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Guzzoni V, Emerich de Abreu ICM, Bertagnolli M, Mendes RH, Belló-Klein A, Casarini DE, Flues K, Cândido GO, Paulini J, De Angelis K, Marcondes FK, Irigoyen MC, Sousa Cunha T. Aerobic training increases renal antioxidant defence and reduces angiotensin II levels, mitigating the high mortality in SHR-STZ model. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39016681 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2024.2377381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTVE The purpose of the research was to investigate the effects of aerobic training on renal function, oxidative stress, intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, and mortality of hypertensive and diabetic (SHR-STZ) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood pressure, creatinine, urea levels, urinary glucose, urine volume, and protein excretion were reduced in trained SHR-STZ rats. RESULTS Aerobic training not only attenuated oxidative stress but also elevated the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the kid'ney of SHR-STZ rats. Training increased intrarenal levels of angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE and ACE2) as well as the neprilysin (NEP) activity, along with decreased intrarenal angiotensin II (Ang II) levels. Aerobic training significantly improved the survival of STZ-SHR rats. CONCLUSION The protective role of aerobic training was associated with improvements in the renal antioxidative capacity, reduced urinary protein excretion along with reduced intrarenal Ang II and increased NEP activity. These findings might reflect a better survival under the combined pathological conditions, hypertension, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Guzzoni
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- Laboratory of Maternal-child Health, Hospital Sacre-Coeur Research Center, CIUSSS Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roberta Hack Mendes
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin Flues
- Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geórgia Orsi Cândido
- Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaína Paulini
- Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Klein Marcondes
- Department of Biosciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FOP - UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Irigoyen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Sousa Cunha
- Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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Almeida SS, Gregnani MF, da Costa IMG, da Silva MM, Bub CB, Silvino VO, Martins DE, Wajchenberg M. ACE I/D polymorphism is a risk factor for the clinical severity of COVID-19 in Brazilian male patients. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:180. [PMID: 38252233 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system is potentially involved in the pathogen-host interaction in the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, since the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 serves as a receptor for the virus. The impact of the pandemic in specific regions and ethnic groups highlights the importance of investigating genetic factors that disrupt the balance of the system in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in genes with ethnic frequency variations. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the ACE I/D polymorphism on the incidence and severity of COVID-19 in a sample of the Brazilian population. METHODS AND RESULTS 70 severe cases and 355 mild cases patients were evaluated. DNA extraction was performed using a QIAamp DNA Blood Mini kit. Genotyping of ACE I/D polymorphism was performed. Clinical outcomes were obtained from the patients' records. We found an association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and the incidence or severity of COVID-19 in male participants. Moreover, we observed a relationship between severity and increasing age and body weight and a higher frequency of II genotype individuals among those who had a cough as their symptoms in mild patients. No differences were observed in leukocyte count or other parameters related to the inflammatory response in severe patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed the influence of the ACE I/D polymorphism on severity of COVID-19 in males, as well as on the occurrence of cough in patients with mild symptoms, with a higher incidence in those carrying the I allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Soares Almeida
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Physical and Functional Performance, Universidade Ibirapuera, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Obstetrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp, 875 Napoleão de Barros St, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Fernandes Gregnani
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Valmir Oliveira Silvino
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO) Post-Graduation Program, Teresina, Brazil
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Elshafei A, Khidr EG, El-Husseiny AA, Gomaa MH. RAAS, ACE2 and COVID-19; a mechanistic review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6465-6470. [PMID: 34305426 PMCID: PMC8270731 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has been claimed as associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection and its subsequent morbidities and mortalities. These claims were resulting from the possibility of upregulating the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), facilitation of SARS-CoV-2 entry, and increasing the susceptibility of infection in such treated cardiovascular patients. ACE2 and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) products have a critical function in controlling the severity of lung injury, fibrosis, and failure following the initiation of the disease. This review is to clarify the mechanisms beyond the possible deleterious effects of angiotensin II (Ang II), and the potential protective role of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) against pulmonary fibrosis, with a subsequent discussion of the latest updates on ACEIs/ARBs use and COVID-19 susceptibility in the light of these mechanisms and biochemical explanation.
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Key Words
- ACE1, angiotensin-converting enzyme 1
- ACE2
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ACEIs
- ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- AEC-II, alveolar epithelial type II cells
- ARBs
- ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers
- AT1R, angiotensin type 1 receptor
- AT2R, angiotensin type 2 receptor
- Ang 1-7, angiotensin 1-7
- Ang 1-9, angiotensin 1-9
- AngI, angiotensin I
- AngII, angiotensin II
- Angiotensin 1–7
- Angiotensin II
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ICU, intensive care unit
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NLRP3, (NOD, LRR, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3)
- RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- miR-21, microRNA-21
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elshafei
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad Gamil Khidr
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Husseiny
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maher H. Gomaa
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Association of Ang-(1–7) and des-Arg9BK as new biomarkers of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:969-977. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Franzén S, Frithiof R. Pre-treatment with the angiotensin receptor 1 blocker losartan protects renal blood flow and oxygen delivery after propofol-induced hypotension in pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17924. [PMID: 33087778 PMCID: PMC7578078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypotensive events are strongly correlated to the occurrence of perioperative acute kidney injury, but the underlying mechanisms for this are not completely elucidated. We hypothesised that anaesthesia-induced hypotension causes renal vasoconstriction and decreased oxygen delivery via angiotensin II-mediated renal vasoconstriction. Pigs were anaesthetised, surgically prepared and randomised to vehicle/losartan treatment (0.15 mg*kg−1). A deliberate reduction in arterial blood pressure was caused by infusion of propofol (30 mg*kg−1) for 10 min. Renal function and haemodynamics were recorded 60 min before and after hypotension. Propofol induced hypotension in all animals (p < 0.001). Renal blood flow (RBF) and renal oxygen delivery (RDO2) decreased significantly regardless of treatment but more so in vehicle-treated compared to losartan-treated (p = 0.001, p = 0.02, respectively). During recovery RBF and RDO2 improved to a greater extent in the losartan-treated compared to vehicle-treated (+ 28 ml*min−1, 95%CI 8–50 ml*min−1, p = 0.01 and + 3.1 ml*min−1, 95%CI 0.3–5.8 ml*min−1, p = 0.03, respectively). Sixty minutes after hypotension RBF and RDO2 remained depressed in vehicle-treated, as renal vascular resistance was still increased (p < 0.001). In losartan-treated animals RBF and RDO2 had normalised. Pre-treatment with losartan improved recovery of renal blood flow and renal oxygen delivery after propofol-induced hypotension, suggesting pronounced angiotensin II-mediated renal vasoconstriction during blood pressure reductions caused by anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Franzén
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 78, 1st floor, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Robert Frithiof
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Entrance 78, 1st floor, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
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Penna C, Mercurio V, Tocchetti CG, Pagliaro P. Sex-related differences in COVID-19 lethality. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4375-4385. [PMID: 32698249 PMCID: PMC7405496 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many countries have been affected by the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19. Among Western countries, Italy has been particularly hit at the beginning of the pandemic, immediately after China. In Italy and elsewhere, women seem to be less affected than men by severe/fatal COVID-19 infection, regardless of their age. Although women and men are affected differently by this infection, very few studies consider different therapeutic approaches for the two sexes. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences may help to find appropriate and sex specific therapies. Here, we consider that other mechanisms are involved to explain this difference, in addition to the protection attributable to oestrogens. Several X-linked genes (such as ACE2) and Y-linked genes (SRY and SOX9) may explain sex differences. Cardiovascular comorbidities are among the major enhancers of virus lethality. In addition, the number of sex-independent, non-genetic factors that can change susceptibility and mortality is enormous, and many other factors should be considered, including gender and cultural habits in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological SciencesUniversity of TorinoTurinItaly
- National Institute of Cardiovascular ResearchesBolognaItaly
| | - Valentina Mercurio
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Carlo G. Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational ResearchFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological SciencesUniversity of TorinoTurinItaly
- National Institute of Cardiovascular ResearchesBolognaItaly
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7
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 influences pancreatic and renal function in diabetic mice. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1169-1183. [PMID: 32472097 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease characterized by pancreatic beta cells destruction. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been identified in pancreas from type 2 diabetic mice and its overexpression prevents beta cell dysfunction. We studied the effect of ACE2 deletion on pancreatic and renal function in the nonobese diabetic mice, a model that mimics type 1 diabetes. ACE2-deficient NOD mice and the respective controls were generated. Pancreas function and immunohistochemistry studies were performed. Renal function and RAS gene expression were also analyzed. Renal proximal tubular cells were obtained from these animals to dissect the effect of ACE2 deficiency in these cells. In NOD mice, ACE2 deletion significantly worsened glucose homeostasis, decreased islet insulin content, increased beta cell oxidative stress, and RIPK1-positive islets as compared with control mice. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) were also increased in ACE2-deficient mice. In kidneys of 30-day diabetic mice, ACE2 deletion decreased podocyte number within the glomeruli, and altered renal RAS gene expression in tubules. ACE2 deletion influenced the expression of fibrosis-related genes in isolated primary renal proximal tubular cells before diabetes onset in NOD mice. Our findings suggest that ACE2 deletion may have a deleterious impact on beta cell and renal function, by promoting oxidative stress and increasing necroptosis mediators. In addition, this effect is accompanied by RAS alterations in both pancreas and renal proximal tubular cells, indicating that ACE2 may exert a renopancreatic protective effect on type 1 diabetes, which is activated before diabetes starts.
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8
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Pagliaro P, Penna C. ACE/ACE2 Ratio: A Key Also in 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19)? Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:335. [PMID: 32626721 PMCID: PMC7314898 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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9
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Roca-Ho H, Riera M, Palau V, Pascual J, Soler MJ. Characterization of ACE and ACE2 Expression within Different Organs of the NOD Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030563. [PMID: 28273875 PMCID: PMC5372579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin angiotensin system (RAS) is known to play a key role in several diseases such as diabetes, and renal and cardiovascular pathologies. Its blockade has been demonstrated to delay chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular damage in diabetic patients. In this sense, since local RAS has been described, the aim of this study is to characterize angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 activities, as well as protein expression, in several tissues of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice model. After 21 or 40 days of diabetes onset, mouse serums and tissues were analyzed for ACE and ACE2 enzyme activities and protein expression. ACE and ACE2 enzyme activities were detected in different tissues. Their expressions vary depending on the studied tissue. Thus, whereas ACE activity was highly expressed in lungs, ACE2 activity was highly expressed in pancreas among the studied tissues. Interestingly, we also observed that diabetes up-regulates ACE mainly in serum, lung, heart, and liver, and ACE2 mainly in serum, liver, and pancreas. In conclusion, we found a marked serum and pulmonary alteration in ACE activity of diabetic mice, suggesting a common regulation. The increase of ACE2 activity within the circulation in diabetic mice may be ascribed to a compensatory mechanism of RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleia Roca-Ho
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Riera
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Vanesa Palau
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Julio Pascual
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nephrology Department-Hospital del Mar and Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques-IMIM, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Jose Soler
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nephrology Department-Hospital del Mar and Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques-IMIM, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Sharifi AM, Zare B, Keshavarz M, Rahmani M, Zaeefy B, Larijani B. Urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-015-0325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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11
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Bertoncello N, Moreira RP, Arita DY, Aragão DS, Watanabe IKM, Dantas PS, Santos R, Mattar-Rosa R, Yokota R, Cunha TS, Casarini DE. Diabetic Nephropathy Induced by Increased Ace Gene Dosage Is Associated with High Renal Levels of Angiotensin (1-7) and Bradykinin. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:674047. [PMID: 26442284 PMCID: PMC4579315 DOI: 10.1155/2015/674047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Population studies have shown an association between diabetic nephropathy (DN) and insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene (ACE in humans, Ace in mice). The aim was to evaluate the modulation of Ace copies number and diabetes mellitus (DM) on renal RAS and correlate it with indicators of kidney function. Increased number of copies of the Ace gene, associated with DM, induces renal dysfunction. The susceptibility to the development of DN in 3 copies of animals is associated with an imbalance in activity of RAS enzymes leading to increased synthesis of Ang II and Ang-(1-7). Increased concentration of renal Ang-(1-7) appears to potentiate the deleterious effects triggered by Ang II on kidney structure and function. Results also show increased bradykinin concentration in 3 copies diabetic group. Taken together, results indicate that the deleterious effects described in 3 copies diabetic group are, at least in part, due to a combination of factors not usually described in the literature. Thus, the data presented here show up innovative and contribute to understanding the complex mechanisms involved in the development of DN, in order to optimize the treatment of patients with this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Bertoncello
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roseli Peres Moreira
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Yuri Arita
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle S. Aragão
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Kazue Mizuno Watanabe
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia S. Dantas
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ralmony Santos
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Mattar-Rosa
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yokota
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Sousa Cunha
- Science and Technology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, Vila Clementino, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- *Dulce Elena Casarini:
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Velez JCQ, Janech MG, Hicks MP, Morinelli TA, Rodgers J, Self SE, Arthur JM, Fitzgibbon WR. Lack of renoprotective effect of chronic intravenous angiotensin-(1-7) or angiotensin-(2-10) in a rat model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110083. [PMID: 25337950 PMCID: PMC4206519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unopposed angiotensin (Ang) II-mediated cellular effects may lead to progressive glomerulosclerosis. While Ang-II can be locally generated in the kidneys, we previously showed that glomerular podocytes primarily convert Ang-I, the precursor of Ang-II, to Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(2-10), peptides that have been independently implicated in biological actions opposing those of Ang-II. Therefore, we hypothesized that Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(2-10) could be renoprotective in the fawn-hooded hypertensive rat, a model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. We evaluated the ability of 8-12 week-long intravenous administration of either Ang-(1-7) or Ang-(2-10) (100-400 ng/kg/min) to reduce glomerular injury in uni-nephrectomized fawn-hooded hypertensive rats, early or late in the disease. Vehicle-treated rats developed hypertension and lesions of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. No reduction in glomerular damage was observed, as measured by either 24-hour urinary protein excretion or histological examination of glomerulosclerosis, upon Ang-(1-7) or Ang-(2-10) administration, regardless of peptide dose or disease stage. On the contrary, when given at 400 ng/kg/min, both peptides induced a further increase in systolic blood pressure. Content of Ang peptides was measured by parallel reaction monitoring in kidneys harvested at sacrifice. Exogenous administration of Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(2-10) did not lead to a significant increase in their corresponding intrarenal levels. However, the relative abundance of Ang-(1-7) with respect to Ang-II was increased in kidney homogenates of Ang-(1-7)-treated rats. We conclude that chronic intravenous administration of Ang-(1-7) or Ang-(2-10) does not ameliorate glomerular damage in a rat model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and may induce a further rise in blood pressure, potentially aggravating glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Q. Velez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Medical Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael G. Janech
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Megan P. Hicks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Morinelli
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jessalyn Rodgers
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sally E. Self
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - John M. Arthur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Medical Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wayne R. Fitzgibbon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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Riera M, Márquez E, Clotet S, Gimeno J, Roca-Ho H, Lloreta J, Juanpere N, Batlle D, Pascual J, Soler MJ. Effect of insulin on ACE2 activity and kidney function in the non-obese diabetic mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84683. [PMID: 24400109 PMCID: PMC3882249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice model because it develops autoimmune diabetes that resembles human type 1 diabetes. In diabetic mice, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was ten-fold increased at an "early stage" of diabetes, and twenty-fold increased at a "later stage" (21 and 40 days, respectively after diabetes diagnosis) as compared to non-obese resistant controls. In NOD Diabetic mice, glomerular enlargement, increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and increased blood pressure were observed in the early stage. In the late stage, NOD Diabetic mice developed mesangial expansion and reduced podocyte number. Circulating and urine ACE2 activity were markedly increased both, early and late in Diabetic mice. Insulin administration prevented albuminuria, markedly reduced GFR, blood pressure, and glomerular enlargement in the early stage; and prevented mesangial expansion and the reduced podocyte number in the late stage of diabetes. The increase in serum and urine ACE2 activity was normalized by insulin administration at the early and late stages of diabetes in Diabetic mice. We conclude that the Diabetic mice develops features of early kidney disease, including albuminuria and a marked increase in GFR. ACE2 activity is increased starting at an early stage in both serum and urine. Moreover, these alterations can be completely prevented by the chronic administration of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Riera
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Márquez
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Clotet
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Gimeno
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heleia Roca-Ho
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lloreta
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Juanpere
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Julio Pascual
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Soler
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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14
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Moraes OA, Colucci JA, Souza LE, Scapini KB, Moraes-Silva IC, Mostarda C, De Angelis K, Casarini DE, Irigoyen MC. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in non-obese diabetic mice. Auton Neurosci 2013; 177:143-7. [PMID: 23622812 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is known that diabetes is associated with autonomic dysfunction; however, data about autonomic function in non-obese diabetic mice (NOD) remain scarce. We evaluated the autonomic profile of NOD mice. Female mice, 24-28 week old, were divided in two groups: NOD (n = 6) and control (n = 6, Swiss mice). NOD mice with glycemia ≥ 300 mg/dl were used. Heart rate variability (HRV) and arterial pressure variability (APV) in time and frequency domains, symbolic analysis of heart rate (HR) and baroreflex sensitivity were evaluated. HR and arterial pressure (AP) were similar between the groups; however, HRV (total variance of RR interval: NOD=21.07 ± 3.75 vs. C = 42.02 ± 6.54 ms(2)) and the vagal modulation index RMSSD were lower in NOD group (4.01 ± 0.32 vs. 8.28 ± 0.97 ms). Moreover, the absolute and normalized low-frequency (LF) components were also enhanced in NOD (normalized = 61.0 ± 4.0%) as compared to control mice (normalized = 20.0 ± 4.0%). Both the absolute and normalized high-frequency (HF) components were lower in NOD (normalized = 39.0 ± 4.0%) when compared to the control group (normalized = 80.0 ± 4.0). In the symbolic analysis the 0V pattern, an indication of sympathetic activity, was higher in NOD and 2 LV pattern, an indication of parasympathetic activity, was lower in the NOD than in the control group. Both bradycardic and tachycardic responses were decreased in NOD (3.01 ± 0.72 vs. 4.54 ± 0.36 bpm/mmHg and 2.49 ± 0.31 vs. C = 3.43 ± 0.33 bpm/mmHg) when compared to the control group. Correlation analysis showed negative correlations between vagal indexes (RMSSD, %HF and 2LV) and glycemic levels. In conclusion, NOD mice develop severe diabetes correlated with autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Moraes
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), 44 Dr Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar Avenue, 05403-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil; Nove de Julho University, Sao Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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15
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Abdellatif AA. The role of renin inhibition in treating the hypertensive patient with diabetes: a summary of preclinical and clinical evidence. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 10:251-63. [PMID: 22292880 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comorbid hypertension and diabetes is common and associated with substantially greater cardiovascular and renal risk relative to hypertension alone. Tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) overactivity is a hallmark of diabetes and contributes to target organ damage. Treatment guidelines recommend angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for reducing cardiorenal risk in patients with hypertension plus diabetes. However, these agents only partially prevent cardiovascular and renal morbidity/mortality. Further attempts to improve clinical outcomes have focused on the use of an ACE inhibitor plus an ARB, but this combination has not demonstrated a favorable risk-benefit profile. Direct renin inhibitors provide a more comprehensive blockade of the RAS compared with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and may be of particular benefit in counteracting tissue RAS overactivity. In this article, the role of the RAS in diabetic hypertension and the preclinical and clinical effects of direct renin inhibitor therapy on target organs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ali Abdellatif
- Kidney Hypertension Transplant Clinic, Clear Lake Specialties, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Zhou TB, Ou C, Qin YH, Su LN, Lei FY, Huang WF, Zhao YJ, Pang YS, Yang KP. Association of angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion gene polymorphism with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome susceptibility in children: a meta-analysis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 12:601-10. [PMID: 21946394 DOI: 10.1177/1470320311422578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene contains either an insertion (I) allele or a deletion (D) allele forming three potential genotypes: II, ID and DD. The D allele or DD genotype has been reported to be associated with higher plasma ACE level. An assessment of the association between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) susceptibility in children is still controversial. This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the association between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and the onset of INS. Method: A predefined literature search and selection of eligible relevant studies were performed to collect data from electronic databases, and eligible investigations were synthesized using the meta-analysis method. Results: Nine investigations were identified for the analysis of association between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and INS risk in children, including six in Asians, one study for Caucasians and two for Africans. There was positive association between D allele or DD genotype and INS susceptibility in Asians (OR = 1.75, p = 0.01; OR = 2.01, p = 0.02), but not for Caucasian children and Africans (for Caucasians, D: OR=1.35, p = 0.27, DD: OR = 0.95, p = 0.91; for Africans, D: OR = 1.70, p = 0.56, DD: OR = 1.60, p = 0.73). Furthermore, II homozygous seemed to play a positive role against INS onset for Asians (OR = 0.59, p = 0.02), but the link between II genotype and INS risk was not observed in Caucasian children and Africans (Caucasians: OR = 0.31, p = 0.06; Africans: OR = 0.50, p = 0.59). Conclusions: D allele and DD homozygous might become significant genetic molecular markers for INS susceptibility in Asian children, but the association was not observed in Caucasians or Africans. However, the conclusion from our study cannot be sustained and more investigations on larger sample in different populations are required to further clarify the role of D allele or DD homozygous in the onset of INS in difference races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Biao Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing, China
| | - Chao Ou
- Department of Experimental Pathology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan-Han Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing, China
| | - Li-Na Su
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing, China
| | - Feng-Ying Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing, China
| | - Wei-Fang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, NanNing, China
| | - Kun-Peng Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Township Health Centers of ShilLing in LongQuan district, ChengDu, China
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