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Neto A, Fernandes A, Barateiro A. The complex relationship between obesity and neurodegenerative diseases: an updated review. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1294420. [PMID: 38026693 PMCID: PMC10665538 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1294420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, affecting roughly 30% of the world's population and predicted to rise. This disease results from genetic, behavioral, societal, and environmental factors, leading to excessive fat accumulation, due to insufficient energy expenditure. The adipose tissue, once seen as a simple storage depot, is now recognized as a complex organ with various functions, including hormone regulation and modulation of metabolism, inflammation, and homeostasis. Obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state and has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's (PD). Mechanistically, reduced adipose expandability leads to hypertrophic adipocytes, triggering inflammation, insulin and leptin resistance, blood-brain barrier disruption, altered brain metabolism, neuronal inflammation, brain atrophy, and cognitive decline. Obesity impacts neurodegenerative disorders through shared underlying mechanisms, underscoring its potential as a modifiable risk factor for these diseases. Nevertheless, further research is needed to fully grasp the intricate connections between obesity and neurodegeneration. Collaborative efforts in this field hold promise for innovative strategies to address this complex relationship and develop effective prevention and treatment methods, which also includes specific diets and physical activities, ultimately improving quality of life and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Neto
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Barateiro
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Braithwaite T, Subramanian A, Petzold A, Galloway J, Adderley NJ, Mollan SP, Plant GT, Nirantharakumar K, Denniston AK. Trends in Optic Neuritis Incidence and Prevalence in the UK and Association With Systemic and Neurologic Disease. JAMA Neurol 2021; 77:1514-1523. [PMID: 33017023 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Importance Epidemiologic data on optic neuritis (ON) incidence and associations with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are sparse. Objective To estimate 22-year trends in ON prevalence and incidence and association with IMIDs in the United Kingdom. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study analyzed data from The Health Improvement Network from January 1, 1995, to September 1, 2019. The study included 10 937 511 patients 1 year or older with 75.2 million person-years' follow-up. Annual ON incidence rates were estimated yearly (January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2018), and annual ON prevalence was estimated by performing sequential cross-sectional studies on data collected on January 1 each year for the same period. Data for 1995, 1996, and 2019 were excluded as incomplete. Risk factors for ON were explored in a cohort analysis from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2018. Matched case-control and retrospective cohort studies were performed using data from January 1, 1995, to September 1, 2019, to explore the odds of antecedent diagnosis and hazard of incident diagnosis of 66 IMIDs in patients compared with controls. Exposures Optic neuritis. Main Outcomes and Measures Annual point prevalence and incidence rates of ON, adjusted incident rate ratios (IRRs) for risk factors, and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for 66 IMIDs. Results A total of 10 937 511 patients (median [IQR] age at cohort entry, 32.6 [18.0-50.4] years; 5 571 282 [50.9%] female) were studied. A total of 1962 of 2826 patients (69.4%) with incident ON were female and 1192 of 1290 92.4%) were White, with a mean (SD) age of 35.6 (15.6) years. Overall incidence across 22 years was stable at 3.7 (95% CI, 3.6-3.9) per 100 000 person-years. Annual point prevalence (per 100 000 population) increased with database maturity, from 69.3 (95% CI, 57.2-81.3) in 1997 to 114.8 (95% CI, 111.0-118.6) in 2018. The highest risk of incident ON was associated with female sex, obesity, reproductive age, smoking, and residence at higher latitude, with significantly lower risk in South Asian or mixed race/ethnicity compared with White people. Patients with ON had significantly higher odds of prior multiple sclerosis (MS) (OR, 98.22; 95% CI, 65.40-147.52), syphilis (OR, 5.76; 95% CI, 1.39-23.96), Mycoplasma (OR, 3.90; 95% CI, 1.09-13.93), vasculitis (OR, 3.70; 95% CI, 1.68-8.15), sarcoidosis (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.21-5.18), Epstein-Barr virus (OR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.80-2.92), Crohn disease (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.13-3.43), and psoriasis (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03-1.58). Patients with ON had a significantly higher hazard of incident MS (HR, 284.97; 95% CI, 167.85-483.81), Behçet disease (HR, 17.39; 95% CI, 1.55-195.53), sarcoidosis (HR, 14.80; 95% CI, 4.86-45.08), vasculitis (HR, 4.89; 95% CI, 1.82-13.10), Sjögren syndrome (HR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.38-8.76), and herpetic infection (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.24-2.28). Conclusions and Relevance The UK incidence of ON is stable. Even though predominantly associated with MS, ON has numerous other associations with IMIDs. Although individually rare, together these associations outnumber MS-associated ON and typically require urgent management to preserve sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasanee Braithwaite
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,The Medical Eye Unit, Guys' and St Thomas' Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anuradhaa Subramanian
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Petzold
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Neuro-Ophthalmology Department, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.,Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Biomedical Research Centre (Moorfields Eye Hospital/University College London), London, United Kingdom
| | - James Galloway
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Adderley
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Susan P Mollan
- Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon T Plant
- The Medical Eye Unit, Guys' and St Thomas' Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Neuro-Ophthalmology Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Neuro-Ophthalmology Department, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.,Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair K Denniston
- Biomedical Research Centre (Moorfields Eye Hospital/University College London), London, United Kingdom.,Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Maiuolo J, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Carresi C, Scarano F, Nucera S, Scicchitano M, Bosco F, Ruga S, Zito MC, Macri R, Bulotta R, Muscoli C, Mollace V. From Metabolic Syndrome to Neurological Diseases: Role of Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651021. [PMID: 33816502 PMCID: PMC8017166 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is not a single pathology, but a constellation of cardiovascular disease risk factors including: central and abdominal obesity, systemic hypertension, insulin resistance (or type 2 diabetes mellitus), and atherogenic dyslipidemia. The global incidence of Metabolic syndrome is estimated to be about one quarter of the world population; for this reason, it would be desirable to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in order to develop treatments that can reduce or eliminate the damage caused. The effects of Metabolic syndrome are multiple and wide ranging; some of which have an impact on the central nervous system and cause neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is a catabolic intracellular process, essential for the recycling of cytoplasmic materials and for the degradation of damaged cellular organelle. Therefore, autophagy is primarily a cytoprotective mechanism; even if excessive cellular degradation can be detrimental. To date, it is known that systemic autophagic insufficiency is able to cause metabolic balance deterioration and facilitate the onset of metabolic syndrome. This review aims to highlight the current state of knowledge regarding the connection between metabolic syndrome and the onset of several neurological diseases related to it. Furthermore, since autophagy has been found to be of particular importance in metabolic disorders, the probable involvement of this degradative process is assumed to be responsible for the attenuation of neurological disorders resulting from metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Zito
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macri
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Bulotta
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- IRC-FSH Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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