1
|
Zhang X, Hocher B. Parental genetic effects on the offspring's phenotype without transmission of the gene itself-pathophysiology and clinical evidence. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C750-C777. [PMID: 39010843 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00359.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Parental genes can influence the phenotype of their offspring through genomic-epigenomic interactions even without the direct inheritance of specific parental genotypes. Maternal genetic variations can affect the ovarian and intrauterine environments and potentially alter lactation behaviors, impacting offspring nutrition and health outcomes independently of the fetal genome. Similarly, paternal genetic changes can affect the endocrine system and vascular functions in the testes, influencing sperm quality and seminal fluid composition. These changes can initiate early epigenetic modifications in sperm, including alterations in microRNAs, tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), and DNA methylation patterns. These epigenetic modifications might induce further changes in target organs of the offspring, leading to modified gene expression and phenotypic outcomes without transmitting the original parental genetic alterations. This review presents clinical evidence supporting this hypothesis and discusses the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Parental gene-offspring epigenome-offspring phenotype interactions have been observed in neurocognitive disorders and cardio-renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, People's Republic of China
- IMD-Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik Berlin-Potsdam GbR, Berlin, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hocher CF, Chen X, Zuo J, Horvathova K, Hocher B, Krämer BK, Chu C. Fibroblast growth factor 23 is associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023; 39:e3704. [PMID: 37553983 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides its established impact on bone and mineral metabolism, it was suggested that fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) might play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The impact of FGF23 on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), however, is not well understood. iFGF23 ELISAs measure the intact FGF23 molecule, whereas cFGF23 assays measure intact FGF23 as well as degradation products of FGF23. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to compare the association of maternal and foetal cFGF23 and iFGF23 with GDM in a German birth cohort. METHODS cFGF23 and iFGF23 were analysed in 826 random mother/child pairs from the Berlin Birth Cohort. RESULTS Mothers who developed GDM had higher concentrations of iFGF-23 compared to mothers who did not suffer from GDM (19.73 vs. 13.23 pg/mL, p < 0.0001), but not higher concentrations of cFGF-23. Multivariant regression analyses showed that gestational diabetes is associated with iFGF23 independently of confounding factors such as age, BMI, ethnic background, family history of diabetes, smoking during pregnancy, and recurrent pregnancy loss. This, however, was only seen when using an iFGF23 ELISA measuring just the full length FGF23 and not in addition FGF23 fragments. No differences in both iFGF23 and cFGF23 concentrations between the GDM and non-GDM groups were detected in cord blood samples of the offspring. CONCLUSIONS This study of a representative German birth cohort showed that maternal but not foetal iFGF23 is independently associated with GDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Friedrich Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/ Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/ Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiao Zuo
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/ Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Berthold Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/ Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Diagnostics, IMD Berlin-Potsdam, Berlin, Germany
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/ Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience ECAS, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPDBW), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chang Chu
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology/ Pneumology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yamashita H, Yasuhi I, Koga M, Sugimi S, Umezaki Y, Fukuoka M, Suga S, Fukuda M, Kusuda N. Fetal sex and maternal insulin resistance during mid-pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:560. [PMID: 32972384 PMCID: PMC7513312 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested that fetal sex influences maternal glucose and insulin metabolism during pregnancy. We examined whether fetal sex is associated with maternal insulin resistance and the β-cell function during mid-pregnancy. Methods This retrospective study included singleton pregnant women who underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24–34 weeks of gestation due to positive diabetic screening. In addition to plasma glucose (PG), we measured plasma insulin during the OGTT to obtain surrogate indices associated with insulin resistance (IR), including homeostasis assessment model (HOMA) -IR and insulin sensitivity index (IsOGTT), and β-cell function, including insulinogenic index (II), HOMA-β, and area under the curve of insulin response. We compared these indices between women carrying male fetuses to those carrying female fetuses. Results The study population included 617 women (mean age, 32.4 ± 4.9 years) with a mean pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 22.6±4.5. They underwent the 75g-OGTT at 29.0 ± 2.5 weeks. Two hundred fifty-eight (42%) women were diagnosed with gestational diabetes (GDM). There was no significant difference in maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational age at OGTT, PG at OGTT, or the prevalence of GDM between women with a male fetus (n=338) (male group) and those with a female fetus (n=279) (female group). Regarding the indices of IR, IR was significantly higher and insulin sensitivity was lower in the female group than in the male group (HOMA-IR: 7.0 [5-9.6] vs. 6.2 [4.6-8.8], p< 0.05; IsOGTT: 5.86 [4.29-7.83] vs. 6.29 [4.59-8.84], p< 0.01) (median [quartile range]). These differences remained significant after adjustment for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational age and fasting PG at OGTT, and the diagnosis of GDM. In contrast, the β-cell function did not differ between the two groups. Conclusion Maternal IR during mid-pregnancy was significantly higher in women carrying a female fetus than in those with a male fetus. The sex of the fetus may affect maternal insulin sensitivity during mid-pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamashita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, 1001-1 kubara 2-chome, 856-8562, Omura-City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yasuhi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, 1001-1 kubara 2-chome, 856-8562, Omura-City, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Megumi Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, 1001-1 kubara 2-chome, 856-8562, Omura-City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - So Sugimi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, 1001-1 kubara 2-chome, 856-8562, Omura-City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Umezaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, 1001-1 kubara 2-chome, 856-8562, Omura-City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Misao Fukuoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, 1001-1 kubara 2-chome, 856-8562, Omura-City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sachie Suga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, 1001-1 kubara 2-chome, 856-8562, Omura-City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, 1001-1 kubara 2-chome, 856-8562, Omura-City, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuko Kusuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NHO Nagasaki Medical Center, 1001-1 kubara 2-chome, 856-8562, Omura-City, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haertle L, El Hajj N, Dittrich M, Müller T, Nanda I, Lehnen H, Haaf T. Epigenetic signatures of gestational diabetes mellitus on cord blood methylation. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:28. [PMID: 28360945 PMCID: PMC5368916 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) confers a lifelong increased risk for metabolic and other complex disorders to the offspring. GDM-induced epigenetic modifications modulating gene regulation and persisting into later life are generally assumed to mediate these elevated disease susceptibilities. To identify candidate genes for fetal programming, we compared genome-wide methylation patterns of fetal cord bloods (FCBs) from GDM and control pregnancies. Methods and results Using Illumina’s 450K methylation arrays and following correction for multiple testing, 65 CpG sites (52 associated with genes) displayed significant methylation differences between GDM and control samples. Four candidate genes, ATP5A1, MFAP4, PRKCH, and SLC17A4, from our methylation screen and one, HIF3A, from the literature were validated by bisulfite pyrosequencing. The effects remained significant after adjustment for the confounding factors maternal BMI, gestational week, and fetal sex in a multivariate regression model. In general, GDM effects on FCB methylation were more pronounced in women with insulin-dependent GDM who had a more severe metabolic phenotype than women with dietetically treated GDM. Conclusions Our study supports an association between maternal GDM and the epigenetic status of the exposed offspring. Consistent with a multifactorial disease model, the observed FCB methylation changes are of small effect size but affect multiple genes/loci. The identified genes are primary candidates for transmitting GDM effects to the next generation. They also may provide useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of adverse prenatal exposures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-017-0329-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Haertle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Lehnen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Municipal Clinics, 41239 Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Petry CJ, Sanz Marcos N, Pimentel G, Hayes MG, Nodzenski M, Scholtens DM, Hughes IA, Acerini CL, Ong KK, Lowe WL, Dunger DB. Associations Between Fetal Imprinted Genes and Maternal Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Hypertension 2016; 68:1459-1466. [PMID: 27777362 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In addition to maternal genes and environmental exposures, variation in fetal imprinted genes could also affect maternal blood pressure during pregnancy. Our objective was to test the associations between polymorphic variants in 16 imprinted genes and maternal mean arterial blood pressures in 1160 DNA trios from 2 established birth cohorts (the Cambridge Baby Growth and Wellbeing Studies) and seek replication in 1367 Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study participants. Significant univariate associations, all independent of fetal sex, were observed in the Cambridge cohorts, including FAM99A rs1489945 transmitted from the mother (P=2×10-4), DLK1 rs10139403 (mother; P=9×10-4), DLK1 rs12147008 (mother; P=1×10-3), H19 rs217222 (father; P=1×10-3), SNRPN rs1453556 (father; P=1×10-3), IGF2 rs6356 (father; P=1×10-3), and NNAT rs6066671 (father; P=1×10-3). In meta-analysis including additional independent Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study data, the association with maternally transmitted fetal DLK1 rs10139403 reached genome-wide significance (P=6.3×10-10). With the exception of fetal rs1489945 and rs217222, all of other associations were unidirectional and most were statistically significant. To further explore the significance of these relationships, we developed an allele score based on the univariate findings. The score was strongly associated with maternal blood pressure at 31 weeks (P=4.1×10-8; adjusted r2=5.6%) and 37 weeks of pregnancy (P=1.1×10-4; r2=3.6%), and during the last 2 weeks before parturition (P=1.1×10-10; r2=8.7%). It was also associated with gestational hypertension (odds ratio, 1.54 [range, 1.14-2.09] per allele; P=0.005; 45 cases and 549 controls). These data support the concept that fetal imprinted genes are related to the development of gestational hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clive J Petry
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| | - Nuria Sanz Marcos
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Gracielle Pimentel
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael Nodzenski
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Carlo L Acerini
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Ken K Ong
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - William L Lowe
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - David B Dunger
- From the Department of Paediatrics (C.J.P., N.S.M., G.P., I.A.H., C.L.A., K.K.O., D.B.D.), Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (K.K.O.), and Institute of Metabolic Science (D.B.D.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Servicio de Pediatría, Barcelona, Spain (N.S.M.); Divisão de Endocrinologia Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (G.P.); and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.H., W.L.L.) and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine (M.N., D.M.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Retnakaran R, Kramer CK, Ye C, Kew S, Hanley AJ, Connelly PW, Sermer M, Zinman B. Fetal sex and maternal risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: the impact of having a boy. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:844-51. [PMID: 25693837 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retrospective analyses of perinatal databases have raised the intriguing possibility of an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women carrying a male fetus, but it has been unclear if this was a spurious association. We thus sought to evaluate the relationship between fetal sex and maternal glucose metabolism in a well-characterized cohort of women reflecting the full spectrum of gestational glucose tolerance from normal to mildly abnormal to GDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 1,074 pregnant women underwent metabolic characterization, including oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), at mean 29.5 weeks' gestation. The prevalence of GDM, its pathophysiologic determinants (β-cell function and insulin sensitivity/resistance), and its clinical risk factors were compared between women carrying a female fetus (n = 534) and those carrying a male fetus (n = 540). RESULTS Women carrying a male fetus had lower mean adjusted β-cell function (insulinogenic index divided by HOMA of insulin resistance: 9.4 vs. 10.5, P = 0.007) and higher mean adjusted blood glucose at 30 min (P = 0.025), 1 h (P = 0.004), and 2 h (P = 0.02) during the OGTT, as compared with those carrying a female fetus. Furthermore, women carrying a male fetus had higher odds of developing GDM (odds ratio 1.39 [95% CI 1.01-1.90]). Indeed, male fetus further increased the relative risk of GDM conferred by the classic risk factors of maternal age >35 years and nonwhite ethnicity by 47 and 51%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Male fetus is associated with poorer β-cell function, higher postprandial glycemia, and an increased risk of GDM in the mother. Thus, fetal sex potentially may influence maternal glucose metabolism in pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Retnakaran
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline K Kramer
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chang Ye
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simone Kew
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony J Hanley
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip W Connelly
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathew Sermer
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard Zinman
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao L, Zhao JP, Nuyt AM, Fraser WD, Luo ZC. Female fetus is associated with greater maternal insulin resistance in pregnancy. Diabet Med 2014; 31:1696-701. [PMID: 25112731 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the hypothesis that female fetus is associated with greater maternal insulin resistance during pregnancy. METHODS In a singleton pregnancy cohort study (n = 299), we compared maternal insulin resistance according to fetal sex, based on plasma biomarkers from a 50-g 1-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks gestation. The primary outcome was plasma glucose-to-insulin ratio. Other outcomes included plasma proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, and insulin, proinsulin, leptin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor I and II concentrations. RESULTS After adjusting for maternal race, age, parity, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking and alcohol use, history of gestational diabetes, and gestational age at blood sampling, plasma insulin concentrations were significantly higher (mean ± sd: 66.4 ± 50.5 vs. 51.0 ± 46.1 mU/l; adjusted P = 0.001), and glucose-to-insulin ratios significantly lower (2.60 ± 2.03 vs. 3.77 ± 4.98 mg/dl/mU/l; adjusted P = 0.002) in women bearing a female vs those bearing a male fetus, despite similar glucose levels (116.4 ± 27.2 vs. 117.0 ± 31.9 mg/dl; adjusted P = 0.92).There were no significant differences in proinsulin-to-insulin ratios, or leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor II concentrations by fetal sex. CONCLUSION Female fetus may be associated with greater maternal insulin resistance during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Xiao
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li J, Chen YP, Wang ZN, Liu TB, Chen D, Dong YP, Hocher B. A functional fetal HSD11B2[CA]n microsatellite polymorphism is associated with maternal serum cortisol concentrations in pregnant women. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 38:132-41. [PMID: 24685985 DOI: 10.1159/000355761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cortisol plays an important role during pregnancy. It controls maternal glucose metabolism and fetal development. Cortisol metabolism is partially controlled by the 11b-HSD2. This enzyme is expressed in the kidney and human placenta. The activity of the enzyme is partially controlled by functional polymorphisms: the HSD11B2[CA]n microsatellite polymorphism. The impact of this functional gene polymorphism on cortisol metabolism and potential effects on the newborn's is unknown so far. METHODS In the current prospective birth cohort study in southern Asia, we analyzed the association of the HSD11B2[CA]n microsatellite polymorphisms in 187 mothers and their newborn's on maternal and newborn's serum cortisol concentrations. RESULTS Using multivariable regression analyses considering known confounding (gestational age, newborn's gender, the labor uterine contraction states and the timing during the day of blood taking), we showed that the fetal HSD11B2[CA]n microsatellite polymorphisms in the first intron was related to maternal cortisol concentration (R2=0.26, B=96.27, p=0.007), whereas as the newborn's cortisol concentrations were independent of fetal and maternal HSD11B2[CA]n microsatellite polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed for the first time that the fetal HSD11B2[CA]n microsatellite polymorphism of the HSD11B2 gene in healthy uncomplicated human pregnancy is associated with maternal cortisol concentration. This indicates that fetal genes controlling cortisol metabolism may affect maternal cortisol concentration and hence physiology in healthy pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical college of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Simsek S, Tekes S, Turkyilmaz A, Tuzcu AK, Kılıc F, Culcu NN, Isık B, Akbas H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with metabolic syndrome in Turkish patients. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:860-3. [PMID: 23685945 DOI: 10.3275/8967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ACE gene has received substantial attention in recent years as candidate for a variety of diseases. The most common polymorphism in ACE gene is the Insertion/Deletion (I/D, rs4646994) polymorphism located on intron 16. AIM We investigated the association between metabolic syndrome (MS) and the insertion (I) - deletion (D) polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in south-east of Turkey. SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred and sixty subjects, with 101 cases of MS and 59 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in the study. RESULTS The frequency of ACE I/D polymorphism was found to be 49.5% for DD, 36.6% for ID, and 13.9% for II in the MSstudy group and 44.1% for DD, 42.4% for ID and 13.5% for II in the control group. Allele frequencies were found to be 0.68% for D and 0.32% for I allele in the study group with MS and 0.65% for D, 0.35% for I allele in the control group. The I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene, DD, ID, and II genotypes occurred with similar frequencies in the study group with MS and the control group with no significant differences (p<0.05). On applying one-way analysis of variance to different ACE gene polymorphic groups in patients with MS were not significantly associated to ACE gene polymorphism and waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HDL, and LDL (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Further studies of patients in larger numbers and of different ethnic backgrounds may be necessary to elucidate the association between the ACE I/D gene polymorphism and MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Simsek
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Dicle, Medical School, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|