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Zasimova L. Analysis of non-compliance with smoke-free legislation in Russia. Int J Public Health 2019; 64:413-422. [PMID: 30734060 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study examined the smokers' non-compliance rates in indoor public places in Russia and the sociodemographic factors associated with non-compliance. METHODS Univariate analysis and logistic regression models were performed using cross-sectional data from a representative sample of Russian adults (N = 4006). RESULTS 27.2% of Russian smokers did not comply with smoke-free bans. Non-compliance was attributed to sociodemographic characteristics of smokers, mainly to the number of cigarettes smoked per day, regular alcohol consumption, being aged between 15 and 34 years, being in the highest income group and living in an urban area. Neither the sex, nor the family status of smokers exerted a statistically significant affiliation with non-compliance. Higher rates of non-compliance were observed in restaurants, cafes, bars and nightclubs, common domestic premises of apartment buildings and indoor workplaces. Violations on public transport, in governmental buildings, health and sport facilities, colleges and universities were less common. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to revise the methods of enforcement with respect to sociodemographic characteristics of smokers associated with non-compliance in public places where violations are widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Zasimova
- Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economic Sciences, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), 28/2, Room 2214 Shabolovka Str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119049.
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Kossova T, Kossova E, Sheluntcova M. Anti-smoking policy in Russia: Relevant factors and program planning. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2018; 69:43-52. [PMID: 29674222 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we consider anti-smoking policy in Russia and the socioeconomic factors that influence an individual's decision to smoke. Among various factors, we investigate the individual time preferences of Russians. To estimate individual time preferences, we use an experiment in which survey respondents are given hypothetical money prizes. We find that being middle-aged, being unmarried and having parents who smoke are positively correlated with both men and women's likelihood of taking up smoking in Russia. We consider the possible endogeneity of an individual's health status and find a positive relationship between smoking and the time preferences of Russians. Our findings confirm that decisionmakers should devote their efforts primarily to developing restrictive anti-smoking policy. The choice of policy measures should be guided by the individual characteristics of target population groups. Social advertising, public lectures and preventive care should be actively engaged in forming public attitudes towards smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kossova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - Elena Kossova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - Maria Sheluntcova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow 101000, Russia.
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Kelishadi R, Shahsanai A, Qorbani M, Esmaeil Motlagh M, Jari M, Ardalan G, Ansari H, Asayesh H, Heshmat R. Tobacco Use and Influencing Factors Among Iranian Children and Adolescents at National and Subnational Levels, According to Socioeconomic Status: The Caspian-IV Study. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e21858. [PMID: 27437120 PMCID: PMC4939238 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Iran is facing an epidemiologic transition, with one of its features being the tendency towards smoking by adolescents. The findings of previous studies in Iran have shown that the pervasiveness of tobacco products among school students is high. No previous study has reported the prevalence and determinants of smoking in various socioeconomic statuses (SESs) and at the subnational level in Iran. Objectives To compare the prevalence of smoking and the factors that influence the initiation and continuation of tobacco use in a nationally representative sample of Iranian adolescents living in different regions with diverse socio-demographic patterns. Patients and Methods This nationwide, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 - 2012 among 14,880 students, aged 6 - 18 years, selected by cluster sampling from 30 provinces. Anonymous questionnaires were completed about tobacco use and the main psychological determinants of initiation and continuation to smoke. The questionnaire was modeled on the world health organization global school-based student health survey (WHO-GSHS). The sub-national regions were defined by the criteria of geography combined with SES. According to this classification, the lowest to highest SESs were considered for the southeast, north-northeast, west, and central regions, respectively. Data were analyzed using the STATA statistical software package. Results Overall, 13,486 students completed this survey (participation rate of 90.6%). They consisted of 50.8% boys, 75.6% urban residents, with a mean age of 12.47 ± 3.36 years. According to the self-report of students, 2.6 % (3.5% of boys and 1.7% of girls) were current smokers, and5.9% (7.5% of boys and 4.2% of girls) had ever been smokers. The current use of tobacco was higher in participants aged 14 - 18 years (6.11%) than in those aged 10 - 13.9 years (1.18%) and 6 - 9.9 years (0.51%). Current and past tobacco use, respectively, had the lowest prevalence in the region with the lowest SES (2.2%, 3.7%) and the greatest prevalence in the highest SES region (4.3%, 8.9%). Entertainment was the most common reason for smoking initiation (83.65% of smokers) and continuation (77.01% of smokers), followed by feelings of pleasure, and enjoying the tobacco smell. These influencing factors did not differ significantly according to SES or gender. Conclusions Smoking is a health problem for Iranian adolescents, and has a higher prevalence in areas with higher SES. Entertainment and feeling pleasure were the commonest reasons for initiation and continuation of smoking. Tobacco-control programs should begin from childhood and family-centered preventive counseling should be intensified in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kelishadi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Armindokht Shahsanai
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR Iran
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Authors: Mostafa Qorbani, Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR Iran. E-mail: ; Ramin Heshmat, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. E-mail:
| | | | - Mohsen Jari
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Gelayol Ardalan
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Ansari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Asayesh
- Department of Medical Emergency, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, IR Iran
| | - Ramin Heshmat
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Authors: Mostafa Qorbani, Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR Iran. E-mail: ; Ramin Heshmat, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. E-mail:
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Saari AJ, Kentala J, Mattila KJ. Flawed oral health of a non-smoking adolescent suggests smoking in adulthood. Eur J Public Health 2014; 25:491-4. [PMID: 25477128 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokers often have oral health problems. We studied whether poor oral health among non-smoking adolescents is connected to smoking behaviour in adulthood. METHODS We used an age cohort born in 1979 (n = 2582) taking part in annual oral health check-ups between the ages of 13 and 15. Self-reported non-smokers were used as the study population. As measures we used decayed, missing or filled teeth/surfaces (DMF) and decayed teeth (D) and smoking behaviour at ages 13-15 and the depending measure was smoking behaviour at the age of 29. RESULTS Those who were non-smokers at ages 13-15 and had tooth decay (D > 0) in an oral check-up during that period had higher risk (OR (Odds Ratio) 1.88, 95% confidence interval 1.2-2.9) of being a smoker by age 29. Tooth decay at age 15 predicted earlier onset of smoking for those, who became smokers later in life. Dental caries (DMF > 0) was not associated with higher risk of becoming a smoking adult, but those with dental caries at age 13 were more likely to start smoking earlier. CONCLUSIONS Poorer dental health, especially tooth decay in adolescence is a possible indicator of a greater likelihood of transforming from being a non-smoker to a smoker. Dentists should notice this for allocated health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti J Saari
- 1 JYTA, Tunkkari Health Care Center, Veteli, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jukka Kentala
- 2 Director of Social and Health Services, City of Vaasa, Finland
| | - Kari J Mattila
- 3 Center of General Practice, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Vlasoff T, Laatikainen T, Korpelainen V, Uhanov M, Pokusajeva S, Tossavainen K, Vartiainen E, Puska P. Trends and educational differences in non-communicable disease risk factors in Pitkäranta, Russia, from 1992 to 2007. Scand J Public Health 2014; 43:91-8. [PMID: 25420711 DOI: 10.1177/1403494814556646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mortality and morbidity from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a major public health problem in Russia. The aim of the study was to examine trends and educational differences from 1992 to 2007 in NCD risk factors in Pitkäranta in the Republic of Karelia, Russia. METHODS Four cross-sectional population health surveys were carried out in the Pitkäranta region, Republic of Karelia, Russia, in 1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007. An independent random sample of 1000 persons from the general population aged 25-64 years was studied in each survey round. The total number of respondents in the four surveys was 2672. The surveys included a questionnaire, physical measurements, and blood sampling, and they were carried out following standard protocols. RESULTS The NCD risk factor trends generally increased in Pitkäranta during the study period with the exception of systolic blood pressure and smoking among men. Especially significant increases were observed in alcohol consumption among both sexes and in smoking among women. Educational differences and differences in trends were relatively small with the exception of a significant increase in smoking in the lowest female educational category. CONCLUSIONS Trends showing an increase in some major NCD risk factors and signs of emerging socio-economic differences call for stronger attention to effective health promotion and preventive policies in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Division of Welfare and Health Promotion, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland North Karelia Hospital District, Finland
| | | | - Mihail Uhanov
- Central Hospital of Pitkäranta, Republic of Karelia, Russia
| | | | | | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Division of Welfare and Health Promotion, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Pekka Puska
- Division of Welfare and Health Promotion, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
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Roberts B, Gilmore A, Stickley A, Rotman D, Prohoda V, Haerpfer C, McKee M. Changes in smoking prevalence in 8 countries of the former Soviet Union between 2001 and 2010. Am J Public Health 2012; 102:1320-8. [PMID: 22594739 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to present new data on smoking prevalence in 8 countries, analyze prevalence changes between 2001 and 2010, and examine trend variance by age, location, education level, and household economic status. METHODS We conducted cross-sectional household surveys in 2010 in Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine. We compared smoking prevalence with a related 2001 study for the different countries and population subgroups, and also calculated the adjusted prevalence rate ratios of smoking. RESULTS All-age 2010 smoking prevalence among men ranged from 39% (Moldova) to 59% (Armenia), and among women from 2% (Armenia) to 16% (Russia). There was a significantly lower smoking prevalence among men in 2010 compared with 2001 in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia, but not for women in any country. For all countries combined, there was a significantly lower smoking prevalence in 2010 than in 2001 for men aged 18 to 39 years and men with a good or average economic situation. CONCLUSIONS Smoking prevalence appears to have stabilized and may be declining in younger groups, but remains extremely high among men, especially those in lower socioeconomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayard Roberts
- European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Long-term effectiveness of adolescent brief tobacco intervention: a follow-up study. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:101. [PMID: 22339943 PMCID: PMC3341189 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brief tobacco intervention has been used in promoting smoking cessation and preventing the initiation of smoking. We used a cohort born in 1979 (n = 2 586) from four cities in Finland. Those born on odd days received up to four brief tobacco interventions during their annual school dental check-ups in 1992-1994 (at the age of 13-15). Those who were born on even days were used as a control group. In 2008 a follow-up questionnaire was sent to the cohort. The aim of this study was to ascertain the long-term effectiveness of brief tobacco intervention given in dental health care during school age. Findings Responses were received from 529 people in the intervention group and 491 in the control group. In the intervention group and control group by the age of 29 there were 15.3% and 18.5% smokers respectively. This difference was not statistically significant. The difference between groups was similar to that observed when they were 14 years old. Conclusions Brief tobacco intervention performed in dental health care in adolescence did not show effectiveness in the long-term follow-up. This type of intervention alone is insufficient to prevent smoking but supports other anti-smoking activities. Trial Registration This study was registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01348646).
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