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Elliott JE, Bryant-Ekstrand MD, Keil AT, Ligman BR, Lim MM, Zitser J, During EH, Gagnon JF, St Louis EK, Fields JA, Huddleston DE, Bliwise DL, Avidan AY, Schenck CH, McLeland J, Criswell SR, Davis AA, Videnovic A, Lee-Iannotti JK, Postuma R, Boeve BF, Ju YES, Miglis MG. Frequency of Orthostatic Hypotension in Isolated REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. Neurology 2023; 101:e2545-e2559. [PMID: 37857496 PMCID: PMC10791057 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although orthostatic hypotension (OH) can be an early feature of autonomic dysfunction in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), no large-scale studies have examined the frequency of OH in iRBD. In this study, we prospectively evaluated the frequency of OH in a large multicenter iRBD cohort. METHODS Participants 18 years or older with video polysomnogram-confirmed iRBD were enrolled through the North American Prodromal Synucleinopathy consortium. All participants underwent 3-minute orthostatic stand testing to assess the frequency of OH, and a Δ heart rate/Δ systolic blood pressure (ΔHR/ΔSBP) ratio <0.5 was used to define reduced HR augmentation, suggestive of neurogenic OH. All participants completed a battery of assessments, including the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson Disease-Autonomic Dysfunction (SCOPA-AUT) and others assessing cognitive, motor, psychiatric, and sensory domains. RESULTS Of 340 iRBD participants (65 ± 10 years, 82% male), 93 (27%) met criteria for OH (ΔHR/ΔSBP 0.37 ± 0.28; range 0.0-1.57), and of these, 72 (77%) met criteria for OH with reduced HR augmentation (ΔHR/ΔSBP 0.28 ± 0.21; range 0.0-0.5). Supine hypertension (sHTN) was present in 72% of those with OH. Compared with iRBD participants without OH, those with OH were older, reported older age of RBD symptom onset, and had worse olfaction. There was no difference in autonomic symptom scores as measured by SCOPA-AUT. DISCUSSION OH and sHTN are common in iRBD. However, as patients may have reduced autonomic symptom awareness, orthostatic stand testing should be considered in clinical evaluations. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the relationship between OH and phenoconversion risk in iRBD. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03623672; North American Prodromal Synucleinopathy Consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Elliott
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohini D Bryant-Ekstrand
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Allison T Keil
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Brittany R Ligman
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Miranda M Lim
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Zitser
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Emmanuel H During
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Gagnon
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Erik K St Louis
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie A Fields
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel E Huddleston
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald L Bliwise
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Alon Y Avidan
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Carlos H Schenck
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Jennifer McLeland
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Susan R Criswell
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Albert A Davis
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Aleksandar Videnovic
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Joyce K Lee-Iannotti
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Ronald Postuma
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Yo-El S Ju
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
| | - Mitchell G Miglis
- Department of Neurology (J.E.E., M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Research Service (J.E.E., M.D.B.-E., A.T.K., B.R.L.), Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (M.M.L.), Department of Neurology (M.M.L.), and National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (M.M.L.), VA Portland Health Care System; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (M.M.L.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (J.Z.), Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University Medical Center, Redwood City; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences (E.H.D., M.G.M.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Department of Psychology (J.-F.G., R.P.), Université du Québec à Montréal; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (J.-F.G.), Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (E.K.S.L., J.A.F., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (D.E.H., D.L.B.), Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Sleep Medicine Program (A.Y.A.), Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry (C.H.S.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (J.M., S.R.C., A.A.D., Y.-E.S.J.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.), Division of Sleep Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (A.V.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.-I.), Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (J.K.L.-I.), Sun City, AZ; and Montréal Neurologique Institute (R.P.), McGill Université, Québec, Canada
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