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Arredondo Eve A, Tunc E, Mehta D, Yoo JY, Yilmaz HE, Emren SV, Akçay FA, Madak Erdogan Z. PFAS and their association with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:312-323. [PMID: 38758093 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the major causes of death globally. In addition to traditional risk factors such as unhealthy lifestyles (smoking, obesity, sedentary) and genetics, common environmental exposures, including persistent environmental contaminants, may also influence CVD risk. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of highly fluorinated chemicals used in household consumer and industrial products known to persist in our environment for years, causing health concerns that are now linked to endocrine disruptions and related outcomes in women, including interference of the cardiovascular and reproductive systems. In postmenopausal women, higher levels of PFAS are observed than in premenopausal women due to the cessation of menstruation, which is crucial for PFAS excretion. Because of these findings, we explored the association between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid in postmenopausal women from our previously established CVD study. We used liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, supported by machine learning approaches, and the detection and quantification of serum metabolites and proteins. Here, we show that PFOS can be a good predictor of coronary artery disease, whereas PFOA can be an intermediate predictor of coronary microvascular disease. We also found that the PFAS levels in our study are significantly associated with inflammation-related proteins. Our findings may provide new insight into the potential mechanisms underlying the PFAS-induced risk of CVDs in this population. This study shows that exposure to PFOA and PFOS is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. PFOS and PFOA levels correlate with amino acids and proteins related to inflammation. These circulating biomarkers contribute to the etiology of CVD and potentially implicate a mechanistic relationship between PFAS exposure and increased risk of cardiovascular events in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Arredondo Eve
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elif Tunc
- Research and Training Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir, 35310, Turkey
| | - Dhruv Mehta
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jin Young Yoo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huriye Erbak Yilmaz
- Research and Training Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir, 35310, Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Balcova, Izmir, 35340, Turkey
| | - Sadık Volkan Emren
- Research and Training Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir, 35310, Turkey
| | | | - Zeynep Madak Erdogan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Pescariu SA, Elagez A, Nallapati B, Bratosin F, Bucur A, Negru A, Gaita L, Citu IM, Popa ZL, Barata PI. Examining the Impact of Ertugliflozin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:929. [PMID: 39065779 PMCID: PMC11279934 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ertugliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is hypothesized to confer cardiovascular protection; however, long-term follow-up studies are necessary to support the hypothesis. This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of ertugliflozin in diabetic versus non-diabetic cohorts, focusing on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), hospitalizations for heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, the review encompassed studies indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to March 2024. Eligibility was restricted to studies involving T2DM patients undergoing ertugliflozin treatment with reported outcomes relevant to cardiovascular health. Out of 767 initially identified articles, 6 met the inclusion criteria. Data concerning hazard ratios (HR) and confidence intervals (CI) were extracted to compare the effects of ertugliflozin with those of a placebo or other standard therapies. The collective sample size across these studies was 8246 participants. Ertugliflozin was associated with a significant reduction in hospitalizations for heart failure relative to a placebo (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.54-0.90, p < 0.05). Furthermore, when combined with metformin, ertugliflozin potentially reduced MACEs (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.79-1.07), although this finding did not reach statistical significance. Importantly, for patients with pre-existing heart failure, ertugliflozin significantly decreased the exacerbations of heart failure (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33-0.84, p < 0.01). Overall, ertugliflozin markedly reduces hospitalizations due to heart failure in T2DM patients and may improve additional cardiovascular outcomes. These results endorse the integration of ertugliflozin into therapeutic protocols for T2DM patients at elevated cardiovascular risk and substantiate its efficacy among SGLT2 inhibitors. Continued investigations are recommended to delineate its long-term cardiovascular benefits in diverse patient populations, including the potential impact on arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvius Alexandru Pescariu
- Department of Cardiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.A.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Ahmed Elagez
- Department of General Medicine, Misr University for Science & Technology, Giza 3236101, Egypt;
| | - Balaji Nallapati
- Department of General Medicine, Katuri Medical College and Hospital, Katuri City 522019, India;
| | - Felix Bratosin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Adina Bucur
- Department III Functional Sciences, Division of Public Health and Management, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alina Negru
- Department of Cardiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.A.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Laura Gaita
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ioana Mihaela Citu
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Zoran Laurentiu Popa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Paula Irina Barata
- Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
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Popov M, Popov Y, Kosterin D, Lepik O. Inflammatory Hematological Ratios in Adolescents with Mental Disorders: A Scoping Review. CONSORTIUM PSYCHIATRICUM 2024; 5:45-61. [PMID: 39071999 PMCID: PMC11272303 DOI: 10.17816/cp15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGOUND Inflammatory hematological ratios (IHRs), such as neutrophil to lymphocyte, monocyte to lymphocyte, and platelet to lymphocyte ratios, are associated with mental disorders, symptoms severity, and the disease phase. Evidence from the studies in adult patients has been summarized in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The results of the studies in adolescents remain poorly systematized. AIM To summarize the findings from the studies that investigated the relationship of IHRs with mental disorders in adolescent patients. METHODS This scoping review included studies of IHRs in patients aged 10-19 years with mental disorders (other than anorexia nervosa), published in English by December 31, 2023. The search for relevant papers was performed in MEDLINE. The studies were categorized into two groups: studies with external controls (healthy adolescents) and studies with internal controls (patients in different phases of mental disorder, with or without self-harm/suicidal behaviors). RESULTS A total of 11 studies were included in the review (all cross-sectional ones). The results of these studies demonstrate that 1) adolescents with mental disorders (major depressive disorder, psychotic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance use disorders) have higher IHR values than individuals of the same age without corresponding disorders (5 studies); 2) IHR values are positively correlated with the severity of psychopathological symptoms (1 study); 3) higher IHR values are associated with the phase of the mental disorder - manic episode in bipolar disorder (1 study) and exacerbation of psychosis in psychotic disorders (1 study); and 4) higher IHR values are associated with self-harm/suicidal behaviors - suicide attempts (1 study) and non-suicidal self-injury (1 study). CONCLUSION IHRs are associated with mental disorders in adolescents, and higher IHR values are associated with a more severe/acute clinical presentation (severity of symptoms, mania, acute psychosis, self-harm/suicidal behaviors). Further studies of higher methodological quality are needed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of IHRs as biomarkers of mental disorders in adolescence.
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Chowdhury K, Sinha S, Ahmad R, Lugova H, Mehta M, Kumar S, Haque M. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiometabolic Prospects: A Rapid Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e65808. [PMID: 39092382 PMCID: PMC11293072 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases are among the major altruists to the international liability of disease. The lifestyle and dietary changes attributable to economic growth have resulted in an epidemiological transition towards non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as the leading causes of death. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a more substantial disease burden due to limited healthcare sector capacities to address the rapidly growing number of chronic disease patients. The purpose of this narrative review paper was to explore the interrelationships between CMS, T2DM, and cardiovascular impairments in the context of NCDs, as well as major preventative and control interventions. The role of insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia in the pathogenesis of T2DM and the development of severe cardiovascular impairments was highlighted. This paper elaborated on the pivotal role of lifestyle modifications, such as healthy diets and physical activity, as cornerstones of addressing the epidemics of metabolic diseases. Foods high in calories, refined sugar, red meat, and processed and ready-to-eat meals were associated with an amplified risk of CMS and T2DM. In contrast, diets based on fruits, legumes, vegetables, and whole grain, home-cooked foods demonstrated protective effects against metabolic diseases. Additionally, the role of a psychological and behavioral approach in addressing metabolic diseases was highlighted, especially regarding its impact on patient empowerment and the patient-centered approach to preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kona Chowdhury
- Department of Pediatrics, Enam Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Susmita Sinha
- Department of Physiology, Enam Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Halyna Lugova
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI (University College Sedaya International) University Bandar Springhill Campus, Port Dickson, MYS
| | - Miral Mehta
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Mainul Haque
- Department of Research, Karnavati Scientific Research Center (KSRC) School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MYS
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Ngema M, Xulu ND, Ngubane PS, Khathi A. A Review of Fetal Development in Pregnancies with Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-Associated Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation: Possible Links to Pregestational Prediabetes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1372. [PMID: 38927579 PMCID: PMC11201628 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Research has identified fetal risk factors for adult diseases, forming the basis for the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. DOHaD suggests that maternal insults during pregnancy cause structural and functional changes in fetal organs, increasing the risk of chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adulthood. It is proposed that altered maternal physiology, such as increased glucocorticoid (GC) levels associated with a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in maternal stress and T2DM during pregnancy, exposes the fetus to excess GC. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure reduces fetal growth and programs the fetal HPA axis, permanently altering its activity into adulthood. This programmed HPA axis is linked to increased risks of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and mental disorders in adulthood. With the global rise in T2DM, particularly among young adults of reproductive age, it is crucial to prevent its onset. T2DM is often preceded by a prediabetic state, a condition that does not show any symptoms, causing many to unknowingly progress to T2DM. Studying prediabetes is essential, as it is a reversible stage that may help prevent T2DM-related pregnancy complications. The existing literature focuses on HPA axis dysregulation in T2DM pregnancies and its link to fetal programming. However, the effects of prediabetes on HPA axis function, specifically glucocorticoid in pregnancy and fetal outcomes, are not well understood. This review consolidates research on T2DM during pregnancy, its impact on fetal programming via the HPA axis, and possible links with pregestational prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andile Khathi
- School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4001, South Africa; (M.N.); (N.D.X.); (P.S.N.)
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Meroni M, Longo M, Dongiovanni P. Cardiometabolic risk factors in MASLD patients with HCC: the other side of the coin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1411706. [PMID: 38846491 PMCID: PMC11153718 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1411706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) constitutes the commonest cause of chronic liver disorder worldwide, whereby affecting around one third of the global population. This clinical condition may evolve into Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in a predisposed subgroup of patients. The complex pathogenesis of MASLD is severely entangled with obesity, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D), so far so nutritional and lifestyle recommendations may be crucial in influencing the risk of HCC and modifying its prognosis. However, the causative association between HCC onset and the presence of metabolic comorbidities is not completely clarified. Therefore, the present review aimed to summarize the main literature findings that correlate the presence of inherited or acquired hyperlipidemia and metabolic risk factors with the increased predisposition towards liver cancer in MASLD patients. Here, we gathered the evidence underlining the relationship between circulating/hepatic lipids, cardiovascular events, metabolic comorbidities and hepatocarcinogenesis. In addition, we reported previous studies supporting the impact of triglyceride and/or cholesterol accumulation in generating aberrancies in the intracellular membranes of organelles, oxidative stress, ATP depletion and hepatocyte degeneration, influencing the risk of HCC and its response to therapeutic approaches. Finally, our pursuit was to emphasize the link between HCC and the presence of cardiometabolic abnormalities in our large cohort of histologically-characterized patients affected by MASLD (n=1538), of whom 86 had MASLD-HCC by including unpublished data.
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Ngema M, Xulu ND, Ngubane PS, Khathi A. Pregestational Prediabetes Induces Maternal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation and Results in Adverse Foetal Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5431. [PMID: 38791468 PMCID: PMC11122116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been shown to result in foetal programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to adverse foetal outcomes. T2DM is preceded by prediabetes and shares similar pathophysiological complications. However, no studies have investigated the effects of maternal prediabetes on foetal HPA axis function and postnatal offspring development. Hence, this study investigated the effects of pregestational prediabetes on maternal HPA axis function and postnatal offspring development. Pre-diabetic (PD) and non-pre-diabetic (NPD) female Sprague Dawley rats were mated with non-prediabetic males. After gestation, male pups born from the PD and NPD groups were collected. Markers of HPA axis function, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone, were measured in all dams and pups. Glucose tolerance, insulin and gene expressions of mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors were further measured in all pups at birth and their developmental milestones. The results demonstrated increased basal concentrations of ACTH and corticosterone in the dams from the PD group by comparison to NPD. Furthermore, the results show an increase basal ACTH and corticosterone concentrations, disturbed MR and GR gene expression, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance assessed via the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) indices in the pups born from the PD group compared to NPD group at all developmental milestones. These observations reveal that pregestational prediabetes is associated with maternal dysregulation of the HPA axis, impacting offspring HPA axis development along with impaired glucose handling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andile Khathi
- School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4041, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; (M.N.); (N.D.X.); (P.S.N.)
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Luo W, Xiao Z, Yang X, Wu R, Li J, Yu Z, Guo S, Nie B, Liu D. Liver fat as a dietary target by Chinese Medical Nutrition Therapy (CMNT) diet for treating type 2 diabetes with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e081263. [PMID: 38684277 PMCID: PMC11086286 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) often coexist and increase risk for developing liver fibrosis and diabetes complications if no effective measures are taken. Dietary intervention is known to be able to achieve diabetes remission, while evidence regarding the long-term effect on liver fat is limited for comorbidity management of type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. This study aims to investigate the long-term effect of a Chinese Medical Nutrition Therapy (CMNT) diet accompanied by intermittent energy restriction on reducing liver fat and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a multicentre two-armed parallel randomised controlled trial study. 120 participants with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD will be recruited from the physical examination centres of multiple hospitals in China. Participants will be randomly allocated 1:1 to either the CMNT group or the usual care group. The CMNT group will be instructed to consume the provided specific meal replacement Chinese medicinal foods consisting of 6 cycles of 5 consecutive days followed by 10 days of regular food intake. The usual care group will be given standard dietary advice. Primary outcomes are changes in the controlled attenuation parameter value by transient elastography and HbA1c level. Secondary outcomes include differences in anthropometrics, clinical blood markers, questionnaires, gut microbiota and metabolomics. Further follow-up will be performed at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Hunan Agricultural University (BRECHAU20200235).The results will be disseminated via relevant peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05439226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Luo
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Horticulture College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Horticulture College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Horticulture College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Medical Nutrition Intervention Technology for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruiyu Wu
- Horticulture College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Medical Nutrition Intervention Technology for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Medical Nutrition Intervention Technology for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subhealth Intervention Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Horticulture College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shengxiang Guo
- Horticulture College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Beibei Nie
- Horticulture College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dongbo Liu
- Horticulture College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subhealth Intervention Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Reiter RJ, Sharma R, Chuffa LGDA, Simko F, Dominguez-Rodriguez A. Mitochondrial Melatonin: Beneficial Effects in Protecting against Heart Failure. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:88. [PMID: 38255703 PMCID: PMC10820220 DOI: 10.3390/life14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the cause of physical infirmity and thousands of deaths annually. Typically, during heart failure, cardiomyocyte mitochondria falter in terms of energy production and metabolic processing. Additionally, inflammation and the accumulation of non-contractile fibrous tissue contribute to cardiac malfunction. Melatonin, an endogenously produced molecule, experimentally reduces the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions, which are often the basis of coronary artery disease. The current review critically analyzes published data related to the experimental use of melatonin to forestall coronary artery pathologies. Collectively, these studies document melatonin's anti-atherosclerotic actions in reducing LDL oxidation and triglyceride levels, lowering endothelial malfunction, limiting adhesion molecule formation, preventing macrophage polarization to the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype, changing cellular metabolism, scavenging destructive reactive oxygen species, preventing the proliferation and invasion of arterial smooth muscle cells into the lesioned area, restricting the ingrowth of blood vessels from the vasa vasorum, and solidifying the plaque cap to reduce the chance of its rupture. Diabetic hyperglycemia, which aggravates atherosclerotic plaque formation, is also inhibited by melatonin supplementation in experimental animals. The potential value of non-toxic melatonin as a possible inhibitor of cardiac pathology in humans should be seriously considered by performing clinical trials using this multifunctional molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Sharma
- Applied Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78235, USA
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology-IBB/UNESP, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Fedor Simko
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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