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Boullard NG, Paris JJ, Shariat-Madar Z, Mahdi F. Increased Prolylcarboxypeptidase Expression Can Serve as a Biomarker of Senescence in Culture. Molecules 2024; 29:2219. [PMID: 38792081 PMCID: PMC11123917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP, PCP, Lysosomal Pro-X-carboxypeptidase, Angiotensinase C) controls angiotensin- and kinin-induced cell signaling. Elevation of PRCP appears to be activated in chronic inflammatory diseases [cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes] in proportion to severity. Vascular endothelial cell senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction have consistently been shown in models of CVD in aging. Cellular senescence, a driver of age-related dysfunction, can differentially alter the expression of lysosomal enzymes due to lysosomal membrane permeability. There is a lack of data demonstrating the effect of age-related dysfunction on the expression and function of PRCP. To explore the changes in PRCP, the PRCP-dependent prekallikrein (PK) pathway was characterized in early- and late-passage human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs). Detailed kinetic analysis of cells treated with high molecular weight kininogen (HK), a precursor of bradykinin (BK), and PK revealed a mechanism by which senescent HPAECs activate the generation of kallikrein upon the assembly of the HK-PK complex on HPAECs in parallel with an upregulation of PRCP and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and NO formation. The NO production and expression of both PRCP and eNOS increased in early-passage HPAECs and decreased in late-passage HPAECs. Low activity of PRCP in late-passage HPAECs was associated with rapid decreased telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA levels. We also found that, with an increase in the passage number of HPAECs, reduced PRCP altered the respiration rate. These results indicated that aging dysregulates PRCP protein expression, and further studies will shed light into the complexity of the PRCP-dependent signaling pathway in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason J. Paris
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (J.J.P.); (Z.S.-M.)
| | - Zia Shariat-Madar
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (J.J.P.); (Z.S.-M.)
| | - Fakhri Mahdi
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (J.J.P.); (Z.S.-M.)
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Wang W, Su L, Wang Y, Li C, Ji F, Jiao J. Endothelial Cells Mediated by UCP2 Control the Neurogenic-to-Astrogenic Neural Stem Cells Fate Switch During Brain Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105208. [PMID: 35488517 PMCID: PMC9218656 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian cortical development, neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) gradually alter their characteristics, and the timing of generation of neurons and glial cells is strictly regulated by internal and external factors. However, whether the blood vessels located near NSCs affect the neurogenic-to-gliogenic transition remain unknown. Here, it is demonstrated that endothelial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) deletion reduces blood vessel diameter and affects the transition timing of neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Deletion of endothelial UCP2 results in a persistent increase in astrocyte production at the postnatal stage. Mechanistically, the endothelial UCP2/ROS/ERK1/2 pathway increases chymase-1 expression to enhance angiotensin II (AngII) secretion outside the brain endothelium. The endotheliocyte-driven AngII-gp130-JAK-STAT pathway also regulates gliogenesis initiation. Moreover, endothelial UCP2 knockdown decreases human neural precursor cell (hNPC) differentiation into neurons and accelerates hNPC differentiation into astrocytes. Altogether, this work provides mechanistic insights into how endothelial UCP2 regulates the neurogenic-to-gliogenic fate switch in the developing neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Libo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Chenxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Fen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantong226001China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
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De Hert E, Bracke A, Pintelon I, Janssens E, Lambeir AM, Van Der Veken P, De Meester I. Prolyl Carboxypeptidase Mediates the C-Terminal Cleavage of (Pyr)-Apelin-13 in Human Umbilical Vein and Aortic Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136698. [PMID: 34206648 PMCID: PMC8268575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the C-terminal cleavage of (pyr)-apelin-13 in human endothelial cells with respect to the role and subcellular location of prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP). Human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells, pre-treated with prolyl carboxypeptidase-inhibitor compound 8o and/or angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-inhibitor DX600, were incubated with (pyr)-apelin-13 for different time periods. Cleavage products of (pyr)-apelin-13 in the supernatant were identified by mass spectrometry. The subcellular location of PRCP was examined via immunocytochemistry. In addition, PRCP activity was measured in supernatants and cell lysates of LPS-, TNFα-, and IL-1β-stimulated cells. PRCP cleaved (pyr)-apelin-13 in human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells, while ACE2 only contributed to this cleavage in aortic endothelial cells. PRCP was found in endothelial cell lysosomes. Pro-inflammatory stimulation induced the secretion of PRCP in the extracellular environment of endothelial cells, while its intracellular level remained intact. In conclusion, PRCP, observed in endothelial lysosomes, is responsible for the C-terminal cleavage of (pyr)-apelin-13 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, while in aortic endothelial cells ACE2 also contributes to this cleavage. These results pave the way to further elucidate the relevance of the C-terminal Phe of (pyr)-apelin-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie De Hert
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - An Bracke
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Eline Janssens
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3265-2741
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Wu Y, Pan X, Jin X. Haplotype-based association study between PRCP gene polymorphisms and essential hypertension in Hani minority group from a remote region of China. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320981316. [PMID: 33319614 PMCID: PMC7745576 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320981316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) is both involved in the Kallikrein-Kinin system (KKS) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). This study aimed to determine the genetic impact of PRCP gene polymorphisms on essential hypertension (EH) in an isolated population from a remote region of China. Methods: A haplotype-based study was investigated in 346 EH patients and 346 normal subjects and all samples were Hani minority residents in Southwest China. A total of 11 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PRCP gene were tested by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: Single site analysis found that PRCP gene 3′UTR SNP rs3750931 was associated with EH. The minor allele G of rs3750931 was more prevalent in the EH patients compared to control subjects after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). Moreover, the rs3750931 G allele carriers showed higher average blood pressure (BP) level among the subjects. The H2 (GAGCACTAACA) haplotype without rs3750931 G allele showed the protective effect for EH (OR = 0.68, 95 CI 0.54–0.85, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The present study indicated PRCP gene rs3750931 was associated with the risk of EH. This SNP G allele could be considered as one of risk markers for EH in Hani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrui Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xingming Pan
- Human Resources Department of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
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Wu Y, Yang H, Xiao C. Genetic association study of prolylcarboxypeptidase polymorphisms with susceptibility to essential hypertension in the Yi minority of China: A case-control study based on an isolated population. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320919586. [PMID: 32448049 PMCID: PMC7249571 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320919586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a negative regulator of the pressor actions of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. It is also involved in the kallikrein–kinin system. This gene has an important role in blood pressure (BP) regulation. Methods: A case–control study was performed for 615 Yi participants (303 cases and 312 controls) from a remote mountainous area in Yunnan Province of China. For the PRCP gene, 11 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: The PRCP gene rs12290550 was associated with the occurrence of essential hypertension (EH) and BP traits. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the rs12290550 T allele was significantly linked to the risk of EH (odds ratio (OR) = 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44–2.39, p = 0.2 × 10−5). Under Bonferroni correction, the H7 TAGCACTAACA haplotype containing the risk allele rs12290550 T increased the risk of EH (OR = 4.53, 95% CI 2.29–8.93, p = 0.2×10−5). Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate the strong association of the PRCP gene with EH. rs12290550 may be a useful genetic predictor of EH in the Yi minority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrui Wu
- Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Kunming Medical University, China.,School of Medicine, Yunnan University, China
| | - Hongju Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, China
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Zhou D, Chen Y, Wu J, Shen J, Shang Y, Zheng L, Xie X. Association between chymase gene polymorphisms and atrial fibrillation in Chinese Han population. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:321. [PMID: 31888494 PMCID: PMC6936049 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-01300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chymase is the major angiotensin II (Ang II)-forming enzyme in cardiovascular tissue, with an important role in atrial remodeling. This study aimed to examine the association between chymase 1 gene (CMA1) polymorphisms and atrial fibrillation (AF) in a Chinese Han population. Methods This case-control study enrolled 126 patients with lone AF and 120 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, all from a Chinese Han population. Five CMA1 polymorphisms were genotyped. Results The CMA1 polymorphism rs1800875 (G-1903A) was associated with AF. The frequency of the GG genotype was significantly higher in AF patients compared with controls (p = 0.009). Haplotype analysis further demonstrated an increased risk of AF associated with the rs1800875-G haplotype (Hap8 TGTTG, odds ratio (OR) = 1.668, 95% CI 1.132–2.458, p = 0.009), and a decreased risk for the rs1800875-A haplotype (Hap5 TATTG, OR = 0.178, 95% CI 0.042–0.749, p = 0.008). Conclusions CMA1 polymorphisms may be associated with AF, and the rs1800875 GG genotype might be a susceptibility factor for AF in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchen Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuewei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiabo Shen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yushan Shang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangrong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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8
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Gittleman HR, Merkulova A, Alhalabi O, Stavrou EX, Veigl ML, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Schmaier AH. A Cross-sectional Study of KLKB1 and PRCP Polymorphisms in Patient Samples with Cardiovascular Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:17. [PMID: 27200353 PMCID: PMC4850149 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma kallikrein formed from prekallikrein (PK) produces bradykinin from kininogens and activates factor XII. Plasma PK is activated by factors αXIIa, βXIIa, or prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP). A cross-sectional investigation determined if there is an association of PRCP and KLKB1 polymorphisms with cardiovascular disease (CVD). DNA was obtained from 2243 individuals from the Prevention of Events with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme trial. Two PRCP SNPs, rs7104980 and rs2298668, and two KLKB1 SNPs, rs3733402 and rs3087505, were genotyped. Logistic regression models were performed for history of diabetes, myocardial infarction, stroke, angina, angiographic coronary disease, CABG, intermittent claudication, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and transient ischemic attack. The PRCP SNP rs7104980 increased the odds of having a history of PTCA by 21% [odds ratio (OR) = 1.211; 95% confidence intervals (CI) = (1.008, 1.454)]; P = 0.041, but was non-significant after Bonferroni correction. Alternatively, having the G allele for rs3733402 (KLKB1 gene) decreased the odds of having a history of angiographic coronary disease by 24% [OR = 0.759; 95% CI = (0.622, 0.927)]; P = 0.007 that was statistically significant (P < 0.01) after Bonferroni correction for multiple hypothesis testing. When the best-fit model based on the Akaike information criterion controlled for age, weight, gender, hypertension, and history of angina, the G allele of KLKB1 rs3733402 that is associated with less plasma kallikrein activity correlated with reduced history of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley R. Gittleman
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alona Merkulova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Omar Alhalabi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Evi X. Stavrou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Martina L. Veigl
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Alvin H. Schmaier
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Atanur S, Diaz A, Maratou K, Sarkis A, Rotival M, Game L, Tschannen M, Kaisaki P, Otto G, Ma M, Keane T, Hummel O, Saar K, Chen W, Guryev V, Gopalakrishnan K, Garrett M, Joe B, Citterio L, Bianchi G, McBride M, Dominiczak A, Adams D, Serikawa T, Flicek P, Cuppen E, Hubner N, Petretto E, Gauguier D, Kwitek A, Jacob H, Aitman T. Genome sequencing reveals loci under artificial selection that underlie disease phenotypes in the laboratory rat. Cell 2013; 154:691-703. [PMID: 23890820 PMCID: PMC3732391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Large numbers of inbred laboratory rat strains have been developed for a range of complex disease phenotypes. To gain insights into the evolutionary pressures underlying selection for these phenotypes, we sequenced the genomes of 27 rat strains, including 11 models of hypertension, diabetes, and insulin resistance, along with their respective control strains. Altogether, we identified more than 13 million single-nucleotide variants, indels, and structural variants across these rat strains. Analysis of strain-specific selective sweeps and gene clusters implicated genes and pathways involved in cation transport, angiotensin production, and regulators of oxidative stress in the development of cardiovascular disease phenotypes in rats. Many of the rat loci that we identified overlap with previously mapped loci for related traits in humans, indicating the presence of shared pathways underlying these phenotypes in rats and humans. These data represent a step change in resources available for evolutionary analysis of complex traits in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh S. Atanur
- Physiological Genomic and Medicine Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ana Garcia Diaz
- Physiological Genomic and Medicine Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Klio Maratou
- Physiological Genomic and Medicine Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Allison Sarkis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Maxime Rotival
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Laurence Game
- Genomics Core Laboratory, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Michael R. Tschannen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pamela J. Kaisaki
- The Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Georg W. Otto
- The Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Man Chun John Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Thomas M. Keane
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Oliver Hummel
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13092, Germany
| | - Kathrin Saar
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13092, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13092, Germany
| | - Victor Guryev
- Hubrecht Institute KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kathirvel Gopalakrishnan
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
| | - Michael R. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
| | - Lorena Citterio
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, OU Nephrology, University Vita Salute San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bianchi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, OU Nephrology, University Vita Salute San Raffaele, Chair of Nephrology, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Martin McBride
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Anna Dominiczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Tadao Serikawa
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Norbert Hubner
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13092, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin 13092, Germany
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Integrative Genomics and Medicine Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- The Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- INSERM UMR-S872, Cordeliers Research Centre, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Anne Kwitek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Howard Jacob
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Timothy J. Aitman
- Physiological Genomic and Medicine Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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Abstract
Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) is associated with leanness, hypertension, and thrombosis. PRCP-depleted mice have injured vessels with reduced Kruppel-like factor (KLF)2, KLF4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and thrombomodulin. Does PRCP influence vessel growth, angiogenesis, and injury repair? PRCP depletion reduced endothelial cell growth, whereas transfection of hPRCP cDNA enhanced cell proliferation. Transfection of hPRCP cDNA, or an active site mutant (hPRCPmut) rescued reduced cell growth after PRCP siRNA knockdown. PRCP-depleted cells migrated less on scratch assay and murine PRCP(gt/gt) aortic segments had reduced sprouting. Matrigel plugs in PRCP(gt/gt) mice had reduced hemoglobin content and angiogenic capillaries by platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) and NG2 immunohistochemistry. Skin wounds on PRCP(gt/gt) mice had delayed closure and reepithelialization with reduced PECAM staining, but increased macrophage infiltration. After limb ischemia, PRCP(gt/gt) mice also had reduced reperfusion of the femoral artery and angiogenesis. On femoral artery wire injury, PRCP(gt/gt) mice had increased neointimal formation, CD45 staining, and Ki-67 expression. Alternatively, combined PRCP(gt/gt) and MRP-14(-/-) mice were protected from wire injury with less neointimal thickening, leukocyte infiltration, and cellular proliferation. PRCP regulates cell growth, angiogenesis, and the response to vascular injury. Combined with its known roles in blood pressure and thrombosis control, PRCP is positioned as a key regulator of vascular homeostasis.
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