about variation in court policies for different MOUDs. Also, more information is needed about types of policies for each MOUD, including whether participants may begin MOUD, continue previously begun MOUD, or complete the court program with MOUD. Methods: An online survey was distributed to criminal problem-solving and civil dependency judges in Florida in 2019 and 2020, yielding data from 58 judges (a 24% response rate). We used nonparametric statistics to test hypotheses with ordinal data. A Friedman's test for related samples or Cochran's Q was used to make within-group comparisons between policies and MOUDs. Results: We found considerable policy variation, with more permissive policies for naltrexone than buprenorphine or methadone, and more permissive policies for continuing MOUD than for initiating MOUD or completing a court program with MOUD. For each medication, less than one quarter of judges indicated their court always permits MOUD, with most indicating that MOUD is permitted sometimes or usually. Conclusion: Because respondents rarely chose "never" or "always" for any MOUD policy, most courts appear to be making MOUD decisions on a case-by-case basis. A clearer understanding of this decision-making process is needed. Some court participants may be required to discontinue MOUD before completing a court program, even if they were permitted to start or continue MOUD treatment. Discontinuation of MOUD without medical justification is contrary to the standard of care for individuals with OUD and increases their risk of overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Andraka-Christou
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA,Department of Internal Medicine (Joint Secondary Appointment), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - MH Clark
- Department of Learning Sciences and Educational Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Danielle N. Atkins
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandon del Pozo
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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White MD, Perrone D, Watts S, Malm A. Moving Beyond Narcan: A Police, Social Service, and Researcher Collaborative Response to the Opioid Crisis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE : AJCJ 2021; 46:626-643. [PMID: 34248322 PMCID: PMC8254616 DOI: 10.1007/s12103-021-09625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The opioid crisis is the most persistent, long-term public health emergency facing the United States, and available evidence suggests the crisis has worsened during the COVID-19 global pandemic. Naloxone is an effective overdose response that saves lives, but the drug does not address problematic drug use, addiction, or the underlying conditions that lead to overdoses. The opioid crisis is at its core a multidisciplinary, multisystem problem, and an effective response to the crisis requires collaboration across those various systems. This paper describes such a collaborative effort. The Tempe First-Responder Opioid Recovery Project is a multidisciplinary partnership that includes police officers, social workers, substance use peer counselors, public health professionals, police researchers, and drug policy/harm reduction researchers. The project, 10 months underway, trained and equipped Tempe (AZ) police officers to administer Narcan. In addition, a 24/7 in-person "Crisis Outreach Response Team" rapidly responds to any suspected overdose and offers follow-up support, referrals, and services to the individual (and loved ones) for up to 45 days after the overdose. We present preliminary project data including interviews with project managers, counselors, and police officers, descriptions of Narcan administrations in the field, and aggregate data on client service engagement. These data highlight the complexity of the opioid crisis, the collaborative nature of the Tempe project, and the importance of initiating a multidisciplinary, comprehensive response to effectively deal with the opioid problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. White
- Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University, 411 N Central Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Dina Perrone
- School of Criminology, Criminal Justice, and Emergency Management, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA
| | - Seth Watts
- Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University, 411 N Central Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Aili Malm
- School of Criminology, Criminal Justice, and Emergency Management, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA
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Mohler G, Mishra S, Ray B, Magee L, Huynh P, Canada M, O’Donnell D, Flaxman S. A modified two-process Knox test for investigating the relationship between law enforcement opioid seizures and overdoses. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown an association between monthly law enforcement drug seizure events and accidental drug overdose deaths using cross-sectional data in a single state, whereby increased seizures correlated with more deaths. In this study, we conduct statistical analysis of street-level data on law enforcement drug seizures, along with street-level data on fatal and non-fatal overdose events, to determine possible micro-level causal associations between opioid-related drug seizures and overdoses. For this purpose, we introduce a novel, modified two-process Knox test that controls for self-excitation to measure clustering of overdoses nearby in space and time following law enforcement seizures. We observe a small, but statistically significant (
p
< 0.001), effect of 17.7 excess non-fatal overdoses per 1000 law enforcement seizures within three weeks and 250 m of a seizure. We discuss the potential causal mechanism for this association along with policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Mohler
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S. Mishra
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B. Ray
- Center for Behavioral Health and Justice, School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - L. Magee
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - P. Huynh
- Center for Behavioral Health and Justice, School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - M. Canada
- Indiana High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas, Office of National Drug Control Policy, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D. O’Donnell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S. Flaxman
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
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