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Portwood C, Sexton H, Kumarendran M, Brandon Z, Kirtley S, Hemelaar J. Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with antiretroviral therapy in women living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:924593. [PMID: 36816720 PMCID: PMC9935588 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.924593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends immediate initiation of lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all people living with HIV, including pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV). We aimed to assess the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in WLHIV receiving ART compared to ART-naïve WLHIV and HIV-negative women. Materials and methods We conducted a systematic literature review by searching PubMed, CINAHL, Global Health, and EMBASE for studies published between Jan 1, 1980, and April 20, 2020. Two investigators independently selected relevant studies and extracted data from studies reporting on the association of pregnant WLHIV receiving ART with adverse perinatal outcomes. Perinatal outcomes examined were preterm birth (PTB), very PTB, spontaneous PTB (sPTB), low birth weight (LBW), very LBW (VLBW), term LBW, preterm LBW, small for gestational age (SGA), very SGA (VSGA), stillbirth, and neonatal death. Random-effects meta-analyses examined the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in WLHIV receiving ART compared to ART-naïve WLHIV and HIV-negative women. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed based on country income status and study quality, and adjustment for confounding factors assessed. Results Of 94,594 studies identified, 73 cohort studies, including 424,277 pregnant women, met the inclusion criteria. We found that WLHIV receiving ART are associated with a significantly decreased risk of PTB (relative risk 0.79, 95% CI 0.67-0.93), sPTB (0.46, 0.32-0.66), LBW (0.86, 0.79-0.93), and VLBW (0.62, 0.39-0.97) compared to ART-naïve WLHIV. However, WLHIV receiving ART are associated with a significantly increased risk of PTB (1.42, 1.28-1.57), sPTB (2.20, 1.32-3.67), LBW (1.58, 1.36-1.84), term LBW (1.88, 1.23-2.85), SGA (1.69, 1.32-2.17), and VSGA (1.22, 1.10-1.34) compared to HIV-negative women. Conclusion ART reduces the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant WLHIV, but the risk remains higher than in HIV-negative women. Our findings support the WHO recommendation of immediate initiation of lifelong ART for all people living with HIV, including pregnant WLHIV. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42021248987.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Portwood
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Sexton
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Kumarendran
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Brandon
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Kirtley
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joris Hemelaar
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Joris Hemelaar,
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Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with HAART and monotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 2022; 36:1409-1427. [PMID: 35608111 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess adverse perinatal outcomes in women living with HIV (WLHIV) receiving HAART or zidovudine (ZDV) monotherapy, compared with antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive WLHIV and HIV-negative women. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review by searching PubMed, CINAHL, Global Health, and EMBASE for studies published during 1 January 1980 to 20 April 2020. We included studies reporting on the association of pregnant WLHIV receiving HAART or ZDV monotherapy with 11 perinatal outcomes: preterm birth (PTB), very PTB, spontaneous PTB (sPTB), low birth weight (LBW), very LBW, term LBW, preterm LBW, small for gestational age (SGA), very SGA (VSGA), stillbirth, and neonatal death. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. RESULTS Sixty-one cohort studies assessing 409 781 women were included. WLHIV receiving ZDV monotherapy were associated with a decreased risk of PTB [relative risk 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.79] and LBW (0.77, 0.67-0.88), and comparable risk of SGA, compared with ART-naive WLHIV. WLHIV receiving ZDV monotherapy had a comparable risk of PTB and LBW, and an increased risk of SGA (1.16, 1.04-1.30) compared with HIV-negative women. In contrast, WLHIV receiving HAART were associated with a comparable risk of PTB and LBW, and increased risk of SGA (1.38, 1.09-1.75), compared with ART-naive WLHIV. WLHIV receiving HAART were associated with an increased risk of PTB (1.55, 1.38-1.74), sPTB (2.09, 1.48-2.96), LBW (1.79, 1.51-2.13), term LBW (1.88, 1.23-2.85), SGA (1.80,1.34-2.40), and VSGA (1.22, 1.10-1.34) compared with HIV-negative women. CONCLUSION Pregnant WLHIV receiving HAART have an increased risk of a wide range of perinatal outcomes compared with HIV-negative women.
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Shinar S, Agrawal S, Ryu M, Walmsley S, Serghides L, Yudin MH, Murphy KE. Perinatal outcomes in women living with HIV-1 and receiving antiretroviral therapy-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021; 101:168-182. [PMID: 34704251 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiretroviral therapy-naïve pregnant women living with HIV are at an increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. It remains controversial whether this risk persists with antiretroviral therapy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate whether pregnant women living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy antenatally, are at an increased risk of adverse outcomes compared with HIV-negative controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, EBM Reviews, PubMed (non-MEDLINE records), EBSCO CINAHL Complete, Clarivate Web of Science, African Index Medicus, LILACS and Google Scholar for all observational studies comparing pregnant women living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy with HIV-negative controls from 1 January 1994 to 10 August 2021 with no language or geographic restrictions. Perinatal outcomes included preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight, small-for-gestational age and preeclampsia. Using a random-effects model we pooled raw data to generate odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each outcome. Sub-analyses for high and low resource countries and time of antiretroviral therapy initiation were performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42020182722. RESULTS Of the 7900 citations identified, 27 were eligible for analysis (12 636 pregnant women living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy and 7 812 115 HIV-negative controls). ORs (95% CI) of PTB (1.88 [1.63-2.17]), small-for-gestational age (1.60 [1.18-2.17]) and low birthweight (2.15 [1.58-2.92]) were significantly higher in pregnant women living with HIV than in HIV-negative women, while the risk of preeclampsia (0.86 [0.57-1.30]) was comparable. The risk of PTB and low birthweight was higher in both high resource and low resource countries, while the risk of small-for-gestational age was higher only in the former. Preconceptional antiretroviral therapy was associated with a higher risk of PTB compared with antenatal initiation. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy have an increased risk of PTB, low birthweight and small-for-gestational age in high resource countries, as well as PTB and low birthweight in low income countries compared with HIV-negative controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Shinar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Swati Agrawal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Ryu
- Sidney Liswood Health Sciences Library, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,MacDonald/Brayley Health Sciences Library, Trillium Health Partners, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Walmsley
- Immunodeficiency Clinic, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Serghides
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark H Yudin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kellie E Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shivakoti R, Gupte N, Kumar NP, Kulkarni V, Balasubramanian U, Bhosale R, Sambrey P, Kinikar A, Bharadwaj R, Patil S, Inamdar S, Suryavanshi N, Babu S, Bollinger RC, Gupta A. Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Microbial Translocation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pregnant Women Are Associated With Preterm Birth. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:1103-1109. [PMID: 29590318 PMCID: PMC6137119 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm birth (PTB) rates are high in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected populations, even when on treatment. Still, only a subset of all births in HIV-infected pregnant women result in PTB, suggesting that risk factors other than HIV infection itself are also important. Inflammation is a known risk factor in uninfected populations, but its role in HIV-infected population have not been studied; in addition, the immune pathways involved are not clear and noninvasive immune markers with predictive value are lacking. Our objective was to determine the association of select markers of inflammation with PTB in HIV-1-infected pregnant women. Methods Within a randomized trial of pregnant women receiving nevirapine (Six-Week Extended-Dose Nevirapine [SWEN] trial), we nested a case-control study (n = 107; 26 cases, 81 controls) to determine the association of maternal inflammation with PTB. Cases were defined as PTB (<37 weeks' gestational age). We assessed inflammation by measuring plasma levels of markers of general inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]), intestinal barrier dysfunction (intestinal fatty acid binding protein [I-FABP]), and microbial translocation/monocyte activation (soluble CD14 [sCD14] and CD163 [sCD163]). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the odds of PTB per log2 increase of each marker. Results In multivariable models, there was increased odds of PTB per unit increase of log2 sCD14 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-4.86), log2 sCD163 (aOR, 3.87; 95% CI, 1.43-10.49), and log2 I-FABP (aOR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.18-4.41) but not log2 CRP (aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, .48-1.09). Conclusions Our results show that select immune markers can identify women at higher risk for PTB in HIV-1-infected populations and suggest that modulating gut barrier integrity and microbial translocation may affect PTB. Clinical Trials Registration NCT00061321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Shivakoti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
| | - Nikhil Gupte
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
| | - Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai
| | - Vandana Kulkarni
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
| | | | - Ramesh Bhosale
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Pradeep Sambrey
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Aarti Kinikar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Renu Bharadwaj
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Sandesh Patil
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
| | - Sadaf Inamdar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
| | - Nishi Suryavanshi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai
| | - Robert C Bollinger
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
| | - Amita Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Site, Pune
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The widespread, chronic use of antiretroviral therapy raises questions concerning the metabolic consequences of HIV infection and treatment. Antiretroviral therapy, and specifically protease inhibitors, has been associated with hyperglycemia. As pregnant women are vulnerable to development of hyperglycemia, the objective of this study was to explore existing literature on the relationship between HIV infection, HIV treatment, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS A systematic search was conducted in six databases for articles providing data on HIV-positivity, protease inhibitor exposure, and GDM or glucose intolerance development in pregnancy. The quality of articles was evaluated using an adapted Cochrane Collaboration bias assessment tool. Risk ratios were generated from pooled data using meta-analysis by the Mantel-Haenszel method. RESULTS Of 891 references screened, six studies on the role of HIV-positivity, 10 on protease inhibitor use, and two on both were included. Meta-analysis showed no significant relationship between HIV infection and the development of GDM [risk ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47-1.37, I = 0%]. Meta-analysis of protease inhibitor exposure showed increased GDM in studies using first-generation protease inhibitors (risk ratio 2.29, 95% CI: 1.46-3.58) and studies using the strictest diagnosis criteria, the National Diabetes Data Group criteria for 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (risk ratio 3.81, 95% CI: 2.18-6.67). CONCLUSION Meta-analysis showed no significant association between HIV-positivity and GDM. Significance of protease inhibitor use was limited to studies using the strictest diagnostic criteria for GDM. Results are limited by high risk of bias. Well designed prospective studies are needed to further clarify this relationship and its consequences for clinical practice.
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Soriano-Arandes A, Noguera-Julian A, López-Lacort M, Soler-Palacín P, Mur A, Méndez M, Mayol L, Vallmanya T, Almeda J, Carnicer-Pont D, Casabona J, Fortuny C. Pregnancy as an opportunity to diagnose human-immunodeficiency virus immigrant women in Catalonia. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 36:9-15. [PMID: 27609632 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is relevant in the global epidemiology of human-immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as it represents the main route of infection in children. The study objectives were to determine the rate of HIV-MTCT and its epidemiological trend between the Spanish-born and immigrant population in Catalonia in the period 2000-2014. METHODS A prospective observational study of mother-child pairs exposed to HIV, treated in 12 hospitals in Catalonia in the period 2000-2014. HIV-MTCT rate was estimated using a Bayesian logistic regression model. R and WinBUGS statistical software were used. RESULTS The analysis included 909 pregnant women, 1,009 pregnancies, and 1,032 children. Data on maternal origin was obtained in 79.4% of women, of whom 32.7% were immigrants, with 53.0% of these from sub-Saharan Africa. The overall HIV-MTCT rate was 1.4% (14/1,023; 95% CI; 0.8-2.3). The risk of MTCT-HIV was 10-fold lower in women with good virological control (P=.01), which was achieved by two-thirds of them. The proportion of immigrants was significantly higher in the period 2008-2014 (P<.0001), for the HIV-diagnosis (P<.0001), and antiretroviral administration (P=.02) during pregnancy, and for undetectable viral load next to delivery (P<.001). There were no differences in the rate of MTCT-HIV among Spanish-born and immigrant women (P=.6). CONCLUSIONS There is a gradual increase in HIV pregnant immigrants in Catalonia. Although most immigrant women were diagnosed during pregnancy, the rate of MTCT-HIV was no different from the Spanish-born women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Soriano-Arandes
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunodeficiencias Pediátricas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
| | - Antoni Noguera-Julian
- Unidad de Infectologia, Servei de Pediatria, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
| | - Mónica López-Lacort
- FISABIO, Centro de Salud Pública de la Generalitat de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - Pere Soler-Palacín
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunodeficiencias Pediátricas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Antonio Mur
- Hospital Universitari del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - María Méndez
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España
| | - Lluís Mayol
- Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta, Girona, España
| | | | - Jesús Almeda
- Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les ITS i SIDA de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Catalunya, España
| | - Dolors Carnicer-Pont
- Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les ITS i SIDA de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Catalunya, España
| | - Jordi Casabona
- Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les ITS i SIDA de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Catalunya, España
| | - Claudia Fortuny
- Unidad de Infectologia, Servei de Pediatria, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
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Siou K, Walmsley SL, Murphy KE, Raboud J, Loutfy M, Yudin MH, Silverman M, Ladhani NN, Serghides L. Progesterone supplementation for HIV-positive pregnant women on protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral regimens (the ProSPAR study): a study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2016; 2:49. [PMID: 27965866 PMCID: PMC5153916 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-016-0087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Canada, the majority of HIV-positive pregnant women receive combination antiretroviral therapy that includes a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission. However, protease inhibitor-based combination antiretroviral therapy has been associated with increased rates of preterm, low birth weight, and small for gestational age births. Our previous experimental findings demonstrate that protease inhibitor use during pregnancy is associated with decreased progesterone levels that correlate with fetal growth, and that progesterone supplementation can improve protease inhibitor-induced fetal growth restriction. We hypothesize that HIV-positive pregnant women who receive protease inhibitor-based combination therapy may also benefit from progesterone supplementation during pregnancy. Methods/design In order to test this hypothesis, we have designed an open-label, multi-centre, randomized controlled (parallel group) pilot trial. The initial goal of this trial is to test feasibility and acceptability of our intervention. Forty HIV-positive pregnant women who are either on, or intending to start or switch to a boosted protease inhibitor-based combination antiretroviral regimen will be enrolled from six sites across Ontario, Canada. Twenty-five women will be randomized to self-administer natural progesterone (Prometrium, 200 mg) vaginally every night starting between gestational week 16 and 24 until week 36, and 15 women will be randomized to no intervention. While the participants and treating physicians will not be blinded, the laboratory personnel performing the biochemical and morphological evaluations will be blinded to ensure unbiased evaluation. The primary outcome of the pilot study is the feasibility of enrolment as measured by the recruitment rate and patient-reported reasons to decline participation. Secondary outcomes in participants include safety, acceptability, and adherence to progesterone supplementation. Discussion Given the safety of intravaginal progesterone and its current use in the general obstetrical population to prevent recurrent preterm delivery, this pilot study will provide data to determine the feasibility of a larger randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of this intervention on improving neonatal health in the context of HIV-positive pregnancies. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02400021
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Siou
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharon L Walmsley
- Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada ; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kellie E Murphy
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada ; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Janet Raboud
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mona Loutfy
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Canada ; Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Canada ; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark H Yudin
- St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada ; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Silverman
- St. Joseph's Health Care London, London, Canada ; University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Noor N Ladhani
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada ; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lena Serghides
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Canada ; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada ; Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
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Buchan S, Muldoon KA, Spaans JN, Balfour L, Samson L, Walker M, Cameron DW. Increasing Number and Proportion of Adverse Obstetrical Outcomes among Women Living with HIV in the Ottawa Area: A 20-Year Clinical Case Series. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2016; 2016:1546365. [PMID: 27528877 PMCID: PMC4978822 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1546365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. The prevalence and associated risks with adverse obstetrical outcomes among women living with HIV are not well measured. The objective of this study was to longitudinally investigate the prevalence and correlates of adverse obstetrical outcomes among women with HIV. Methods. This 20-year (1990-2010) clinical case series assessed the prevalence of adverse obstetrical outcomes among pregnant women with HIV receiving care at The Ottawa Hospital (TOH). General estimating equation modeling was used to identify factors independently associated with adverse obstetrical outcomes, while controlling for year of childbirth clustering. Results. At TOH, there were 127 deliveries among 94 women (1990-2010): 22 preterm births, 9 births with low birth weight, 12 births small for gestational age, and 4 stillbirths. Per year, the odds of adverse obstetrical outcomes increased by 15% (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03-1.30). Psychiatric illness (AOR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.12-6.24), teen pregnancy (AOR: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.04-1.46), and recent immigrant status (AOR: 7.24, 95% CI: 1.30-40.28) were the strongest correlates of adverse obstetrical outcomes. Conclusions. The increasing number and proportion of adverse obstetrical outcomes among pregnant women with HIV over the past 20 years highlight the need for social supports and maternal and child health interventions, especially among adolescents, new immigrants, and those with a history of mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buchan
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Katherine A. Muldoon
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Presentation Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Johanna N. Spaans
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Louise Balfour
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Lindy Samson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L1
| | - Mark Walker
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Presentation Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - D. William Cameron
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Presentation Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
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No Need for Lopinavir Dose Adjustment during Pregnancy: a Population Pharmacokinetic and Exposure-Response Analysis in Pregnant and Nonpregnant HIV-Infected Subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:400-8. [PMID: 26525798 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01197-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lopinavir-ritonavir is frequently prescribed to HIV-1-infected women during pregnancy. Decreased lopinavir exposure has been reported during pregnancy, but the clinical significance of this reduction is uncertain. This analysis aimed to evaluate the need for lopinavir dose adjustment during pregnancy. We conducted a population pharmacokinetic analysis of lopinavir and ritonavir concentrations collected from 84 pregnant and 595 nonpregnant treatment-naive and -experienced HIV-1-infected subjects enrolled in six clinical studies. Lopinavir-ritonavir doses in the studies ranged between 400/100 and 600/150 mg twice daily. In addition, linear mixed-effect analysis was used to compare the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC0-12) and concentration prior to dosing (Cpredose) in pregnant women and nonpregnant subjects. The relationship between lopinavir exposure and virologic suppression in pregnant women and nonpregnant subjects was evaluated. Population pharmacokinetic analysis estimated 17% higher lopinavir clearance in pregnant women than in nonpregnant subjects. Lopinavir clearance values postpartum were 26.4% and 37.1% lower than in nonpregnant subjects and pregnant women, respectively. As the tablet formulation was estimated to be 20% more bioavailable than the capsule formulation, no statistically significant differences between lopinavir exposure in pregnant women receiving the tablet formulation and nonpregnant subjects receiving the capsule formulation were identified. In the range of lopinavir AUC0-12 or Cpredose values observed in the third trimester, there was no correlation between lopinavir exposure and viral load or proportion of subjects with virologic suppression. Similar efficacy was observed between pregnant women and nonpregnant subjects receiving lopinavir-ritonavir at 400/100 mg twice daily. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results support the use of a lopinavir-ritonavir 400/100-mg twice-daily dose during pregnancy.
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Macdonald EM, Ng R, Bayoumi AM, Raboud J, Brophy J, Masinde KI, Tharao WE, Yudin MH, Loutfy MR, Glazier RH, Antoniou T. Adverse Neonatal Outcomes Among Women Living With HIV: A Population-Based Study. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2015; 37:302-309. [PMID: 26001682 DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been few population-based studies describing the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes among women living with HIV in Canada. Accordingly, we compared the risk of preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age births among Ontario women aged 18 to 49 years living with and without HIV infection. METHODS We conducted a population-based study using Ontario health administrative data. Generalized estimating equations with a logit link function were used to derive adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals for the association of HIV infection with adverse neonatal outcomes. RESULTS Between 2002-2003 and 2010-2011, a total of 1 113 874 singleton live births were available for analysis, of which 615 (0.06%) were to women living with HIV. The proportion of singleton births that were SGA (14.6% vs. 10.3%; P < 0.001), PTB (14.6% vs. 6.3%; P < 0.001), and LBW (12.5% vs. 4.6%; P < 0.001) were higher among women living with HIV than among women without HIV. Following multivariable adjustment, the risks of PTB (aOR 1.76; 95% CI 1.38 to 2.24), SGA (aOR 1.43; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.81), and LBW (aOR 1.90; 95% CI 1.47 to 2.45) were higher for women living with HIV than for women without HIV. CONCLUSION Women with HIV are at higher risk of adverse neonatal outcomes than HIV-negative women. Further research is required to develop preconception and prenatal interventions that could reduce the excess burden of poor pregnancy outcomes among women living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Ng
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto ON
| | - Ahmed M Bayoumi
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto ON; Li Ka Shing Knowledge institute, Toronto ON; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Centre for Research on inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto ON
| | - Janet Raboud
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto ON; Toronto General Research institute, University Health Network, Toronto ON; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON
| | - Jason Brophy
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON
| | | | - Wangari E Tharao
- Women's Health in Women's Hands Community Health Centre, Toronto ON
| | - Mark H Yudin
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge institute, Toronto ON; Centre for Research on inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto ON; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto ON
| | - Mona R Loutfy
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto ON; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Women's College Research institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto ON
| | - Richard H Glazier
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto ON; Li Ka Shing Knowledge institute, Toronto ON; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Centre for Research on inner City Health, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto ON; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto ON
| | - Tony Antoniou
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto ON; Li Ka Shing Knowledge institute, Toronto ON; Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto ON
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Efficacy and biological safety of lopinavir/ritonavir based anti-retroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8528. [PMID: 25704206 PMCID: PMC4336931 DOI: 10.1038/srep08528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) is the first ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitor used in second-line anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in resource-limited regions. To evaluate the efficacy and safety outcomes of LPV/r in treatment-naïve and -experienced HIV-infected adults and pregnant women, we performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ten cohorts from 8 articles involving 2,584 ART-naïve patients, 5 cohorts from 4 articles involving 1,124 ART-experienced patients, and 8 cohorts from 7 articles involving 2,191 pregnant women were selected for the meta-analyses. For ART-naïve patients, the virologic response rate (72.3%) of LPV/r combined with tenofovir (TDF) plus lamivudine/emtricitabine (3TC/FTC) arms was significantly greater than that of LPV/r plus non-TDF-FTC arms (65.5%, p = 0.047). For ART-experienced patients, the use of LPV/r revealed a 55.7% probability of virologic success. The incidence of abnormal total cholesterol (6.9%) for ART-experienced patients was significantly lower than that for ART-naïve patients (13.1%, p < 0.001). The use of LPV/r in pregnant women revealed a mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate of 1.1%, preterm birth rate of 13.2%, and low birth weight rate of 16.2%. Our meta-analysis indicated that LPV/r was an efficacious regimen for ART-naïve patients and was more tolerable for ART-experienced patients. LPV/r also displayed a significant effect in preventing MTCT.
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Santini-Oliveira M, Grinsztejn B. Adverse drug reactions associated with antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 13:1623-52. [PMID: 25390463 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2014.975204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiretroviral (ARV) drug use during pregnancy significantly reduces mother-to-child HIV transmission, delays disease progression in the women and reduces the risk of HIV transmission to HIV-serodiscordant partners. Pregnant women are susceptible to the same adverse reactions to ARVs as nonpregnant adults as well as to specific pregnancy-related reactions. In addition, we should consider adverse pregnancy outcomes and adverse reactions in children exposed to ARVs during intrauterine life. However, studies designed to assess the safety of ARV in pregnant women are rare, usually with few participants and short follow-up periods. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss studies reporting adverse reactions to ARV drugs, including maternal toxicity, adverse pregnancy outcomes and the consequences of exposure to ARV in infants. We included results of observational studies, both prospective and retrospective, as well as randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. EXPERT OPINION The benefits of ARV use during pregnancy outweigh the risks of adverse reactions identified to date. More studies are needed to assess the adverse effects in the medium- and long term in children exposed to ARVs during pregnancy, as well as pregnant women using lifelong antiretroviral therapy and more recently available drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Santini-Oliveira
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research in STD & AIDS Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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López M, Palacio M, Goncé A, Hernàndez S, Barranco FJ, García L, Loncà M, Coll JO, Gratacós E, Figueras F. Risk of intrauterine growth restriction among HIV-infected pregnant women: a cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:223-30. [PMID: 25107626 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study the risk of intrauterine growth restriction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women and to describe the associated risk factors. A cohort study was performed among HIV-infected women who delivered in a single tertiary centre in Barcelona, Spain, from January 2006 to December 2011. Consecutive singleton pregnancies delivered beyond 22 weeks of pregnancy were included. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was defined as a birth weight below the 10th customised centile for gestational age and IUGR babies were compared to non-IUGR newborns. Intrauterine Doppler findings were described among IUGR foetuses. Baseline characteristics, HIV infection data and perinatal outcome were compared between groups. The results were adjusted for potential confounders. A total of 156 singleton pregnancies were included. IUGR occurred in 23.4 % of cases (38/156). In two-thirds of the cases detected before birth, Doppler abnormalities compatible with placental insufficiency were observed. IUGR pregnancies presented a worse perinatal outcome, mainly due to a higher risk of iatrogenic preterm delivery [adjusted odds ratio 6.9, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.4-33.5]. IUGR foetuses also had a higher risk of emergent Caesarean section and neonatal intensive care unit admission. No cases of intrauterine foetal death occurred. A high rate of IUGR was observed among HIV pregnancies, and it was associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, mainly iatrogenic preterm and very preterm birth due to placental insufficiency. Our results support that ultrasound detection and follow-up of IUGR foetuses should be part of routine antenatal care in this high-risk population to improve antenatal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), C/Sabino de Arana, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain,
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14
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Haberl A, Reitter A. How does HIV affect the reproductive choices of women of childbearing age? Antivir Ther 2013; 18 Suppl 2:35-44. [PMID: 23784712 DOI: 10.3851/imp2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of women living with HIV are of childbearing age and many of these women wish to have a family. As a result of advances in the treatment and management of HIV, more reproductive opportunities are now available to this group. However, women living with HIV may still require education and guidance in a range of reproductive situations, including avoiding pregnancy, seeking fertility treatment or having a child. HIV physicians should be aware of recent data and guidance on these situations--including areas where more data are required--and consider them when deciding on appropriate management for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Haberl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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