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Jo SE, Hwang HR, Kim YJ, Lee SY, Lee JG, Yi YH, Cho YH, Tak YJ, Lee SH, Park EJ, Lee Y. Association between Time to First Cigarette and Health-Related Quality of Life of Middle-Aged Male Current Smokers: A Nationwide Representative Study in Korea. Korean J Fam Med 2021; 42:225-231. [PMID: 32746541 PMCID: PMC8164927 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.19.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies have demonstrated that the first cigarette in the morning increases the prevalence of smoking-related morbidity, limited studies have examined the impact of time to first cigarette (TTFC) on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Thus, we assessed this relationship using nationally-representative data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII-1 (2016). METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from 577 current male smokers aged 30-59 years, after excluding those with a certain disease. Participants were divided into four categories according to TTFC (≤5 min, 6-30 min, 31-60 min, >60 min). HRQoL was measured using self-reported EuroQol-5 (EQ-5D). The relationship between TTFC and EQ-5D index was analyzed using a multivariate-adjusted generalized linear model to assess how HRQoL varies according to TTFC. After adjusting for confounders, a multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to identify which of the five dimensions of the EQ-5D affected the HRQoL according to TTFC. RESULTS The generalized linear analysis indicated that as TTFC decreased (6-30 min, 31-60 min vs. >60 min), the EQ-5D index score decreased significantly (P=0.037). Shorter TTFC (≤5 min vs. >60 min) was associated with higher pain/discomfort (odds ratio [OR], 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-10.48) and anxiety/depression (OR, 7.58; 95% CI, 1.75-32.88). CONCLUSION Higher nicotine dependence was associated with impaired HRQoL. These results may be used to improve smoking cessation treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Jo
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye Rim Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Yeoup Lee
- Family Medicine Clinic, Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Center, Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- Department of Medical Education, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jeong Gyu Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- Busan Tobacco Control Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Yu Hyeon Yi
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- Busan Tobacco Control Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Young Hye Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Family Medicine Clinic, Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Center, Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Young Jin Tak
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- Busan Tobacco Control Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Park
- Family Medicine Clinic, Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Center, Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Youngin Lee
- Family Medicine Clinic, Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Center, Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- Busan Tobacco Control Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Xue W, Lopez-Quintero C, Anthony JC. 'Time to first tobacco cigarette soon after waking' occurs more often among underage newly incident smokers in the United States, 2004-2017. Addict Behav 2020; 111:106535. [PMID: 32712495 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Time to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking is a highly regarded and readily measured manifestation of a tobacco dependence process. We aim to estimate short TTFC as it occurs very soon after the onset of cigarette smoking (CS) in a community sample of newly incident smokers, all 12-21 years of age, and to study risk variation with the age of CS onset. METHODS United States National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2004-2017, drew large nationally representative samples of 12-to-21-year-old community residents, and used computerized self-interviews to measure tobacco cigarette smoking, the Fagerstrom TTFC construct, and related variables. A 'short' TTFC was defined as smoking the first cigarette after waking up within 30 min vs. 'long' TTFC or smoking more than 30 min. We studied 8188 newly incident smokers, all assessed within six months after the first puff. Estimated age-specific cumulative incidence proportions (CIP) and odds ratios (OR) are estimated and compared, with due attention to complex survey design and weights. RESULTS Among underage newly incident smokers (12-17 years old), an estimated 5.2% experienced short TTFC within 6 months after CS onset (95% CI = 4.4%, 6.2%), versus 3.7% for older new smokers (18-21 years; 95% CI = 2.8%, 4.6%). Underage smokers are 1.5 times more likely to develop short TTFC compared to older initiates (95% CI = 1.1, 2.1). No male-female variations are seen, but exploratory analysis disclosed findings that involve Census-defined race-ethnicity subgroups. Non-Hispanic African-American initiates are twice as likely to develop short TTFC, and Hispanic initiates are less likely to develop short TTFC, as compared with non-Hispanic White smokers. CONCLUSIONS Based on US community samples our study offers new evidence about TTFC formation observed within six months after the first puff when cigarette smoking starts before age 18 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - James C Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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