1
|
Grigsby TJ, Lopez A, Guo Y. Development and preliminary validation of the positive consequences of cannabis (PCOC) scale. Addict Behav 2024; 152:107977. [PMID: 38295608 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While extensive research exists on the negative consequences of cannabis use, there is a noticeable gap in the literature regarding positive consequences on patterns of cannabis use. The goal of the present study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of a novel scale, the Positive Consequences of Cannabis scale (PCOC) to assess positive outcomes of cannabis use among current adult cannabis users. METHODS Participants (n = 768) were recruited through online platforms. The sample was predominantly non-Hispanic (92.3 %) male (62.92 %) with an average age of 29.08 years (SD = 6.10). A split half validation method was used to assess the factor structure of the PCOC scale. Data analysis also included Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify underlying factor structures of the PCOC, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the factor structure, and the assessments of internal consistency and validity. RESULTS The EFA identified a two-factor solution for the PCOC: Social and Psychological Consequences and Cognitive and Motivational Consequences. The CFA confirmed the validity of this factor structure with good model fit (χ2 = 321.33, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.038; SRMR = 0.048). Internal consistency coefficients for the PCOC subscales and total scale exceeded acceptable thresholds. A hierarchical regression model showed that both PCOC subscales were significantly associated with cannabis use frequency and quantity. DISCUSSION The development and validation of the PCOC represent a significant advancement in assessing positive consequences in understanding cannabis use patterns, indicating that individuals who experience a range of positive effects are more likely to engage in more frequent and intense cannabis use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Grigsby
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA.
| | - Andrea Lopez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Côté J, Chicoine G, Vinette B, Auger P, Rouleau G, Fontaine G, Jutras-Aswad D. Digital Interventions for Recreational Cannabis Use Among Young Adults: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Behavior Change Technique Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e55031. [PMID: 38630515 PMCID: PMC11063887 DOI: 10.2196/55031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of cannabis use among young adults poses substantial global health concerns due to the associated acute and long-term health and psychosocial risks. Digital modalities, including websites, digital platforms, and mobile apps, have emerged as promising tools to enhance the accessibility and availability of evidence-based interventions for young adults for cannabis use. However, existing reviews do not consider young adults specifically, combine cannabis-related outcomes with those of many other substances in their meta-analytical results, and do not solely target interventions for cannabis use. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and active ingredients of digital interventions designed specifically for cannabis use among young adults living in the community. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of 7 databases for empirical studies published between database inception and February 13, 2023, assessing the following outcomes: cannabis use (frequency, quantity, or both) and cannabis-related negative consequences. The reference lists of included studies were consulted, and forward citation searching was also conducted. We included randomized studies assessing web- or mobile-based interventions that included a comparator or control group. Studies were excluded if they targeted other substance use (eg, alcohol), did not report cannabis use separately as an outcome, did not include young adults (aged 16-35 y), had unpublished data, were delivered via teleconference through mobile phones and computers or in a hospital-based setting, or involved people with mental health disorders or substance use disorders or dependence. Data were independently extracted by 2 reviewers using a pilot-tested extraction form. Authors were contacted to clarify study details and obtain additional data. The characteristics of the included studies, study participants, digital interventions, and their comparators were summarized. Meta-analysis results were combined using a random-effects model and pooled as standardized mean differences. RESULTS Of 6606 unique records, 19 (0.29%) were included (n=6710 participants). Half (9/19, 47%) of these articles reported an intervention effect on cannabis use frequency. The digital interventions included in the review were mostly web-based. A total of 184 behavior change techniques were identified across the interventions (range 5-19), and feedback on behavior was the most frequently used (17/19, 89%). Digital interventions for young adults reduced cannabis use frequency at the 3-month follow-up compared to control conditions (including passive and active controls) by -6.79 days of use in the previous month (95% CI -9.59 to -4.00; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the potential of digital interventions to reduce cannabis use in young adults but raise important questions about what optimal exposure dose could be more effective, both in terms of intervention duration and frequency. Further high-quality research is still needed to investigate the effects of digital interventions on cannabis use among young adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020196959; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=196959.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Côté
- Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Chair in Innovative Nursing Practices, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Chicoine
- Research Chair in Innovative Nursing Practices, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Billy Vinette
- Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Chair in Innovative Nursing Practices, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Auger
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Chair in Innovative Nursing Practices, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Rouleau
- Research Chair in Innovative Nursing Practices, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, QC, Canada
- Women's College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guillaume Fontaine
- Ingram School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Didier Jutras-Aswad
- Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gray BA, Bolts OL, Fitzke RE, Douglass MA, Pedersen ER, Prince MA. Using Latent Profile Analysis to Examine Cannabis Use Contexts: Associations with Use, Consequences, and Protective Behaviors. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:208-217. [PMID: 37846065 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2267112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE College students represent a large portion of the population, and report high rates of cannabis use and related negative outcomes, including interpersonal problems, risky behaviors, or physical dependency. The contexts in which students use cannabis (e.g., at a party, when feeling down or depressed, after a fight with a loved one) likely affect their risk of experiencing consequences. We aimed to discern profiles of cannabis use contexts and compare profiles on use frequency, consequences, and the use of cannabis protective behavioral strategies (PBS). METHOD College students were surveyed regarding their cannabis use contexts, frequency, consequences, and PBS use (n = 265; female = 72.8%). We used Latent Profile Analysis to identify patterns of cannabis use contexts and auxiliary testing to compare profiles on use frequency, consequences, and PBS use. RESULTS Our examination revealed three latent profiles of cannabis use. The Social Use Profile was associated with use in predominantly social/uplifting contexts. The Physical & Emotional Pain Profile was also associated with use in these contexts but was defined by additional use in response to pain. The All Contexts Profile was associated with frequent use in all contexts, including those that were least endorsed by the other profiles. Profiles differed in cannabis use frequency, PBS use, and the number of consequences experienced, such that profiles were more likely to be associated with more frequent cannabis use, higher risk of experiencing use-consequences, and using fewer PBS as the number of use contexts increased across the profiles. CONCLUSIONS The contexts in which people use cannabis are associated with cannabis risk and protection. Prevention and intervention efforts may benefit from considering contexts of cannabis use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Gray
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Olivia L Bolts
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Reagan E Fitzke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California; Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Morgan A Douglass
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric R Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California; Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark A Prince
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|