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Kiuchi S, Hisatake S, Dobashi S, Murakami Y, Ikeda T. Role of Vascular Function in the Prognosis of Heart Failure Patients. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2719. [PMID: 38731248 PMCID: PMC11084190 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Blood vessels have the Windkessel effect and are involved in blood circulation. The breakdown of this mechanism is also involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF); however, the relationship between vascular dysfunction and HF prognosis is not fully understood. Methods: We evaluated 214 patients hospitalized for HF at our institution who underwent a cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), which evaluates vascular function, between January 2012 and July 2018. To investigate factors (including CAVI) associated with major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during 1 year after patients with HF were discharged, we evaluated clinical profiles, blood tests, chest X-P, 12-lead electrocardiography, and transthoracic echocardiographic findings. MACE was defined as cardiovascular death or readmission for HF. Results: The severity of HF between the MACE and non-MACE was not significantly different. Previous HF and chronic kidney disease were significantly more common in the MACE group. CAVI and % mean atrial pressure in the MACE group were statistically higher than those in the non-MACE group. The cardiac shadow as shown by chest X-P and left ventricular size in the MACE group were significantly bigger, and HF preserved ejection fraction (EF) (EF > 50%) was significantly more common in the MACE group. In multivariate analysis, CAVI was an independent predictive factor for the occurrence of MACE (model 1; hazard ratio (HR): 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.68, p = 0.018; model 2; HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07-1.60, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Because high CAVI is associated with poor prognosis of HF, these patients require more careful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kiuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
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Tracy EP, Dukes M, Rowe G, Beare JE, Nair R, LeBlanc AJ. Stromal Vascular Fraction Restores Vasodilatory Function by Reducing Oxidative Stress in Aging-Induced Coronary Microvascular Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:261-281. [PMID: 35950616 PMCID: PMC9968627 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The objective of this study is to identify mechanisms for adipose stromal vascular fraction's (SVF) restorative effects on vasodilation in aging-induced coronary microvascular disease (CMD). We hypothesize that reactive oxygen species (ROS) diminish β1-adrenergic receptor (β1ADR)- and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in coronary arterioles, reversible by SVF and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Results: SVF attenuates aging-induced chronic accumulation of ROS and pro-oxidant gene and protein expression with enhancement of antioxidant gene and protein expression and glutathione, but not nitric oxide. ADSCs attenuate hydrogen peroxide while restoring nitric oxide and glutathione. Mass spectrometry of SVF- and ADSC-conditioned media reveals abundant antioxidant proteins suggesting a paracrine mechanism. FMD and β1ADR-mediated dilation diminished with aging, restored with SVF and ADSCs. FMD was restored by a switch in the acute signaling mediator from hydrogen peroxide in aging to peroxynitrite with SVF and ADSCs. Vasorelaxation to β1ADR-agonism was mechanistically linked with hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and glutathione. Exogenous ROS eliminates isoproterenol-mediated dilation in youth that is blocked by inhibition of pro-desensitization and internalization proteins while nitric oxide enhances isoproterenol-mediated dilation in aging. Innovation: We introduce a novel mechanism by which ROS impacts β1ADR trafficking: the ROS/RNS-β1ADR desensitization and internalization axis. Aging-induced ROS shunts β1ADR from the plasma membrane into endosomes. SVF reduces oxidative burden, restoring functional β1ADR. Conclusions: SVF (and ADSCs to a lesser extent) reduce oxidative stress, and restore flow- and β1ADR-mediated vasodilation in aging. SVF represents a promising therapeutic strategy for CMD by addressing root cause of pathology; that is, oxidative stress-mediated hyperconstriction. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 261-281.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Paul Tracy
- Department of Physiology and University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michaela Dukes
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gabrielle Rowe
- Department of Physiology and University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jason E. Beare
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center and University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rajeev Nair
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Amanda Jo LeBlanc
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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3
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In Vitro Exercise-Induced Endothelial Shear Stress Protects the Vascular Endothelium. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/cpt.0000000000000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Hypoxia and hemorheological properties in older individuals. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 79:101650. [PMID: 35597435 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is caused by insufficient oxygen availability for the organism leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues and cells. It has been regarded as a severe threat to human health and it is indeed implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development and progression of many diseases. Nevertheless, the potential of controlled hypoxia interventions (i.e. hypoxia conditioning) for improving cardio-vascular health is gaining increased attention. However, blood rheology is often a forgotten factor for vascular health while aging and hypoxia exposure are both suspected to alter hemorheological properties. These changes in blood rheology may influence the benefits-risks balance of hypoxia exposure in older individuals. The benefits of hypoxia exposure for vascular health are mainly reported for healthy populations and the combined impact of aging and hypoxia on blood rheology could therefore be deleterious in older individuals. This review discusses evidence of hypoxia-related and aging-related changes in blood viscosity and its determinants. It draws upon an extensive literature search on the effects of hypoxia/altitude and aging on blood rheology. Aging increases blood viscosity mainly through a rise in plasma viscosity, red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and a decrease in RBC deformability. Hypoxia also causes an increase in RBC aggregation and plasma viscosity. In addition, hypoxia exposure may increase hematocrit and modulate RBC deformability, depending on the hypoxic dose, i.e, beneficial effect of intermittent hypoxia with moderate dose vs deleterious effect of chronic continuous or intermittent hypoxia or if the hypoxic dose is too high. Special attention is directed toward the risks vs. benefits of hemorheological changes during hypoxia exposure in older individuals, and its clinical relevance for vascular disorders.
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Chikopela T, Goma F, Kaluba L, Mutale W, Guure C, Heimburger DC, Koethe JR. Arterial stiffness is associated with oxidative stress and endothelial activation among persons with treated HIV in Zambia. South Afr J HIV Med 2021; 22:1298. [PMID: 34858654 PMCID: PMC8603157 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v22i1.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence is rising among persons with HIV (PLWH) in sub-Saharan Africa. Oxidative stress and endothelial activation, resulting in reduced vascular compliance, are contributors to CVD risk. However, there is a paucity of vascular health data in this population. OBJECTIVES To assess the relationships of oxidative stress and endothelial activation with vascular stiffness among PLWH. METHOD Fifty-four PLWH on antiretroviral therapy > 5 years and 57 HIV-negative controls, all aged 18-45 years, were enrolled from the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. Oxidative stress was measured by nitrotyrosine, a peroxynitrite biomarker, and endothelial activation by soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) plasma levels. Vascular compliance was measured using carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (crPWV) and arterial stiffness index (crASI). RESULTS PLWH had higher sICAM-1 levels (median 345 ng/mL) compared to controls (275 ng/mL, p < 0.01), as well as higher nitrotyrosine levels (297 versus 182 nM; p = 0.02). Median crPWV was similar between the groups, but PLWH had higher crASI (2.4 versus 2.2 cm/ms; p < 0.05). After adjusting for age, fat mass, and blood pressure, the estimated effect of a one unit increase in nitrotyrosine on crPWV were twofold higher in the PLWH, but neither reached significance. In a model pooling all participants, there were significant differences in the relationship of nitrotyrosine with crPWV and crASI by HIV status. CONCLUSION PLWH in sub-Saharan Africa had significantly greater oxidative stress and endothelial activation compared to HIV-negative individuals. These factors may contribute to increased arterial stiffness and higher CVD prevalence in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Chikopela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fastone Goma
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Longa Kaluba
- School of Medicine, Cavendish University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Wilbroad Mutale
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chris Guure
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Douglas C Heimburger
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John R Koethe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Kuczmarski AV, Shoemaker LN, Hobson JC, Edwards DG, Wenner MM. Altered endothelial ET B receptor expression in postmenopausal women. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H242-H247. [PMID: 32559137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00342.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endothelin system plays an important role in mediating vascular function. The endothelin-B receptor (ETBR) on endothelial cells mediates vasodilation via nitric oxide production. The vasodilatory effect of the ETBR is lost following menopause and may contribute to impaired vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal women (PMW). However, it is unclear if these functional changes are due to changes in ETBR expression on the endothelium. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that endothelial cell ETBR expression is lower in PMW compared with young women (YW). Primary endothelial cells were harvested from the antecubital vein of healthy PMW (n = 15, 60 ± 6 yr) and YW (n = 15, 22 ± 2 yr). Cells were identified as endothelial cells by staining for vascular endothelial cadherin, and nuclear integrity was assessed using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Within those cells, ETBR was quantified using immunocytochemistry; fluorescence intensity was measured in 30 cells and averaged for each participant. Endothelial function was assessed using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Endothelial cell ETBR expression was lower in PMW [0.46 ± 0.11 arbitrary units (AU)] compared with YW (0.58 ± 0.14 AU; P = 0.02). Furthermore, significant correlations between ETBR expression and FMD (r = 0.47, P < 0.01), total cholesterol (r = -0.38, P = 0.04), and LDL cholesterol (r = -0.39, P = 0.03) were observed. These data demonstrate that endothelial cell ETBR expression is attenuated in PMW. These novel findings provide additional insight into the mechanisms underlying vascular endothelial dysfunction in PMW.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study provides novel data demonstrating attenuated endothelial ETBR expression in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, our data extend current knowledge by demonstrating a positive relation between ETBR expression and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. These findings provide additional mechanistic insight into vascular endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Kuczmarski
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Leena N Shoemaker
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Joshua C Hobson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Megan M Wenner
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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Mankowski RT, You L, Buford TW, Leeuwenburgh C, Manini TM, Schneider S, Qiu P, Anton SD. Higher dose of resveratrol elevated cardiovascular disease risk biomarker levels in overweight older adults - A pilot study. Exp Gerontol 2019; 131:110821. [PMID: 31891746 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Older adults are at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Pre-clinical studies indicate that resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol commonly found in grapes and red wine, may help prevent development of CVD. Based on our previous reports where the 300 mg and 1000 mg doses appeared safe and improved psychomotor function in a dose-dependent manner, our hypothesis was that RSV would reduce biomarkers of CVD risk in overweight, but otherwise healthy older adults and that 1000 mg would lower CVD biomarkers >300 mg. This analysis was performed on samples from older participants (65 years and older) who were randomized to a 90 day RSV treatment with 300 mg (n = 10), 1000 mg (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10). We measured levels of CVD risk biomarkers i.e. oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), soluble E-selectin-1 (sE-selectin), soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (sICAM-1), Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), total plasminogen activator inhibitor (tPAI-1). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Both sVCAM-1 and tPAI increased significantly more in the 1000 mg vs. 300 mg and placebo groups. Other biomarkers (300 mg vs. 1000 mg vs. placebo: oxLDL, sEselectin-1 and sICAM-1) followed the same trend toward higher levels in the 1000 mg group compared to the 300 mg and placebo groups, without reaching statistical significance. This pilot project suggests that a higher dose of RSV may increase the levels of CVD risk biomarkers in overweight older adults. Given no change in the CVD risk biomarkers in response to a lower dose, future studies should test the effects of different doses of RSV to evaluate potential detrimental effects of higher doses on CVD biomarkers and measures of cardiovascular function in older adults at risk for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Mankowski
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - L You
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - T W Buford
- Department of Medicine, UAB School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - T M Manini
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S Schneider
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S D Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Morales‐Acuna F, Ochoa L, Valencia C, Gurovich AN. Characterization of blood flow patterns and endothelial shear stress during flow‐mediated dilation. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2019; 39:240-245. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Morales‐Acuna
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences College of Health Sciences The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso TX USA
| | - Luis Ochoa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering W.M. Keck Center for 3D Innovation The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso TX USA
| | - Carolina Valencia
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences College of Health Sciences The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso TX USA
| | - Alvaro N. Gurovich
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences College of Health Sciences The University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso TX USA
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Ratcliffe B, Pawlak R, Morales F, Harrison C, Gurovich AN. Internal validation of an automated system for brachial and femoral flow mediated dilation. Clin Hypertens 2017; 23:17. [PMID: 28852570 PMCID: PMC5568717 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-017-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) has immense potential to become a clinical, non-invasive biomarker of endothelial function and nitric oxide bioavailability, which regulate vasomotor activity. Unfortunately, FMD analysis techniques could deviate significantly in different laboratories if a validation process is not involved. The purpose of this study was to provide validation to the assessment of FMD analysis in our laboratory and to standardize this process before reporting results of FMD. Methods Brachial and femoral arteries FMD were performed on 28 apparently healthy participants (15 male and 13 female, ages 18–35 years). For the intratester reliability study, nine subjects were asked to come to the lab for a second brachial FMD within 48 h. All FMD procedures were performed by the same investigator, while the FMD analyses were performed by 2 independent testers who were blind to each other’s analyses. FMD analyses included baseline artery diameter measurements, peak artery diameter after 5 min of ischemia, and FMD. Analysis was completed via an automated edge detection system by both testers after training of the methodical process of analysis to minimize variability. Intratester and intertester reliability were determined by using coefficient of variation (CV) between first and second visit (intratester) and between results obtained by both testers (intertester). Results The intratester CVs for tester 1 and 2 were 3.28 and 2.62%, 3.74 and 3.27%, and 4.95 and 2.38% for brachial baseline artery diameter, brachial peak artery dilation, and brachial FMD, respectively. In the intertester CVs were 2.40, 3.16, and 3.37% for brachial baseline artery diameter, peak artery dilation, and FMD, respectively and 4.52, 5.50, and 3.46% for femoral baseline artery diameter, peak artery dilation, and FMD, respectively. Conclusion All CVs were under or around 5%, confirming a strong reliability of the method. Our laboratory has shown that the FMD protocol is reproducible due to the significantly low coefficient of variation. This is one step closer to use FMD as a biomarker for endothelial function in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brycen Ratcliffe
- Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Sycamore Center for Wellness & Applied Medicine, 567 North 5th Street, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA
| | - Robert Pawlak
- Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Sycamore Center for Wellness & Applied Medicine, 567 North 5th Street, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA
| | - Francisco Morales
- Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Sycamore Center for Wellness & Applied Medicine, 567 North 5th Street, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA
| | - Caleb Harrison
- Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Sycamore Center for Wellness & Applied Medicine, 567 North 5th Street, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA
| | - Alvaro N Gurovich
- Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Sycamore Center for Wellness & Applied Medicine, 567 North 5th Street, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA
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Iwamoto E, Katayama K, Ishida K. Exercise intensity modulates brachial artery retrograde blood flow and shear rate during leg cycling in hypoxia. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/6/e12423. [PMID: 26038470 PMCID: PMC4510625 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of exercise intensity on retrograde blood flow and shear rate (SR) in an inactive limb during exercise under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The subjects performed two maximal exercise tests on a semi-recumbent cycle ergometer to estimate peak oxygen uptake (O2peak) while breathing normoxic (inspired oxygen fraction [FIO2 = 0.21]) and hypoxic (FIO2 = 0.12 or 0.13) gas mixtures. Subjects then performed four exercise bouts at the same relative intensities (30 and 60% O2peak) for 30 min under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Brachial artery diameter and blood velocity were simultaneously recorded, using Doppler ultrasonography. Retrograde SR was enhanced with increasing exercise intensity under both conditions at 10 min of exercise. Thereafter, retrograde blood flow and SR in normoxia returned to pre-exercise levels, with no significant differences between the two exercise intensities. In contrast, retrograde blood flow and SR in hypoxia remained significantly elevated above baseline and was significantly greater at 60% than at 30% O2peak. We conclude that differences in exercise intensity affect brachial artery retrograde blood flow and SR during prolonged exercise under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iwamoto
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Wang Y, Tian Z, Zang W, Jiang H, Li Y, Wang S, Chen S. Exercise training reduces insulin resistance in postmyocardial infarction rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/4/e12339. [PMID: 25907785 PMCID: PMC4425954 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) induces cardiac dysfunction and insulin resistance (IR). This study examines the effects of MI-related IR on vasorelaxation and its underlying mechanisms, with a specific focus on the role of exercise in reversing the impaired vasorelaxation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: Sham, MI, and MI+Exercise. MI+Exercise rats were subjected to 8 weeks of treadmill training. Cardiac contraction, myocardial and arterial structure, vasorelaxation, levels of inflammatory cytokines, expression of eNOS and TNF-α, and activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) were determined in aortas. MI significantly impaired endothelial structure and vasodilation (P < 0.05-0.01), as indicated by decreased arterial vasorelaxation to ACh and insulin. MI also attenuated the myocardial contractile response, decreased aortic PI3K/Akt/eNOS expression and phosphorylation by insulin, and increased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression and p38 MAPK activity (P < 0.05-0.01). Exercise improved insulin sensitivity in aortas, facilitated myocardial contractile response and arterial vasorelaxation to ACh and insulin, and increased arterial PI3K/Akt/eNOS activity. Moreover, exercise markedly reversed increased p38 MAPK activity and normalized inflammatory cytokines in post-MI arteries. Inhibition of PI3K with LY-294002, and eNOS with L-NAME significantly blocked arterial vasorelaxation and PI3K/Akt/eNOS phosphorylation in response to insulin. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that endothelial dysfunction in response to insulin plays an important role in MI-related IR. The reversal of IR by exercise is most likely associated with normalizing inflammatory cytokines, increasing the activation of PI3K/Akt/eNOS, and reducing the activation of p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Department of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weijin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongke Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Youyou Li
- Department of Physiology and Department of Cardiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengfeng Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4600-14. [PMID: 25739077 PMCID: PMC4394437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by disturbed extravillous trophoblast migration toward uterine spiral arteries leading to increased uteroplacental vascular resistance and by vascular dysfunction resulting in reduced systemic vasodilatory properties. Its pathogenesis is mediated by an altered bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and tissue damage caused by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, superoxide (O2−) rapidly inactivates NO and forms peroxynitrite (ONOO−). It is known that ONOO− accumulates in the placental tissues and injures the placental function in PE. In addition, ROS could stimulate platelet adhesion and aggregation leading to intravascular coagulopathy. ROS-induced coagulopathy causes placental infarction and impairs the uteroplacental blood flow in PE. The disorders could lead to the reduction of oxygen and nutrients required for normal fetal development resulting in fetal growth restriction. On the other hand, several antioxidants scavenge ROS and protect tissues against oxidative damage. Placental antioxidants including catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) protect the vasculature from ROS and maintain the vascular function. However, placental ischemia in PE decreases the antioxidant activity resulting in further elevated oxidative stress, which leads to the appearance of the pathological conditions of PE including hypertension and proteinuria. Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between ROS and antioxidant activity. This review provides new insights about roles of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of PE.
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