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Morehouse KN, Maddox K, Banaji MR. All human social groups are human, but some are more human than others: A comprehensive investigation of the implicit association of "Human" to US racial/ethnic groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300995120. [PMID: 37216551 PMCID: PMC10235955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300995120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
All human groups are equally human, but are they automatically represented as such? Harnessing data from 61,377 participants across 13 experiments (six primary and seven supplemental), a sharp dissociation between implicit and explicit measures emerged. Despite explicitly affirming the equal humanity of all racial/ethnic groups, White participants consistently associated Human (relative to Animal) more with White than Black, Hispanic, and Asian groups on Implicit Association Tests (IATs; experiments 1-4). This effect emerged across diverse representations of Animal that varied in valence (pets, farm animals, wild animals, and vermin; experiments 1-2). Non-White participants showed no such Human=Own Group bias (e.g., Black participants on a White-Black/Human-Animal IAT). However, when the test included two outgroups (e.g., Asian participants on a White-Black/Human-Animal IAT), non-White participants displayed Human=White associations. The overall effect was largely invariant across demographic variations in age, religion, and education but did vary by political ideology and gender, with self-identified conservatives and men displaying stronger Human=White associations (experiment 3). Using a variance decomposition method, experiment 4 showed that the Human=White effect cannot be attributed to valence alone; the semantic meaning of Human and Animal accounted for a unique proportion of variance. Similarly, the effect persisted even when Human was contrasted with positive attributes (e.g., God, Gods, and Dessert; experiment 5a). Experiments 5a-b clarified the primacy of Human=White rather than Animal=Black associations. Together, these experiments document a factually erroneous but robust Human=Own Group implicit stereotype among US White participants (and globally), with suggestive evidence of its presence in other socially dominant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith Maddox
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA02155
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2
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Zhang B, Wisse B, Lord RG. How objectifiers are granted power in the workplace. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Zhang
- Department of Management and Marketing, Business School Durham University Durham UK
| | - Barbara Wisse
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Groningen GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Robert G. Lord
- Department of Management and Marketing, Business School Durham University Durham UK
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3
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Paskuj B, Orosz G. The tendency to dehumanize, group malleability beliefs, and perceived threat from migrants in Hungary. Front Psychol 2022; 13:910848. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.910848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining the humanness attributed to several groups in a comprehensive Hungarian sample (N = 505) at the height of the “European refugee crisis of 2015,” we found that Hungarians dehumanize Eastern ethnic groups more and Western ethnic groups less than they do to their own ethnic ingroup. Interestingly, we also found that a general tendency of dehumanization is expressed across all national groups. This general tendency of dehumanization was strongly associated with threat perceived from migrants, but the relationship was mediated by group malleability—the belief that human groups can change and are not set in their ways irreversibly. Malleability beliefs were negatively linked to dehumanization tendencies and threat perceived from migrants. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings that point to the critical role of fixed mindsets about groups in the mechanisms linked to prejudice in a highly xenophobic Hungarian context.
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Summers KM, Deska JC, Almaraz SM, Hugenberg K, Lloyd EP. Poverty and pain: Low-SES people are believed to be insensitive to pain. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Capozza D, Falvo R, Di Bernardo GA. Does the out‐group recognize our mental skills? Cross‐group friendships, extended contact, and the expectation of humanizing perceptions from the out‐group. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Capozza
- FISPPA Department—Section of Applied Psychology Padova University Padova Italy
| | - Rossella Falvo
- FISPPA Department—Section of Applied Psychology Padova University Padova Italy
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6
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Simon JC, Gutsell JN. Effects of Minimal Grouping On Implicit Prejudice, Infrahumanization, and Neural Processing Despite Orthogonal Social Categorizations. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2020; 23:323-343. [PMID: 33981179 DOI: 10.1177/1368430219837348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Racial prejudice is a pervasive and pernicious form of intergroup bias. However, a mounting number of studies show that re-categorization-even into minimal groups-can overcome the typical consequences of racial and other group classifications. We tested the effects of minimal grouping on implicit prejudice and infrahumanization using a paradigm in which race was orthogonal to group membership. This allowed us to examine whether knowledge of group membership overrides obvious category differences. We found that participants infrahumanized and showed implicit bias toward the minimal out-group, despite the crosscutting presence of race, and in fact did not show any of the usual implicit racial bias. In addition, Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) showed an early race effect followed by distinct reactions on the basis of group as processing continued. This is evidence that arbitrary social classifications can engender in-group preference even in the presence of orthogonal, visually salient categorizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Simon
- Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02140
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Mosso C, Russo S. The Perception of Instability and Legitimacy of Status Differences Enhances the Infrahumanization Bias among High Status Groups. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 15:358-366. [PMID: 33574960 PMCID: PMC7871753 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v15i2.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous research within the social identity framework has shown that perceptions of legitimacy and stability of status differences interactively determine cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses to intergroup contexts. Whether such perceptions affect subtle forms of prejudice, namely infrahumanisation, is unknown. We examined if the perceptions regarding high status stability and legitimacy are associated to the infrahumanisation bias. We hypothesized that participants perceiving status differences as unstable and legitimate would report higher levels of infrahumanization than those who perceive status differences as stable and/or illegitimate. Participants (N = 439 Italian students enrolled in psychology courses) completed a structured paper-and-pencil questionnaire. We found that participants tended to attribute more negative secondary emotions to their ingroup (Italians) than to the outgroup (immigrants from Africa), indicating the presence of an infrahumanization bias. The results of a moderated regression aimed at predicting infrahumanization showed that high-status group members who perceived status differences as legitimate and unstable reported higher levels of infrahumanization than their counterparts did. The results attest the important and independent role of the perceptions related to the status for the debate on intergroup relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Russo
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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8
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Sainz M, Martínez R, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Moya M. Where Does the Money Come From? Humanizing High Socioeconomic Status Groups Undermines Attitudes Toward Redistribution. Front Psychol 2019; 10:771. [PMID: 30984094 PMCID: PMC6450225 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of wealth in the hands of a few at the expense of general impoverishment is a major problem in some modern societies. However, there is a general opposition to redistribution policies or to the application of a progressive taxation system. The goal of this research was to explore one factor that might drive the attitudes toward income redistribution: The (de)humanization of high socioeconomic status groups. Previous studies have shown that high socioeconomic status groups tend to be considered as unemotional machines without any concern for others. However, the consequences of mechanizing (vs. humanizing) high socioeconomic status on the interpretation of socioeconomic differences has not been explored yet. We considered that humanizing high socioeconomic status groups might have an unexpected negative effect on attitudes about income inequality and wealth concentration. Specifically, this research aims to determine how humanizing high socioeconomic status groups influences people's perceptions of the group's wealth and preferences for income redistribution. We conducted two studies in which we manipulated the humanity (mechanized vs. humanized in terms of their Human Nature traits) of a high socioeconomic status group. Results of these two studies showed that humanizing (vs. mechanizing) high socioeconomic status groups led to lower support for income redistribution/taxation of wealthy groups, through considering that the group's wealth comes from internal sources (e.g., ambition) rather than external ones (e.g., corruption). These results were independent of the group's likeability and perceived competence/warmth. The present research provides valuable insight about the possible dark side of humanizing high socioeconomic status groups as a process that could contribute to the maintenance of the status quo and the legitimation of income inequality in our societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sainz
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,School of Psychology, University of Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, Mexico
| | - Rocío Martínez
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Moya
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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9
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The Dirty Side of Work: Biologization of Physically Tainted Workers. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5334/irsp.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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Formanowicz M, Goldenberg A, Saguy T, Pietraszkiewicz A, Walker M, Gross JJ. Understanding dehumanization: The role of agency and communion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Sainz M, Martínez R, Moya M, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Animalizing the disadvantaged, mechanizing the wealthy: The convergence of socio-economic status and attribution of humanity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 54:423-430. [PMID: 29633260 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Differences between groups in socio-economic status (SES) are becoming more salient nowadays. In this context, we examined the animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization that both low and high-SES groups may experience respectively by conducting three studies. In study 1, we manipulated the SES of two fictitious groups (low vs. high-SES) and measured the humanity ascribed to them. Results showed that the low-SES group was animalized in comparison with the high-SES group, which was mechanized. In study 2, we manipulated the humanity of two fictitious groups by describing them as animals or machines and measured the perceived SES of the groups. Participants tended to attribute lower SES to the group described as animals and higher SES to the group described as machines. Finally, in study 3, we used an Implicit Association Test to replicate the results of studies 1 and 2. Taken together, these studies show that low-SES groups are considered as animal-like whereas high-SES groups are seen as robot-like. We discuss the implications of these findings in relation to the justification of income inequality within our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sainz
- Research Center in Mind, Brain and Behavior, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Martínez
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Moya
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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12
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Abstract
Dehumanization is a complex social phenomenon, intimately connected to intergroup harm and neglect. However, developmental research has only recently started to investigate this important topic. In this chapter, we review research in areas closely related to dehumanization including children's intergroup preferences, essentialist conceptions of social groups, and understanding of relative status. We then highlight the small number of recent studies that have investigated the development of this social bias more directly. We close by making a series of suggestions for future research that will enable us to better understand the nature and causes of this harmful phenomenon.
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13
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Bruneau E, Kteily N, Laustsen L. The unique effects of blatant dehumanization on attitudes and behavior towards Muslim refugees during the European ‘refugee crisis’ across four countries. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emile Bruneau
- Annenberg School for Communication; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Nour Kteily
- Kellogg School of Management; Northwestern University; Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Lasse Laustsen
- Institut for Statskundskab, Aarhus Universitet; Aarhus Denmark
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Lima ML, Marques S, Branco C, Talayero F, Camilo C. Competent Enough to Be Heard? Technicians’ Expectations about Local Stakeholders in Participative Processes. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/apps.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Lima
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL; Portugal
| | - Sibila Marques
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL; Portugal
| | - Carla Branco
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL; Portugal
| | | | - Cristina Camilo
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL; Portugal
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15
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Prazienkova M, Paladino MP, Sherman SJ. On the Cognitive Determinants of Out-Group Dehumanization: Illusory Correlation and the Dehumanization of (Numerical) Group Minorities. SOCIAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2017.35.6.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Kteily NS, Bruneau E. Darker Demons of Our Nature: The Need to (Re)Focus Attention on Blatant Forms of Dehumanization. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417708230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although dehumanization research first emerged following the overt and conscious denials of humanity present during war and genocide, modern dehumanization research largely examines more subtle and implicit forms of dehumanization in more everyday settings. We argue for the need to reorient the research agenda toward understanding when and why individuals blatantly dehumanize others. We review recent research in a range of contexts suggesting that blatant dehumanization is surprisingly prevalent and potent, uniquely predicting aggressive intergroup attitudes and behavior beyond subtle forms of dehumanization and outgroup dislike, and promoting vicious cycles of conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour S. Kteily
- Department of Management and Organizations, Northwestern University
| | - Emile Bruneau
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
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17
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Bruneau E, Kteily N. The enemy as animal: Symmetric dehumanization during asymmetric warfare. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181422. [PMID: 28746412 PMCID: PMC5528981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, dehumanization has enabled members of advantaged groups to ‘morally disengage’ from disadvantaged group suffering, thereby facilitating acts of intergroup aggression such as colonization, slavery and genocide. But is blatant dehumanization exclusive to those at the top ‘looking down’, or might disadvantaged groups similarly dehumanize those who dominate them? We examined this question in the context of intergroup warfare in which the disadvantaged group shoulders a disproportionate share of casualties and may be especially likely to question the humanity of the advantaged group. Specifically, we assessed blatant dehumanization in the context of stark asymmetric conflict between Israelis (Study 1; N = 521) and Palestinians (Study 2; N = 354) during the 2014 Gaza war. We observed that (a) community samples of Israelis and Palestinians expressed extreme (and comparable) levels of blatant dehumanization, (b) blatant dehumanization was uniquely associated with outcomes related to outgroup hostility for both groups, even after accounting for political ideologies known to strongly predict outgroup aggression, and (c) the strength of association between blatant dehumanization and outcomes was similar across both groups. This study illuminates the striking potency and symmetry of blatant dehumanization among those on both sides of an active asymmetric conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Bruneau
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nour Kteily
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Intergroup Contact and Outgroup Humanization: Is the Causal Relationship Uni- or Bidirectional? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170554. [PMID: 28118379 PMCID: PMC5261613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The attribution of uniquely human characteristics to the outgroup may favor the search for contact with outgroup members and, vice versa, contact experiences may improve humanity attributions to the outgroup. To explore this bidirectional relationship, two studies were performed. In Study 1, humanity perceptions were manipulated using subliminal conditioning. Two experimental conditions were created. In the humanization condition, the unconditioned stimuli (US) were uniquely human words; in the dehumanization condition, the US were non-uniquely human and animal words. In both conditions, conditioned stimuli were typical outgroup faces. An approach/avoidance technique (the manikin task) was used to measure the willingness to have contact with outgroup members. Findings showed that in the humanization condition participants were faster in approaching than in avoiding outgroup members: closeness to the outgroup was preferred to distance. Latencies of approach and avoidance movements were not different in the dehumanization condition. In Study 2, contact was manipulated using the manikin task. One approach (contact) condition and two control conditions were created. The attribution of uniquely human traits to the outgroup was stronger in the contact than in the no-contact conditions. Furthermore, the effect of contact on humanity attributions was mediated by increased trust toward the outgroup. Thus, findings demonstrate the bidirectionality of the relationship between contact and humanity attributions. Practical implications of findings are discussed.
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Abstract
Abstract. Five studies demonstrate that athletic praise can ironically lead to infrahumanization. College athletes were seen as less agentic than college debaters (Studies 1 and 2). College athletes praised for their bodies were also seen as less agentic than college athletes praised for their minds (Study 3), and this effect was driven by bodily admiration (Study 4). These effects occurred equally for White and Black athletes (Study 1) and did not depend on dualistic beliefs about the mind and body (Study 2), failing to provide support for assumptions in the literature. Participants perceived mind and body descriptions of both athletes and debaters as equally high in praise (Study 5), demonstrating that infrahumanization may be induced even if descriptions of targets are positively valenced. Additionally, decreased perceptions of agency led to decreased support for college athletes’ rights (Study 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. White
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ludwin E. Molina
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Andrighetto L, Baldissarri C, Volpato C. (Still) Modern Times
: Objectification at work. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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van Noorden TH, Haselager GJ, Cillessen AH, Bukowski WM. Dehumanization in children: the link with moral disengagement in bullying and victimization. Aggress Behav 2014; 40:320-8. [PMID: 24375450 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The current study explored subtle dehumanization-the denial of full humanness-in children, using distinctions of forms (i.e., animalistic vs. mechanistic) and social targets (i.e., friends vs. non-friends). In addition, the link between dehumanization and moral disengagement in bullying and victimization was investigated. Participants were 800 children (7-12 years old) from third to fifth grade classrooms. Subtle animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization toward friends and non-friends were measured with the new Juvenile Dehumanization Measure. Results showed that animalistic dehumanization was more common than mechanistic dehumanization and that non-friends were dehumanized more than friends. The highest levels of dehumanization were found in animalistic form toward non-friends and the lowest levels in mechanistic form toward friends. Both moral disengagement and animalistic dehumanization toward friends were positively associated with bullying. However, moral disengagement was negatively associated with victimization, whereas both animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization toward non-friends were positively associated with victimization. The current findings indicate that children are able to distinguish different forms and targets of dehumanization and that dehumanization plays a distinct role from moral disengagement in bullying and victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William M. Bukowski
- Department of Psychology and Centre de Recherche sur Développement Humain; Concordia University; Québec Canada
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22
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Trifiletti E, Di Bernardo GA, Falvo R, Capozza D. Patients are not fully human: a nurse's coping response to stress. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Trifiletti
- Department of Philosophy, Education and Psychology; University of Verona
| | | | - Rossella Falvo
- FISPPA Department (Section of Applied Psychology); University of Padova
| | - Dora Capozza
- FISPPA Department (Section of Applied Psychology); University of Padova
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23
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Miranda M, Gouveia-Pereira M, Vaes J. When in Rome… Identification and acculturation strategies among minority members moderate the dehumanisation of the majority outgroup. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Miranda
- Unidade de Investigação em Psicologia Cognitiva do Desenvolvimento e da Educação; ISPA-Instituto Universitário; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Maria Gouveia-Pereira
- Unidade de Investigação em Psicologia Cognitiva do Desenvolvimento e da Educação; ISPA-Instituto Universitário; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Jeroen Vaes
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione; University of Padova; Padova Italy
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24
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Andrighetto L, Baldissarri C, Lattanzio S, Loughnan S, Volpato C. Human-itarian aid? Two forms of dehumanization and willingness to help after natural disasters. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 53:573-84. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Capozza D, Falvo R, Trifiletti E, Pagani A. Cross-group Friendships, Extended Contact, and Humanity Attributions to Homosexuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Abstract
We review early and recent psychological theories of dehumanization and survey the burgeoning empirical literature, focusing on six fundamental questions. First, we examine how people are dehumanized, exploring the range of ways in which perceptions of lesser humanness have been conceptualized and demonstrated. Second, we review who is dehumanized, examining the social targets that have been shown to be denied humanness and commonalities among them. Third, we investigate who dehumanizes, notably the personality, ideological, and other individual differences that increase the propensity to see others as less than human. Fourth, we explore when people dehumanize, focusing on transient situational and motivational factors that promote dehumanizing perceptions. Fifth, we examine the consequences of dehumanization, emphasizing its implications for prosocial and antisocial behavior and for moral judgment. Finally, we ask what can be done to reduce dehumanization. We conclude with a discussion of limitations of current scholarship and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Haslam
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ,
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27
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Riva P, Andrighetto L. “Everybody feels a broken bone, butonly wecan feel a broken heart”: Group membership influences the perception of targets' suffering. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Riva
- University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan Italy
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