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Palanca A, Ampudia-Blasco FJ, Real JT. The Controversial Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Cancer Prevention. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132593. [PMID: 35807774 PMCID: PMC9268358 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and exhibits rising incidence. Annual incidence varies by sex, age, and geographical location. It has been reported that impairment of vitamin D signalling promotes thyroid cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as both a nutrient and a hormone, may have utility in the prevention of autoimmune thyroid-related diseases. However, the precise role of vitamin D in the pathobiology of thyroid cancer is controversial. Previous studies have suggested that elevated serum vitamin D levels have a protective role in thyroid cancer. However, there is also evidence demonstrating no inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and the occurrence of thyroid cancer. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that circulating vitamin D concentration is inversely correlated with disease aggressiveness and poor prognosis, while evidence of an association with tumour initiation remains weak. Nevertheless, a variety of data support an anti-tumorigenic role of vitamin D and its potential utility as a secondary chemopreventive agent. In this review, we highlighted recent findings regarding the association of vitamin D status with the risk of thyroid cancer, prognosis, potential mechanisms, and possible utility as a chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Palanca
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM, CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (F.J.A.-B.); Tel.: +34-96-197-35-00 (A.P. & F.J.A.-B.)
| | - Francisco Javier Ampudia-Blasco
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM, CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Medicine Faculty, University of Valencia (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (F.J.A.-B.); Tel.: +34-96-197-35-00 (A.P. & F.J.A.-B.)
| | - José T. Real
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM, CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Medicine Faculty, University of Valencia (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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2
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Voskarides K. The “cancer–cold” hypothesis and possible extensions for the Nordic populations. Scand J Public Health 2019; 47:477-481. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494819831905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer incidence is inexplicably high in cold countries. This has been revealed by recent genetic and epidemiological studies. These studies used data from the GLOBOCAN-2012 database, for 186 populations and for a variety of cancer types. Cancer incidence in Nordic people is particularly high for the frequent cancer forms, like breast, prostate and colon cancer. A relationship of cancer with cold is suspected since Inuit and Alaska Indians that live in even more extreme low temperatures have the higher cancer rates in the world. In this article, possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed. These explanations are related with: evolutionary adaptation to extreme cold, the genetic background of Nordic people, the experimentally proven fast growth and metastasis of tumors at low temperatures, high concentration of certain air pollutants at cold environments, low levels of serum Vitamin D, overdiagnosis by the medical doctors and high quality of the health system in Nordic countries. Lifestyle parameters are not discussed in detail, although these may be equally crucial for cancer risk in cold countries. In conclusion, more studies are needed to elucidate the real causes of this epidemiological pattern.
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Vitamin D deficiency was common in all patients at a Swedish primary care centre, but more so in patients born outside of Europe. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-HEIDELBERG 2018; 26:649-652. [PMID: 30524936 PMCID: PMC6245030 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-018-0910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Vitamin D is associated with extra-skeletal processes, and vitamin D deficiency might contribute to the development of chronic diseases. Aim To investigate vitamin D levels in an unselected patient population at a Swedish suburban primary care centre. Methods Vitamin D levels were assessed in 102 patients aged 20 to 65 years visiting the primary care centre, independent of cause of visit, during 2 weeks in January 2014. The difference in vitamin D levels between patients born in Europe and patients born outside Europe was calculated using linear regression, adjusting for gender and age. The difference in prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (< 25 nmol/l) was calculated using logistic regression adjusting for gender, age, vitamin D supplement, and sun exposure. Results Patients born outside Europe (n = 66) had 15 nmol/l [95% confidence interval (CI) 9.17–20.84] lower levels of vitamin D than patients born in Europe. Vitamin D deficiency was more common in patients born outside Europe (50%) than in patients born in Europe (11%, odds ratio 8.20 95% CI 2.49–26.98, p < 0.001). Conclusion Lower levels of vitamin D and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency were more common in patients born outside Europe compared to patients born in Europe.
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Engel N, Adamus A, Schauer N, Kühn J, Nebe B, Seitz G, Kraft K. Synergistic Action of Genistein and Calcitriol in Immature Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells by SGPL1 Up-Regulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169742. [PMID: 28125641 PMCID: PMC5268493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phytoestrogens such as genistein, the most prominent isoflavone from soy, show concentration-dependent anti-estrogenic or estrogenic effects. High genistein concentrations (>10 μM) also promote proliferation of bone cancer cells in vitro. On the other hand, the most active component of the vitamin D family, calcitriol, has been shown to be tumor protective in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to examine a putative synergism of genistein and calcitriol in two osteosarcoma cell lines MG-63 (early osteoblast), Saos-2 (mature osteoblast) and primary osteoblasts. Methods Thus, an initial screening based on cell cycle phase alterations, estrogen (ER) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression, live cell metabolic monitoring, and metabolomics were performed. Results Exposure to the combination of 100 μM genistein and 10 nM calcitriol reduced the number of proliferative cells to control levels, increased ERß and VDR expression, and reduced extracellular acidification (40%) as well as respiratory activity (70%), primarily in MG-63 cells. In order to identify the underlying cellular mechanisms in the MG-63 cell line, metabolic profiling via GC/MS technology was conducted. Combined treatment significantly influenced lipids and amino acids preferably, whereas metabolites of the energy metabolism were not altered. The comparative analysis of the log2-ratios revealed that after combined treatment only the metabolite ethanolamine was highly up-regulated. This is the result: a strong overexpression (350%) of the enzyme sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1), which irreversibly degrades sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), thereby, generating ethanolamine. S1P production and secretion is associated with an increased capability of migration and invasion of cancer cells. Conclusion From these results can be concluded that the tumor promoting effect of high concentrations of genistein in immature osteosarcoma cells is reduced by the co-administration of calcitriol, primarily by the breakdown of S1P. It should be tested whether this anti-metastatic pathway can be stimulated by combined treatment also in metastatic xenograft mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Engel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstraße, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Anna Adamus
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstraße, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schauer
- Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Juliane Kühn
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee, Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara Nebe
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee, Rostock, Germany
| | - Guido Seitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstraße, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karin Kraft
- Complementary Medicine, Center of Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 6, Rostock, Germany
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McGuire CS, Lanier JB. Problems Related to Physical Agents. Fam Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04414-9_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Phan TX, Jaruga B, Pingle SC, Bandyopadhyay BC, Ahern GP. Intrinsic Photosensitivity Enhances Motility of T Lymphocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39479. [PMID: 27995987 PMCID: PMC5171715 DOI: 10.1038/srep39479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunlight has important biological effects in human skin. Ultraviolet (UV) light striking the epidermis catalyzes the synthesis of Vitamin D and triggers melanin production. Although a causative element in skin cancers, sunlight is also associated with positive health outcomes including reduced incidences of autoimmune diseases and cancers. The mechanisms, however, by which light affects immune function remain unclear. Here we describe direct photon sensing in human and mouse T lymphocytes, a cell-type highly abundant in skin. Blue light irradiation at low doses (<300 mJ cm-2) triggers synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in T cells revealed by the genetically encoded reporter HyPerRed. In turn, H2O2 activates a Src kinase/phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) signaling pathway and Ca2+ mobilization. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic disruption of Lck kinase, PLC-γ1 or the T cell receptor complex inhibits light-evoked Ca2+ transients. Notably, both light and H2O2 enhance T-cell motility in a Lck-dependent manner. Thus, T lymphocytes possess intrinsic photosensitivity and this property may enhance their motility in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thieu X Phan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington DC, 20007, USA.,Department of Biology, Vinh University, Vinh City, Vietnam
| | - Barbara Jaruga
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Sandeep C Pingle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington DC, 20007, USA.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Gerard P Ahern
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington DC, 20007, USA
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Székely E, Lindén O, Peterson S, Jerkeman M. Season of diagnosis is associated with overall survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma but not with Hodgkin's lymphoma - A population-based Swedish Lymphoma Register study. Eur J Haematol 2016; 97:393-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ola Lindén
- Department of Oncology; Skane University Hospital; Lund Sweden
| | | | - Mats Jerkeman
- Department of Oncology; Skane University Hospital; Lund Sweden
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Schöttker B, Brenner H. Vitamin D as a Resilience Factor, Helpful for Survival of Potentially Fatal Conditions: A Hypothesis Emerging from Recent Findings of the ESTHER Cohort Study and the CHANCES Consortium. Nutrients 2015; 7:3264-78. [PMID: 25954901 PMCID: PMC4446751 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is debate on whether vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for major chronic diseases and premature death or whether observed associations were just confounded by general health status. Here, we review recent results from the Epidemiologische Studie zu Chancen der Verhütung, Früherkennung und optimierten Therapie chronischer Erkrankungen in der älteren Bevölkerung (ESTHER) cohort study and the Consortium on Heatlh and Ageing: Network of Cohorts from Europe and the United States (CHANCES) that suggest that vitamin D deficiency may not be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases and cancer but may be a risk factor for fatal instances of these diseases. Furthermore, analyses comprehensively adjusted for the health status showed that the association of vitamin D and mortality was very likely not confounded by general health status. These results suggest that vitamin D could be a marker of resilience to fatality of potentially fatal diseases. Sufficient vitamin D serum concentrations may be needed to regulate the response of the immune system when it is challenged by severe diseases to prevent a fatal course of the disease. If this hypothesis can be verified through basic research studies and adequately designed randomized controlled trials, it could have important public health implications because vitamin D deficiency is very common worldwide, and interventions could be implemented easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Schöttker
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hermann Brenner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Sakhi AK, Bastani NE, Ellingjord-Dale M, Gundersen TE, Blomhoff R, Ursin G. Feasibility of self-sampled dried blood spot and saliva samples sent by mail in a population-based study. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:265. [PMID: 25886002 PMCID: PMC4428002 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In large epidemiological studies it is often challenging to obtain biological samples. Self-sampling by study participants using dried blood spots (DBS) technique has been suggested to overcome this challenge. DBS is a type of biosampling where blood samples are obtained by a finger-prick lancet, blotted and dried on filter paper. However, the feasibility and efficacy of collecting DBS samples from study participants in large-scale epidemiological studies is not known. The aim of the present study was to test the feasibility and response rate of collecting self-sampled DBS and saliva samples in a population-based study of women above 50 years of age. METHODS We determined response proportions, number of phone calls to the study center with questions about sampling, and quality of the DBS. We recruited women through a study conducted within the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program. Invitations, instructions and materials were sent to 4,597 women. The data collection took place over a 3 month period in the spring of 2009. RESULTS Response proportions for the collection of DBS and saliva samples were 71.0% (3,263) and 70.9% (3,258), respectively. We received 312 phone calls (7% of the 4,597 women) with questions regarding sampling. Of the 3,263 individuals that returned DBS cards, 3,038 (93.1%) had been packaged and shipped according to instructions. A total of 3,032 DBS samples were sufficient for at least one biomarker analysis (i.e. 92.9% of DBS samples received by the laboratory). 2,418 (74.1%) of the DBS cards received by the laboratory were filled with blood according to the instructions (i.e. 10 completely filled spots with up to 7 punches per spot for up to 70 separate analyses). To assess the quality of the samples, we selected and measured two biomarkers (carotenoids and vitamin D). The biomarker levels were consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSION Collecting self-sampled DBS and saliva samples through the postal services provides a low cost, effective and feasible alternative in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nasser Ezzatkhah Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Merete Ellingjord-Dale
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Clinical Service, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Giske Ursin
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
- Cancer Registry of Norway, P.O. Box 5313, 0304, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 90032-3628, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Problems Related to Physical Agents. Fam Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_53-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Grant WB. A review of the role of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D in reducing risk of dental caries. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/derm.15841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Haluza D, Simic S, Moshammer H. Temporal and spatial melanoma trends in Austria: an ecological study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:734-48. [PMID: 24398911 PMCID: PMC3924471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Annual solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is mostly determined by latitude and altitude. Over the last decades, increasing UVR ground levels have been observed. Exposure to UVR is associated with a life-time risk to develop melanoma, a malign skin cancer. Thus, we hypothesized that melanoma incidence in Austria is associated with altitude of place of living and time of diagnosis. We investigated this hypothesis in an ecological study by district and year for Austrian melanoma incidence (1990-2010) and mortality (1970-2011) data. As expected, incidence rates increased with altitude (about 2% per 10 m) and year (about 2%). Additionally, melanoma incidence rates were about 50% higher in urban than in rural districts. In contrast, mortality rates decreased with altitude (for males: 0.4% per 10 m, for women: 0.7% per 10 m, respectively). The observed discrepancy between incidence and mortality data could partly be explained by melanoma diagnosis at earlier tumor stage in districts with higher altitude. Possible reasons for this finding include higher awareness of patients, better diagnostic performance of medical professionals working at higher altitudes, or slower tumor growth due to protective effects of sun light-associated vitamin D synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Haluza
- Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Stana Simic
- Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Hanns Moshammer
- Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
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Brown J, Sandmann A, Ignatius A, Amling M, Barvencik F. New perspectives on vitamin D food fortification based on a modeling of 25(OH)D concentrations. Nutr J 2013; 12:151. [PMID: 24261676 PMCID: PMC3874620 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Germany, vitamin D intake from food and synthesis in the skin is low, which leads to low 25(OH)D serum concentrations. In contrast to many other countries, general vitamin D food fortification is still prohibited in Germany, although the European Commission published a regulatory framework to harmonize addition of vitamins to foods. Thus the purpose of our study was to develop a vitamin D fortification model, taking into account all vitamin D sources with the goal to fulfill requirements of intake recommendations or preferable 25(OH)D serum concentrations. Finally, the aim was to assess the suitability of different carriers and associated risks. METHODS We developed a mathematical bottom-up model of 25(OH)D serum concentrations based on data about vitamin D sources of the German population such as sunlight, food and supplements for all federal states taking seasonal and geographical variations into account. We used this model to calculate the optimal fortification levels of different vitamin D carriers in two approaches. First we calculated required fortification levels based on fixed intake recommendations from e.g. the IOM or the DGE and second based on achieving certain 25(OH)D serum concentrations. RESULTS To lift 25(OH)D serum concentration in Germany to 75 nmol/L, e.g. 100 g bread has to be fortified with 11.3 μg during winter, resulting in a daily vitamin D intake of 23.7 μg. Bread seems to be a suitable carrier for base supply. However, overdose risk with a single fortified product is higher than the risk with several fortified carriers. CONCLUSIONS With the model in hand, it is possible to conceive vitamin D fortification strategies for different foodstuffs and model its impact on 25(OH)D serum concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Wändell PE. Population groups in dietary transition. Food Nutr Res 2013; 57:21668. [PMID: 24106456 PMCID: PMC3790911 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the effects of dietary acculturation in minority groups in the Nordic countries, including immigrants from non-Western societies. Methods A search was performed in Medlin33e/PubMed and SweMed+ for articles published in 1990–2011. Results A total of 840 articles were identified, with a final 32 articles used to tabulate results which were included in the primary analysis. High rates of vitamin D deficiency (23 articles) were found in immigrants of non-Western origin; deficiency rates were very high among both pregnant and non-pregnant women, and also among children, with young children of immigrant parents showing 50 times higher risk for rickets when compared to children of indigenous parents. The risk of iron deficiency (two articles) was high among immigrant women, while the results were inconclusive regarding children. High rates of dental caries (seven articles) were found among pre-school and younger school children of immigrant origin, while the risk of caries was not as evident among older children. In a secondary analysis, including 48 articles (results not tabulated), overweight and obesity (14 articles) were seen in many immigrant groups, resulting in a high prevalence of diabetes (2 review articles from a total of 14 original articles) and incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD; seven articles). For hypertension (three articles), dyslipidemia (four articles), and dietary patterns among immigrants (10 articles), the results were contradictory. Conclusions Risk of vitamin D deficiency is alarmingly high in the Nordic countries among immigrants of non-Western origin, especially among women. Dental caries is high among immigrant children aged 0–7 years due to a higher intake of sugary products. Overweight and obesity, associated with a higher risk of diabetes and CHD, are prevalent in many immigrant groups and need further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per E Wändell
- Centre for Family Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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15
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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and overall mortality. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:708-18. [PMID: 22343489 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective, population-based cohort studies on the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and all-cause mortality. METHODS Relevant studies were identified by systematically searching Medline, EMBASE and ISI Web of Knowledge. Reported hazard ratios (HRs) for 25(OH)D categories were recalculated employing comprehensive trend estimation from summarized dose-response data and pooled in a random effects model meta-analysis. RESULTS Overall, 12 original studies were included in the review and meta-analysis comprising 32,142 mainly elderly study participants with measured 25(OH)D of whom 6921 died during follow-up. An inverse association between 25(OH)D levels and all-cause mortality was found in all but two studies that was statistically significant in several of the individual studies. In meta-analysis, 25(OH)D levels were significantly inversely associated with all-cause mortality with a pooled HR of 0.92 (95% confidence interval: 0.89-0.95) for a 20 nmol/l increase in 25(OH)D levels. CONCLUSION In this meta-analysis of prospective, population-based cohort studies, a 20 nmol/l increase in 25(OH)D levels was associated with an 8% lower mortality in the general elderly population. This agrees with results from meta-analyses on randomized controlled trials that found a decrease in mortality with vitamin D3 supplementation of a comparable magnitude.
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Grant WB. Role of solar UVB irradiance and smoking in cancer as inferred from cancer incidence rates by occupation in Nordic countries. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:203-11. [PMID: 22928078 PMCID: PMC3427201 DOI: 10.4161/derm.20965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance and vitamin D reduce the risk of incidence and death for many types of cancer. However, most of that evidence comes from midlatitude regions, where solar UVB doses are generally high in summer. Data on cancer standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) by sex and 54 occupation categories based on 1.4 million male and 1.36 million female cancer cases for 1961–2005 in the five Nordic countries provide the basis for an ecological study of the role of solar UVB in the risk of many types of cancer at high latitudes. Lip cancer SIRs less lung cancer SIRs for men was the best index of solar UVB dose, which was weakly inversely correlated with both melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) SIRs. Lung cancer SIRs were used as the index of the effects of smoking. For men, the UVB index was significantly inversely correlated with 14 types of internal cancer—bladder, breast, colon, gallbladder, kidney, laryngeal, liver, lung, oral, pancreatic, pharyngeal, prostate, rectal and small intestine cancer. For women, the same UVB index was inversely correlated with bladder, breast and colon cancer. These results generally agree with findings from other studies. These results provide more support for the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis and suggest that widespread fear of chronic solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiance may be misplaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center; San Francisco, CA USA
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Abstract
Vitamin D system is a complex pathway that includes precursors, active metabolites, enzymes, and receptors. This complex system actives several molecular pathways and mediates a multitude of functions. In addition to the classical role in calcium and bone homeostasis, vitamin D plays "non-calcemic" effects in host defense, inflammation, immunity, and cancer processes as recognized in vitro and in vivo studies. The aim of this review is to highlight the relationship between vitamin D and cancer, summarizing several mechanisms proposed to explain the potential protective effect of vitamin D against the development and progression of cancer. Vitamin D acts like a transcription factor that influences central mechanisms of tumorigenesis: growth, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition to cellular and molecular studies, epidemiological surveys have shown that sunlight exposure and consequent increased circulating levels of vitamin D are associated with reduced reduced occurrence and a reduced mortality in different histological types of cancer. Another recent field of interest concerns polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR); in this context, preliminary data suggest that VDR polymorphisms more frequently associated with tumorigenesis are Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, EcoRV, Cdx2; although further studies are needed to clarify their role in the cancer. In this review, the relationship between vitamin D and cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vuolo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, "Federico II" University of Naples Naples, Italy.
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Al Anouti F, Thomas J, Abdel-Wareth L, Rajah J, Grant WB, Haq A. Vitamin D deficiency and sun avoidance among university students at Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:235-9. [PMID: 22259650 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.4.16881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study offers evidence that vitamin D deficiency could be a major public health burden among young Emirati adults, mostly because of sun deprivation in a sun-blessed country. This study included a random sample of 138 females and 70 males tested for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status. To further evaluate the predictors of vitamin D status in this population, the study examined diet, obesity and sun exposure. In summer, the mean serum 25(OH)D concentration for females was 20.9 ± 14.9 nmol/L, whereas that for males was 27.3 ± 15.7 nmol/L. Females scored significantly higher than males on the sun avoidance inventory (SAI), indicating that females avoid sun exposure to a greater extent than males, possibly explaining the lower vitamin D status. A significant negative correlation also existed between SAI and vitamin D status (Pearson's r = -0.33; p < 0.01), but no significant association was evident between vitamin D status and body mass index (Pearson's r = 0.03; p = 0.33) or low dietary intake of vitamin D-fortified foods (Pearson's r = 0.08; p = 0.13). The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration for females tested in winter was 31.3 ± 12.3 nmol/L while in the summer, it was 20.9 ± 14.9 nmol/L. This difference was statistically significant, suggesting that seasonal variation plays an important role in vitamin D status in the United Arab Emirates. Fortification of foods and drinks with vitamin D, supplementation and sensible sun exposure are important steps toward minimizing vitamin D deficiency.
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An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65:1016-26. [PMID: 21731036 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The goal of this work is to estimate the reduction in mortality rates for six geopolitical regions of the world under the assumption that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels increase from 54 to 110 nmol/l. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study is based on interpretation of the journal literature relating to the effects of solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) and vitamin D in reducing the risk of disease and estimates of the serum 25(OH)D level-disease risk relations for cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory infections. The vitamin D-sensitive diseases that account for more than half of global mortality rates are CVD, cancer, respiratory infections, respiratory diseases, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus. Additional vitamin D-sensitive diseases and conditions that account for 2 to 3% of global mortality rates are Alzheimer's disease, falls, meningitis, Parkinson's disease, maternal sepsis, maternal hypertension (pre-eclampsia) and multiple sclerosis. Increasing serum 25(OH)D levels from 54 to 110 nmol/l would reduce the vitamin D-sensitive disease mortality rate by an estimated 20%. RESULTS The reduction in all-cause mortality rates range from 7.6% for African females to 17.3% for European females. Reductions for males average 0.6% lower than for females. The estimated increase in life expectancy is 2 years for all six regions. CONCLUSIONS Increasing serum 25(OH)D levels is the most cost-effective way to reduce global mortality rates, as the cost of vitamin D is very low and there are few adverse effects from oral intake and/or frequent moderate UVB irradiance with sufficient body surface area exposed.
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Grant WB. A review of the role of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D in reducing risk of dental caries. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:193-8. [PMID: 22110779 PMCID: PMC3219170 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.3.15841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Large geographical variations in dental health and tooth loss among US adolescents and young adults have been reported since the mid-1800s. Studies in the 1920s and 1930s noted that vitamin D and ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance reduced caries formation, the proposed mechanism being improved calcium absorption and metabolism. This paper reviews the history of studies of dental caries with respect to vitamin D, geographical location and available solar UVB doses. In addition, data on mean dental health rank by state for US servicemen from three periods, 1918, 1934 and 1943, were used in regression analyses with respect to summertime solar UVB doses and an index for mottled enamel, a proxy for natural fluoridation of drinking water, for 1935. There was a significant inverse correlation for dental health rank with respect to solar UVB from doses of 4.0 to 6.5 kJ/m(2) with little change thereafter. Adding data for mottled enamel rates for the states with UvB doses <6.6 kJ/m(2) improved the adjusted R(2) from 0.45 to 0.52. The mechanism whereby UVB reduces risk of dental caries is likely through production of vitamin D, followed by induction of cathelicidin and defensins, which have antimicrobial properties. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations at or above 30-40 ng/ml should significantly reduce the formation of dental caries. It is unfortunate that the UVB and vitamin D findings were not given more consideration in the 1950s as a way to reduce the risk of dental caries when water fluoridation was being proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center (SUNARC); San Francisco, CA USA
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Oyen J, Apalset EM, Gjesdal CG, Brudvik C, Lie SA, Hove LM. Vitamin D inadequacy is associated with low-energy distal radius fractures: a case-control study. Bone 2011; 48:1140-5. [PMID: 21295169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin D inadequacy is associated with hip fractures, but the relationship has not been explored for distal radius fractures. AIMS To compare serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) status in low-energy distal radius fracture patients and a group of matched controls, and examine whether observed differences in s-25(OH)D between patients and controls would remain after adjusting for bone mineral density (BMD), body mass index (BMI), and smoking history. METHODS A total of 575 female and 72 male low-energy distal radius fracture patients (50-90 years) and 534 female and 52 male matched controls were included. The primary measure was levels of vitamin D. Secondary measures were BMD assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, BMI and smoking history. RESULTS Mean s-25(OH)D was 66.5nmol/L in female patients and 78.7nmol/L in controls (p<0.001). The corresponding figures in men were 64.5 and 77.0nmol/L (p=0.017). In adjusted conditional logistic regression analyzes, s-25(OH)D <50nmol/L (OR=2.32, 95% CI: 1.47-3.64, p<0.001), and 50-75 (OR=1.70, 95% CI: 1.17-2.47, p=0.005) were associated with distal radius fractures in women. s-25(OH)D <50nmol/L (OR=6.27, 95% CI: 1.17-33.66, p=0.032) was associated with distal radius fractures in men. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D inadequacy is associated with low-energy distal radius fractures in both women and men. Differences in vitamin D levels are independent of BMD, BMI or smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannike Oyen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Pérez-López FR, Chedraui P, Fernández-Alonso AM. Vitamin D and aging: beyond calcium and bone metabolism. Maturitas 2011; 69:27-36. [PMID: 21429678 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels are common and may be associated with morbidity and mortality (and indeed with frailty more generally). This association is not restricted to the links between vitamin D and calcium and bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE To review the influences of vitamin D on the aging process other than those related to bone and calcium. Its effect on mortality is also assessed. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for English-language articles relating to vitamin D, using the following MeSH terms: vitamin D, mortality, cardiovascular diseases, and frailty. In addition, searches were carried out with Google. RESULTS Although some of the reported results have proved controversial, overall the evidence seems to support an association between low serum 25[OH]D levels and mortality rates (all-cause and cardiovascular). Frailty is a condition frequently associated with low serum 25[OH]D levels. CONCLUSION The aging process and mortality are associated with low vitamin D levels. Prospective controlled trials are warranted to determine whether vitamin D supplements can increase longevity and reduce the incidence of certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustino R Pérez-López
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico, Zaragoza, Spain.
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