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Gruber R, Häfner M, Kachel S. Dressing up social psychology: Empirically investigating the psychological functions of clothing using the example of symbolic protection. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 63:1003-1035. [PMID: 38010875 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Clothing behaviour remains an understudied research area within social psychology. Through the present research, we aim to anchor attire as an empirical research subject by investigating the psychological properties of one of its functionalities, namely, to provide protection. We argue that attire's undisputed role in shielding humans from environmental hazards may extend to the psychological level and protect them from the incorporeal consequences of existential threats symbolically. In this Registered Report, a mixed-methods approach links an ecologically valid field study of self-presentation in social media posts during Russia's war on Ukraine (Study 1; N = 248) with supraliminal priming of mortality salience in an online experiment (Study 2; N = 248). Across both studies, we expect that mortality concerns let people accentuate the physically protective attributes of clothing (e.g. more layers of clothing) and resort to more in-group prototypical dress styles (i.e. more gender-stereotypical). Findings show that people adjust their clothing preferences in response to existential threats, favouring in-group prototypical clothing (more gender-typical for both women and men in Study 1) and physically protective attire (higher in women and lower in men in Study 2) during high (vs. low) levels of existential threat. By positioning clothing as a research area within social psychology, our goal is to stimulate a wave of research on its profound role for humankind. Furthermore, we provide a dynamic and robust methodological approach to researching terror management theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gruber
- Institute for Theory and Practice of Communication, Berlin University of the Arts, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Michael Häfner
- Institute for Theory and Practice of Communication, Berlin University of the Arts, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Kachel
- Department of Social, Environmental, and Economic Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Department of Languages, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Vaes J, Orabona N, Muslu Ö, Piazza M. The tethered humanity hypothesis among victims of interpersonal harm: The role of apologies, forgiveness, and the relation between self-, other-, and meta-perceptions of humanity. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When interpersonal harm is inflicted, victims stop seeing themselves as fully human. The tethered humanity hypothesis proposes that victims restore a full human status when perpetrators undertake attempts at reconciliation and victims manage to reestablish the humanness of their perpetrators. In two studies, we tested this hypothesis and manipulated the perpetrators attempts at apologizing for their misconduct. Participants were either included or socially excluded and received a full or self-exonerating apology or a hostile message when they were excluded. Results indicated that victims dehumanized themselves and their ostracizers when they were socially excluded and managed to regain a full human status and rehumanized their perpetrators when a full apology was uttered. Moreover, regression analyses indicated that different humanness judgments (self, other, and meta-humanness) become tethered only when perpetrators apologized, while forgiving the perpetrator always correlated with the rehumanization of the self regardless of the perpetrator’s apology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Orabona
- University of Trento, Italy
- University of Padova, Italy
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3
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Paskuj B, Orosz G. The tendency to dehumanize, group malleability beliefs, and perceived threat from migrants in Hungary. Front Psychol 2022; 13:910848. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.910848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining the humanness attributed to several groups in a comprehensive Hungarian sample (N = 505) at the height of the “European refugee crisis of 2015,” we found that Hungarians dehumanize Eastern ethnic groups more and Western ethnic groups less than they do to their own ethnic ingroup. Interestingly, we also found that a general tendency of dehumanization is expressed across all national groups. This general tendency of dehumanization was strongly associated with threat perceived from migrants, but the relationship was mediated by group malleability—the belief that human groups can change and are not set in their ways irreversibly. Malleability beliefs were negatively linked to dehumanization tendencies and threat perceived from migrants. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings that point to the critical role of fixed mindsets about groups in the mechanisms linked to prejudice in a highly xenophobic Hungarian context.
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Vaes J, Bastian B. Tethered humanity: Humanizing self and others in response to interpersonal harm. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Vaes
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences University of Trento Rovereto, Trento Italy
| | - Brock Bastian
- Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Chevallereau T, Maurage P, Stinglhamber F, Demoulin S. Sex-based and beauty-based objectification: Metadehumanization and emotional consequences among victims. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 60:1218-1240. [PMID: 33506508 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated how two forms of objectification (i.e., sex- and beauty-based objectification) relate to metadehumanization (i.e., the perception of being dehumanized) and emotional consequences for victims. Capitalizing on previous research, we hypothesized that sex-based objectification would induce animalistic metadehumanization and that beauty-based objectification would induce mechanistic metadehumanization. Our four studies showed that sex-based objectification elicits stronger mechanistic metadehumanization than beauty-based objectification, which also elicits higher mechanistic metadehumanization than non-objectifying control condition. Unexpectedly, animalistic metadehumanization did not vary across conditions. These findings suggest that, consistent with the social metaphor, objectified women feel mechanistically dehumanized, independently of the objectification type faced. Sex- and beauty-based objectifications also elicit more anger but less sadness than the control condition. However, only sex-based objectification increases guilt feelings. The general discussion contrasts perpetrators' vision of objectified women to women's own experience of objectification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Chevallereau
- Louvain Social Psychology Lab, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maurage
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group (LEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Florence Stinglhamber
- Work, Organizational and Career Psychology Lab (WOrC Psy Lab), Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Demoulin
- Louvain Social Psychology Lab, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Boudjemadi V, Posner A, Bastart J. Older people and death-thought accessibility: The association between death and older people in memory. DEATH STUDIES 2020; 46:666-674. [PMID: 32314670 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1753852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to conceptually replicate and extend Martens, Greenberg, Schimel, and Landau's findings about older people as threatening future self. We conducted two studies using a lexical decision task to measure death-thought accessibility. Results showed that older people primes lead to stronger facilitation of death-related compared, with negative words. Such a facilitation is not observed with young people primes (Study 1). Moreover, the automatic association between the representation of older people and death was stronger when participants and older people primes were of the same sex (Study 2). Implications of these findings with respect to ageism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérian Boudjemadi
- Psychology of Cognition Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandra Posner
- Psychology of Cognition Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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da Costa Silva K, Álvaro JL, Torres ARR, Garrido A. Terrorist threat, dehumanization, and right-wing authoritarianism as predictors of discrimination. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:616-627. [PMID: 31490016 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the relationship between terrorist threat and discrimination, operationalized by support for retributive justice against Islamic groups suspect of terrorist crimes. Two experimental studies were performed. Study 1 (N = 215) showed that the terrorist threat against the ingroup raises the support for the retributive procedures through the dehumanization of the outgroup. Study 2 (N = 304) analyzed how the mediating role of dehumanization in the relationship between terrorist threat and support for retributive justice is moderated by right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). In addition, the study aimed to verify if the dehumanization of outgroup and RWA could explain the relationship between terrorist threat and discrimination of Muslim immigrants. The results indicated that adherence to RWA favors dehumanization of the outgroup and, consecutively, the discrimination, operationalized as support for the use of retributive justice. The adherence to RWA has been identified as the mechanism that explains the discrimination against Muslim immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil da Costa Silva
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - José Luis Álvaro
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Spain
| | | | - Alicia Garrido
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Spain
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On the Prowl: Examining the Impact of Men-as-Predators and Women-as-Prey Metaphors on Attitudes that Perpetuate Sexual Violence. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Motyl M, Iyer R, Oishi S, Trawalter S, Nosek BA. How ideological migration geographically segregates groups. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Crawford JT, Modri SA, Motyl M. Bleeding-Heart Liberals and Hard-Hearted Conservatives: Subtle Political Dehumanization Through Differential Attributions of Human Nature and Human Uniqueness Traits. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.v1i1.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
We review early and recent psychological theories of dehumanization and survey the burgeoning empirical literature, focusing on six fundamental questions. First, we examine how people are dehumanized, exploring the range of ways in which perceptions of lesser humanness have been conceptualized and demonstrated. Second, we review who is dehumanized, examining the social targets that have been shown to be denied humanness and commonalities among them. Third, we investigate who dehumanizes, notably the personality, ideological, and other individual differences that increase the propensity to see others as less than human. Fourth, we explore when people dehumanize, focusing on transient situational and motivational factors that promote dehumanizing perceptions. Fifth, we examine the consequences of dehumanization, emphasizing its implications for prosocial and antisocial behavior and for moral judgment. Finally, we ask what can be done to reduce dehumanization. We conclude with a discussion of limitations of current scholarship and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Haslam
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ,
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Willis GB, Tapia-V A, Martínez R. I Control therefore I am: Effects of Mortality Salience on Control Attributions. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 14:765-72. [DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Terror Management Theory posits that when individuals are faced with their own mortality, they use several defense mechanisms to reduce the existential anxiety caused by the thought of their own death. In this paper, we examined one such mechanism: Control attributions. To do so, we ran an experiment (n = 140) in which we manipulated mortality salience and type of failure (relevant vs. irrelevant consequences) with which participants were faced. Participants were then instructed to evaluate the possible causes of their failure. The results indicated that participants assigned to the mortality salience condition, compared to those assigned to the control group, were more prone to making controllable attributions. That is, even in situations in which individuals are motivated to avoid responsibility (i.e., a relevant failure), mortality salience increased perceived controllability. These results suggest that attributions might serve as a control mechanism to compensate for the sheer uncontrollability of death.
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Haslam N, Loughnan S, Holland E. The Psychology of Humanness. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2013; 60:25-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6959-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tritt SM, Inzlicht M, Harmon-Jones E. Toward a Biological Understanding of Mortality Salience (And Other Threat Compensation Processes). SOCIAL COGNITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Motyl M, Hart J, Cooper DP, Heflick N, Goldenberg J, Pyszczynski T. Creatureliness priming reduces aggression and support for war. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 52:648-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.2012.02115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vaes J, Leyens JP, Paola Paladino M, Pires Miranda M. We are human, they are not: Driving forces behind outgroup dehumanisation and the humanisation of the ingroup. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2012.665250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rudman LA, Mescher K. Of animals and objects: men's implicit dehumanization of women and likelihood of sexual aggression. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2012; 38:734-46. [PMID: 22374225 DOI: 10.1177/0146167212436401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although dehumanizing women and male sexual aggression are theoretically aligned, the present research provides the first direct support for this assumption, using the Implicit Association Test to assess two forms of female dehumanization: animalization and objectification. In Study 1, men who automatically associated women more than men with primitive constructs (e.g., animals, instinct, nature) were more willing to rape and sexually harass women, and to report negative attitudes toward female rape victims. In Study 2, men who automatically associated women with animals (e.g., animals, paw, snout) more than with humans scored higher on a rape-behavioral analogue, as well as rape proclivity. Automatically objectifying women by associating them with objects, tools, and things was also positively correlated with men's rape proclivity. In concert, the research demonstrates that men who implicitly dehumanize women (as either animals or objects) are also likely to sexually victimize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Rudman
- Department of Psychology, Tillett Hall, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 53 Avenue E, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8040, USA.
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Abstract
Feminist scholars and activists writing about breast cancer care among women have highlighted the sexist and heterosexist assumptions often embedded in the medical management of breast cancer, and of mastectomy in particular. Despite these contributions, and some speculation that sexual minority women may be less interested in breast reconstruction, limited research explores sexual minority women’s lived experience of mastectomy and decision making about reconstruction. Thirteen lesbian and/or bisexual women who had undergone mastectomy for treatment of breast cancer participated in individual qualitative interviews exploring decisions to have, or not have, breast reconstruction. Reasons for/against reconstruction reflected themes identified in prior studies among heterosexual women. Although participants described sexual, gender, and political identities and orientations as influences on their decision making, for most participants, experiences with physicians who encouraged reconstruction and concerns about stigmatization of illness in romantic, professional, and social contexts were also central. Findings are interpreted through feminist dis/ability, medicalization, and existential frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R. Rubin
- Department of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Molly Tanenbaum
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
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Gay RK, Castano E. My body or my mind: The impact of state and trait objectification on women's cognitive resources. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
In this paper, which is the introduction to the special issue ‘Dehumanization: Humanity and its Denial,’ we present a brief overview of social psychological research on the concept of dehumanization and infrahumanization. Focusing on the findings and theorizing of the special issue articles we discuss the relation between these two concepts, their determinants and consequences, particularly in the context of intergroup relations, but also with regard to the distal motives that may prompt individuals to equate humanity to the groups to which they belong.
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