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Horne J, Donald L, Gracia R, Kentzer N, Pappas Y, Trott M, Vseteckova J. Supporting adult unpaid carers via an online dancing intervention: A feasibility/acceptability study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002798. [PMID: 38241209 PMCID: PMC10798499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Unpaid carers often experience poor mental and physical health linked to their caring role. Engagement in physical activity has been shown to alleviate these negative health outcomes, but it is harder for carers to find the time, energy and space to exercise. This qualitative study, based in the UK, explored the feasibility of an online, dance-based physical activity intervention with six female unpaid carers. Five themes resulted from the thematic analysis of the pre- and post-intervention interviews: Perceived physical health benefits of the intervention; Perceived mental health benefits of the intervention; Satisfactoriness of the dance classes; Impact of caring responsibilities on participation; and Suggestions for future classes. Further research is required to measure the effectiveness of the dance intervention in improving mental and physical wellbeing with larger samples including a wider mix of carers in terms of gender, age and health conditions of the care recipients, as well as international samples. Future research should also consider the barriers that some carers may face when accessing an online intervention, and alternative forms of exercise that may appeal to other groups of carers (e.g., male carers, older adult carers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Horne
- School of Psychology and Counselling, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa Donald
- School of Psychology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rosaria Gracia
- School of Social Sciences and Global Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nichola Kentzer
- School of Education, Childhood, Youth and Sport, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yannis Pappas
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Trott
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jitka Vseteckova
- School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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2
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Mwendwa P, Lawlor B, Kroll T, De Brún A. A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the experiences with caring for older people living with dementia in Sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:961. [PMID: 36514016 PMCID: PMC9749146 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low- and middle-income countries, including sub-Saharan Africa little is known about the experiences with caring for people living with dementia. The purpose of this systematic review and narrative synthesis was to examine the experiences with caring for older people living with dementia at home. RESULTS In total, 366 abstracts were identified and following screening, 19 studies were included in the synthesis. Six themes were identified: conceptualising dementia, caregiving arrangements, the impact of caregiving, caregiver identity and role, managing caregiving, unmet caregiver needs. CONCLUSION There is a dearth of research in relation to caregiving for older people living with dementia in sub-Saharan Africa. There is need for better information campaigns and support programs directed at family and professional caregivers in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purity Mwendwa
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education, and Innovation in Health Systems (UCD IRIS), School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Lawlor
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thilo Kroll
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education, and Innovation in Health Systems (UCD IRIS), School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife De Brún
- UCD Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education, and Innovation in Health Systems (UCD IRIS), School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Mahomed A, Pretorius C. Understanding the lived experiences of family caregivers of individuals with dementia in Soweto, a South African Township. DEMENTIA 2022; 21:2264-2287. [PMID: 35968611 PMCID: PMC9606014 DOI: 10.1177/14713012221118441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to understand South African family caregivers' lived experiences of individuals living with dementia in a predominantly Black African township. A homogenous sample of thirty family caregivers was recruited using purposeful sampling methods and interviewed using a semi-structured approach. Reflective Thematic Analysis (RTA) yielded four broad themes: Understanding Dementia, Struggles and Sacrifice, Mental Health and Protective Factors. Findings reflect how dementia is understood by family caregivers and their community, the struggles and sacrifices that they endure, the impact of caregiving on caregiver mental health and the protective factors that enable caregivers to cope, despite their difficulties. Our findings lead to new insights regarding dementia caregiving amongst family caregivers in South Africa. First, there appears to be a shift in perception - away from a cultural/spiritual paradigm - and a lack of pressure to conform to community conceptualizations of dementia among individual caregivers. Second, dementia caregiving had a negative effect on caregiver mental health and elicited stress, anxiety and grief reactions. Third, caregivers did not feel emotionally supported and expressed not receiving any assistance with their daily practical tasks. Fourth, before receiving a diagnosis, family caregivers were viewed as the perpetrators of abuse and/or neglect against their family members with dementia, instead of individuals with dementia being stigmatized by the community due to their behavioural symptoms. Additionally, help-seeking was not hindered by fear or stigma, but was motivated by caregiver distress as dementia-related behaviours began to manifest and caregivers feared being perceived as perpetrators of abuse. Psychoeducational interventions should be tailored to targeted population groups that are in need of further training to address the lack of awareness in communities, insufficient knowledge of dementia amongst healthcare professionals and the practical, emotional and psychological difficulties that family caregivers endure to facilitate mental health care and resilience.
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Zhong X, Song PP, Wang Z, Chen H. Resilience building among Chinese family caregivers of older people with Parkinson's disease in Shanghai. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e2395-e2405. [PMID: 34904318 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite a rapid increase in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) in China, studies focusing on caregiver burden remain scarce. Challenges faced by caregivers in other Asian societies are also underexplored in the PD-related research field. To addresses this gap, this study drew on the theory of resilience and examined the caregiving experiences of Chinese family caregivers for older people with PD. We conducted participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 15 family caregivers of older people with PD in Shanghai in 2018. We used thematic analysis to identify key patterns of stressors and factors affecting the capacity of caregivers to address burdens. Our analysis shows that stressors faced by Chinese PD caregivers included physical limitations, psychological and emotional problems, reduction in social connections, financial burden and lack of information and knowledge. Three levels of factors-personal, social and structural-played different roles in resilience among Chinese PD caregivers. However, resilience was unevenly developed among PD caregivers across gender, kinship, residential status and generation. Our study provides novel empirical evidence about the burden on Chinese PD caregivers. It can inform policymakers and social workers as they develop a holistic understanding of promoting resilience building in this rapidly growing group. Our study also enriches cross-cultural knowledge about factors contributing to caregivers' resilience building in Asian societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhong
- School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Priscilla P Song
- Centre for the Humanities and Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Social Work, School of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Social Work, School of Social Development and Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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5
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Mahomed A, Pretorius C. Up-Close and Personal: Conceptualizing the Self as Dementia Caregiver: a Study in Soweto, South Africa. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2022; 37:355-374. [PMID: 36308594 PMCID: PMC9617032 DOI: 10.1007/s10823-022-09460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand how dementia caregivers in the township of Soweto, South Africa interpret their role in the context of caregiving through the personal constructs identified using the Self- Characterization technique. Thirty family caregivers were recruited via purposive sampling methods and completed a Self-Characterization Sketch during semi-structured interviews. Content analysis of construct pairs was thematically coded using the Classification System for Personal Constructs (CSPC) - a reliable method to analyse personal constructs that are generated by constructivist assessments. Findings revealed that caregivers' interpretations of themselves was characterized by moral, emotional and cognitive attributes. Specifically, a sense of mastery, self-efficacy, strength, selflessness and unconditional positive regard characterized the most meaningful constructs of care within caregiver narratives in response to their loved ones with dementia. These adaptive outcomes, despite the challenging, pervasive, complex nature of dementia and its manifestations, suggest psychological and emotional resilience, higher levels of adjustment and caregiver well-being. However, it is important to consider possible consequences such as physical fatigue and burnout despite adaptive outcomes. Therefore, it is recommended that approaches to psychoeducational initiatives, emotional and psychological interventions and awareness campaigns include teaching caregivers how to self-care encourage the importance of consistent exercise, rest, sleep, nutrition as well as reaching out for social support. Lastly, empowering caregivers to use their personal resources would prove valuable in support groups, and individual to facilitate self-awareness, sustained coping and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeela Mahomed
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Krotoa Building, Victoria Street, Stellenbosch, 7130 South Africa
| | - Chrisma Pretorius
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Krotoa Building, Victoria Street, Stellenbosch, 7130 South Africa ,Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Wilcocks Building, Victoria Street, Stellenbosch, 7130 South Africa
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6
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Liu R, Chi I, Wu S. Caregiving Burden among Caregivers of People with Dementia through the Lens of Intersectionality. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2021; 62:650-661. [PMID: 34606599 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnab146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Caregivers may be at different risks of various types of burdens by virtue of their gender and racial/ethnic status. This paper explores the differences in caregiving burdens across the intersectionality of race and gender. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using Round 5 (conducted in 2015) and Round 7 (conducted in 2017) of National Study of Caregiving and National Health and Aging Trends Study data, the study examined differences in caregiver burdens across and within different gender and racial/ethnic groups, within the realms of financial, emotional, and physical burdens. The sample consisted of 1,206 caregivers who provided services to Medicare beneficiaries. Logistic regressions were performed to assess the three types of burdens each subgroup was experiencing. RESULTS Results indicated that within the intersectionality framework, compared to White female caregivers, Black male caregivers were 3.3 times (95% CI 1.77-6.22) more likely to experience financial burden, and Black female caregivers were 54% less likely to experience physical burden. Surprisingly, compared to White female caregivers, all the other groups were 37% (95% CI 0.41-0.95) to 71% (95% CI 0.15-0.56) less likely to have emotional burden. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS The findings highlighted that Black male caregivers are experiencing financial burden and White female caregivers are experiencing emotional burden disproportionately. To develop effective interventions and programs for dementia caregivers, a special focus should be put on monitoring the differences in the types of burdens that the above-mentioned population subgroups experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Liu
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Edward R. Roybal Institute on Aging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Iris Chi
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Edward R. Roybal Institute on Aging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shinyi Wu
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Fee A, McIlfatrick S, Ryan A. Examining the support needs of older male spousal caregivers of people with a long-term condition: A systematic review of the literature. Int J Older People Nurs 2020; 15:e12318. [PMID: 32367662 DOI: 10.1111/opn.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this review was to identify and synthesise literature reporting on support needs of older male caregivers, who are providing care for a chronically ill spouse/partner at home. BACKGROUND Traditionally, informal caregiving has been perceived as a feminised activity. Consequently, caregiving research has been dominated by female samples, and male caregivers are grossly under-represented. Given the growing recognition of caregiving as a gendered concept, and the rise in number of male caregivers, particularly in later life, the need for better understanding of the needs of male caregivers is important in order to plan effective support for this population. DESIGN A systematic literature review. METHODS Four electronic databases and grey literature were systematically searched. RESULTS The systematic search resulted in 3,646 papers, eligibility criteria were applied to the full texts of 104 papers, and 11 papers met the inclusion criteria. Two core themes were identified: the need to maintain masculinity and the provision of social support. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that men may have a gendered approach to caregiving based on dominant masculine norms. This can be manifested in a reluctance to ask for or accept help and a desire to retain control over caregiving. Findings also revealed isolation and loneliness experienced by older male caregivers, along with a preference for support to address this within a male-specific context. It is suggested that healthcare professionals should be cognisant of the male caregiver approach and should have an increased awareness of male caregivers support preferences, and of their own gendered assumptions, in order to provide effective support for this population. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Nurses have a key role in providing family support. Findings from this review suggest that nurses should be aware of the specific needs of older male spousal caregivers if they are to provide effective care and support to this population group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fee
- School of Nursing and Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Sonja McIlfatrick
- School of Nursing and Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Assumpta Ryan
- School of Nursing and Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
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8
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Mahomed A, Pretorius C. Availability and utilization of support services for South African male caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease in low-income communities. DEMENTIA 2020; 20:633-652. [DOI: 10.1177/1471301220909281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the needs of male caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease, by ascertaining the availability and utilization of Alzheimer’s disease-related resources in low-income communities in the Western Cape. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 adult males who were familial caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease. They were recruited via purposeful sampling methods. Thematic analysis of the data generated four major themes, namely Awareness, Knowledge and Education; Caregivers who do not use services; Caregivers who use services and Service needs identified by male caregivers. Predominant findings were that male caregivers in lower income communities do not make use of formal Alzheimer’s disease-related services – albeit being aware of them – because they do not perceive a need for its utilization. Instead, male caregivers prefer assistance in the form of respite care in the home environment to relieve and assist them with household needs. The role of culture may have a substantial influence on these patterns of help-seeking behavior due to the emphasis on a collective approach to caregiving using wider, informal social networks. Needs that were identified by the male caregivers in this study included the general awareness of Alzheimer’s disease, access to information regarding service provision, psychoeducation and affordable services within improved care facilities for low-income communities. The findings of this study suggest a starting point for the needs that should be prioritized to facilitate culturally appropriate service use amongst male caregivers in similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeela Mahomed
- Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Chrisma Pretorius
- Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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9
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Nel K, Board M. What is an older husband's experience of caring for his wife who has dementia? Nurs Older People 2019; 31:22-27. [PMID: 31691551 DOI: 10.7748/nop.2019.e1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of informal carers look after people who have dementia. Women's caring experiences are well documented. However, a substantially smaller amount of research exists specifically investigating the male carer perspective. This literature review explores older husbands' experiences of caring for their wives who have dementia. The findings suggest that husbands are committed to their caring role but can feel socially isolated. The caring role of older men has altered the dynamic in the marriage. Husbands continue to show commitment towards their spouses but feel that male-only support groups could offer some respite from their responsibilities. Nurses need to take time to listen to husbands' experiences, offering emotional support and signposting them to other services. Further research on the long-term effects and support needs of older male carers is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Nel
- Department of Nursing and Clinical Sciences, Bournemouth University, England
| | - Michele Board
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, England
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10
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Wennerberg MMT, Lundgren SM, Eriksson M, Danielson E. Me and You in Caregivinghood - Dyadic resistance resources and deficits out of the informal caregiver's perspective. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:1041-1048. [PMID: 29781712 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1471582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To present Specific and Generalized Resistance Resources (SRRs/GRRs) and Deficits (SRDs/GRDs) described by 32 informal caregivers as originating from themselves and their older adult carerecipients as dyads. Method: Salutogenic interviewing was used to assemble data from caregivers. A theory-driven, memo-guided and comparative analysis using within- and across- case analysis was applied to unravel resources and deficits influencing the outcomes when they managed tension associated with caregiving. Findings:Living in fellowship in a well-functioning dyad unites the essence of having access to dyadic SRRs/GRRs. Such access enables dyads to use their specific dyadic tension management to resolve challenges through cooperation, derives 'positive' life-experiences and preserves dyad functioning. Struggling alone in a malfunctioning dyad indicates the presence of dyadic SRDs/GRDs counteracting such a development. If these SRDs/GRDs accumulate, the dyad become less able to resolve challenges, 'negative' life-experiences accumulates, the carerecipient's capability to cooperate decreases, caregiver's workload increases, the dyad becomes increasingly malfunctioning and moves towards the point where caregiving ends due to lack of usable SRRs/GRRs. Conclusions: Findings reveals the complex duality of caregiving and the necessity to assess all available SRRs/GRRs and SRDs/GRDs for caregiving dyads, including out of the carerecipient's perspective. Appropriate 'salutogenic' support reduces SRDs/GRDs, makes available SRRs/GRRs usable or provides alternative SRRs/GRRs, thereby dyadic tension management and dyadic functionality is preserved during this phase of life labelled Caregivinghood. The study adds new knowledge to the salutogenic framework regarding central, theoretical concepts and suggests how data for health promoting initiatives conducted the 'salutogenic way' may be acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia M T Wennerberg
- a Department of Homecare Health and Nursing, Municipality of Orust , Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Solveig M Lundgren
- b Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Monica Eriksson
- c Department of Health Sciences , University West, Trollhättan , Trollhättan , Sweden
| | - Ella Danielson
- d Department of Nursing , Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Egilstrod B, Ravn MB, Petersen KS. Living with a partner with dementia: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of spouses' lived experiences of changes in their everyday lives. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:541-550. [PMID: 29405735 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1433634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dementia causes dramatic changes in everyday-living for spouses. Occured changes in marital relationship, force spouses to perform more both mentally and physically. Leading to a spousal perceived burden. To improve understanding of spouses' needs, spouses lived experiences is needed. The aim was to identify and synthesise qualitative studies on spouses' lived experiences of living with a partner with dementia. METHODS A systematic search was undertaken in January 2017. Six databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO and Sociological Abstracts) were searched, using search terms in accordance with PICo. A descriptive synthesis and a thematic synthesis were undertaken. FINDINGS Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Three themes derived from the analysis 1) Noticing changes in everyday life 2) Transformation to a new marital relation in everyday life, with corresponding sub-themes; changes in marital relationship, management of the transitioned marital relation in everyday life 3) Planning the future. CONCLUSION Findings provide an overview of how spouses notice changes and transform their marital relationships in everyday-life. Findings offer a deeper understanding of changes that occurs over time while the partner is living at home. Findings contribute with knowledge on spouses' experiences of changes in early-stages of dementia. Interventions supporting spouses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Egilstrod
- a Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University , Denmark
| | - Maiken Bay Ravn
- a Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University , Denmark
| | - Kirsten Schultz Petersen
- a Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University , Denmark
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12
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Childers KM. Sense of Coherence and Caregivers of Persons with Dementia. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:E14. [PMID: 30696071 PMCID: PMC6406261 DOI: 10.3390/bs9020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unpaid caregivers (CG) provide most of the assistance to persons with dementias (PWD) living in the community. This study explores the current state of knowledge regarding the concept of sense of coherence (SOC) and CG of PWD via a concept analysis. The identified defining attributes were health, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), CG burden, CG stress, coping as a strength, gender, and decreasing sense of CG coherence over the progression of the disease (dementia). Further study by health care professionals using clinical observations, large samples of respondents, a consistent theory, valid and reliable instruments used to measure defining attributes consistently, and critical reviews of the literature are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Childers
- School of Nursing Student in Ph. D Nursing Program, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV 26506-9600, USA.
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13
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Jones SM, Killett A, Mioshi E. What Factors Predict Family Caregivers’ Attendance at Dementia Cafés? J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:1337-1345. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan May Jones
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Anne Killett
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Eneida Mioshi
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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14
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Hendricks-Lalla A, Pretorius C. The male familial caregiver experience of caring for persons with Alzheimer's disease from low socio-economic status: A South African perspective. DEMENTIA 2018; 19:618-639. [PMID: 29909650 DOI: 10.1177/1471301218781372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of male familial caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease from low socio-economic status using the ecological systems theory perspective. The data were obtained from 11 semi-structured interviews that were conducted with the familial caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, where four main themes emerged, namely, relationship difficulties, understanding Alzheimer’s disease, support networks, and finding meaning and satisfaction in the caregiving role. Behavioral problems, erosion of the relationship with the significant other, familial conflict, experience of diagnosis, lack of information, lack of free time, and financial concerns were identified challenges facing caregivers. Provision of information, support groups, social support, community-based support, and finding meaning and satisfaction in the caregiving role were reported as resources that assist in caregiver coping. Men seem to be capable of providing effective care and are able to successfully manage in their caregiving role. Culture seems to play a significant role in help-seeking behavior and the approach to caregiving. The findings provide the basis for the specific needs of male caregivers that should be focused on in order to provide culturally appropriate services to enhance caregiver coping amongst male caregivers in similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeedah Hendricks-Lalla
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.,Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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15
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Mayer CH, Viviers R, Flotman AP, Schneider-Stengel D. Enhancing Sense of Coherence and Mindfulness in an Ecclesiastical, Intercultural Group Training Context. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2016; 55:2023-2038. [PMID: 27562757 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-016-0301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sense of coherence (SOC) and mindfulness (MI) are believed to promote the health and well-being of individuals and organisations. The aim of this longitudinal study was to contribute to the literature on the development of SOC through training and interventions and thereby explore the development of these constructs in a group of senior professionals in the German Catholic Church. A sample of eight participants voluntarily enrolled for a 12-day training programme spread over a period of nine months to develop intercultural and inter-religious competencies, SOC and MI. Quantitative scores of the pre- and post-test SOC and MI questionnaires were qualitatively analysed. Results indicate that the majority of participants scored lower in the post-test on SOC and slightly higher in MI. The discussion explores the pitfalls in the development of these constructs in the study's participants and highlights the implications for theory and practice. Practical training implications for developing SOC and MI are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude-Hélène Mayer
- Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of South Africa (UNISA), 3-114, AJH van der Walt Building, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Rian Viviers
- Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of South Africa (UNISA), 3-114, AJH van der Walt Building, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Aden-Paul Flotman
- Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of South Africa (UNISA), 3-114, AJH van der Walt Building, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Pretorius TB, Padmanabhanunni A, Campbell J. The role of fortitude in relation to exposure to violence among adolescents living in lower socio-economic areas in South Africa. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2016; 28:153-62. [PMID: 27562002 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2016.1200587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is compelling evidence that a significant proportion of adolescents exposed to violence do not develop trauma-related symptoms, but adapt successfully. This differential vulnerability has propelled research into identifying factors that promote coping. This study focused on the role of fortitude in the relationship between violence and trauma-related symptoms among South African adolescents living in two low-income communities. Fortitude is derived from positive cognitive appraisals of the self, the family and external sources of support. METHOD Adolescents (n = 498) completed an adapted version of the Harvard Trauma Scale (HTS) and the Fortitude Questionnaire (FORQ). RESULTS Moderated regression analysis demonstrated that fortitude had a health-sustaining and stress-buffering role. Adolescents who displayed high levels of fortitude had lower levels of trauma symptoms in relation to exposure to violence (stress-buffering) and were able to maintain their levels of wellbeing irrespective of the nature and extent of such exposure (health-sustaining). CONCLUSION The study provides evidence for fortitude as a protective factor by highlighting the role of specific cognitive appraisals related to fortitude in facilitating adaptation in relation to trauma. The study also underscores the relevance of using clinical interventions that target problematic cognitive appraisals and strengthen perceptions of coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone B Pretorius
- a Department of Psychology , University of the Western Cape , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Anita Padmanabhanunni
- a Department of Psychology , University of the Western Cape , Cape Town , South Africa
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Erol R, Brooker D, Peel E. The impact of dementia on women internationally: An integrative review. Health Care Women Int 2016; 37:1320-1341. [DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2016.1219357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Le Galès C, Bungener M. The family accompaniment of persons with dementia seen through the lens of the capability approach. DEMENTIA 2016; 18:55-79. [PMID: 27390172 DOI: 10.1177/1471301216657476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using the capability approach initially developed by A Sen as a theoretical framework, this paper analyses both what people with dementia and their families do in response to difficulties in their daily life brought about by the disease, and the reasons they give for acting as they do. Individual and collective interviews and ethnographic observations with 15 persons with dementia and one or more of their family members were conducted. Follow-up interviews were possible for nine families. Results highlight a great diversity in ways of doing things and in accompaniment by family members. Daily adjustments are often hidden or minimized, at least at the onset of the dementia. Later, they become more frequent, repetitive and indispensable but remain influenced by the social and gender roles that existed prior to the illness. The inventiveness of families, in a context marked by various kinds of constraints, is primarily motivated by their desire to maintain the apparently intact abilities of the person with dementia but especially to preserve forms of liberty and what counted for the person, what that person valued before the disease. There are some ways of living with dementia, even when accompanied, which may long remain preferable to others, which better answer to the past and present aspirations of persons with dementia and the purposes of the accompanying persons. It is thus essential that health professionals, as well as society in general, recognize and address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Le Galès
- CERMES3, INSERM U 988, CNRS UMR 8211, EHESS, Paris Descartes University, France
| | - Martine Bungener
- CERMES3, INSERM U 988, CNRS UMR 8211, EHESS, Paris Descartes University, France
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Wennerberg MMT, Eriksson M, Danielson E, Lundgren SM. Unravelling Swedish informal caregivers' Generalised Resistance Resources. Scand J Caring Sci 2015; 30:602-13. [PMID: 26530836 DOI: 10.1111/scs.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interlinked aspects, as demographic changes, accentuation on home-based community care, increase the amount of informal caregivers to older adults. To preserve and enhance their health are subsequently essential and a reoccurring topic on political agendas. How this may be achieved is vividly debated and mainly focused on elimination of risks and stresses associated with caregiving. Within health promotion, the salutogenic approach focusing on resources to health is recognised and this approach was used to acquire necessary knowledge to enhance caregivers' health 'the salutogenic way'. AIM To present Generalised and Specific Resistance Resources (GRRs/SRRs) described by caregivers as stemming from themselves and their carerecipients. METHODOLOGY To unravel caregivers' GRRs/SRRs, a theory-driven, explorative design guided by definitions of GRRs/SRRs was utilised. Data were collected through salutogenically guided interviews with 32 Swedish caregivers in one municipality. Inductively, data were analysed using content analysis to identify each caregiver's SRRs and thereafter deduction to identify the population's GRRs. FINDINGS The synthesis of findings, caregivinghood, encompasses several domains of GRRs seemingly involved in caregivers' movements towards health. In the caregiver domain, 'Being someone significant in my own eyes' unites the essence of having access to GRRs stemming from oneself and 'Being "blessed" with a co-operative co-worker' that of having access to GRRs stemming from the carerecipient. This may be the core in an orientation to life which creates positive life experiences, since it enables caregivers to find a 'fit' between the possible and desired when resolving challenges. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Health-promoting initiatives should be conducted as partnerships between formal and informal sources due to the versatility of GRRs. It also seems essential to empower both parties so that they may make sense of their situation and use their available GRRs/SRRs in this 'joint venture' of managing. Thereby, their motivation to continue the journey through Caregivinghood may be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia M T Wennerberg
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Homecare Health and Nursing, Municipality of Orust, Henån, Sweden
| | - Monica Eriksson
- Center on Salutogenesis, Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Ella Danielson
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Nursing, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Solveig M Lundgren
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Schwartz AJ, McInnis-Dittrich K. Meeting the Needs of Male Caregivers by Increasing Access to Accountable Care Organizations. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2015; 58:655-70. [PMID: 26207698 PMCID: PMC4785589 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2015.1067852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
As the population of male caregivers continues to grow over time, they have become more visible to the service system. However, as the vast majority of supports serve female caregivers, it is important to bring men "inside" of the service system. Following a review of the male caregiver experience, this commentary discusses how Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), a provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, is one way that men can be brought into and access the service system. Although male caregivers are the focus of this paper, the recommendations suggested are useful for professionals working with all caregivers regardless of gender. Discussion includes a rationale as to why ACOs are a unique service that are currently being developed that provides a window of opportunity for health professionals to meet caregiver needs in new ways. This would include the evaluation of and addressing male caregiver psychosocial and support needs at the time of addressing care receivers' medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby J. Schwartz
- Postdoctoral Scholar, Duke University, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Nursing, Attn: Abby Schwartz, DUMC 3322, 307 Trent Drive, Room 3080, Durham, NC 27710, P: (919) 613-9765, F: (919) 684-8569
| | - Kathleen McInnis-Dittrich
- Associate Professor, Chair, Older Adults & Families, Boston College School of Social Work, McGuinn Hall 213, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, P: (617) 552-0779, F: (617) 552-3199
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Greenwood N, Smith R. Barriers and facilitators for male carers in accessing formal and informal support: A systematic review. Maturitas 2015; 82:162-9. [PMID: 26271710 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Unpaid, informal carers play a vital role in supporting people with long-term conditions. Being a carer can be challenging and carers may need support but they frequently fail to access it. Compared to research investigating the experiences of female carers, research with male carers is underdeveloped. The available evidence suggests male and female carers have many experiences in common but some research suggests that compared to females, male carers are even less likely to access services. The aim of this systematic review was therefore to synthesise research investigating adult male carers' experiences of accessing formal and informal support focussing on the barriers and facilitators. Nine health and social care electronic databases were searched (e.g. PubMed, PsychINFO, CINAHL Plus, Social Policy and Practice, Scopus). Seven studies (five qualitative and two quantitative) fitting the inclusion criteria were identified. All came from North America and most focussed on older carers caring for people with dementia. All seven studies described barriers to accessing support and three highlighted facilitators. Male carers felt committed to their role, seeing it as their responsibility but were often ambivalent about seeking help. Insufficient service information was frequently emphasised. Participants highlighted positive past experiences and professional or voluntary sector support in providing information and helping access services. Research into male carers' experiences in accessing support remains underdeveloped. Research that distinguishes between, for example, the experiences of spouses and sons and with direct comparisons between male and female carers is needed. Whether gender specific services would benefit male carers remains undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Greenwood
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St George's, University of London, 2nd Floor Grosvenor Wing, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW170RE, UK.
| | - Raymond Smith
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston University and St George's, University of London, 2nd Floor Grosvenor Wing, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW170RE, UK
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Decreasing sense of coherence and its determinants in spousal caregivers of persons with mild Alzheimer's disease in three year follow-up: ALSOVA study. Int Psychogeriatr 2014; 26:1211-20. [PMID: 24655686 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610214000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with the capability to cope with caregiving. Our aims were (1) to describe the trajectory of SOC in aged spousal caregivers of persons with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) in 3-year follow-up and (2) to identify baseline determinants influencing SOC change. METHODS Both AD (n = 170) (CDR-SOB, MMSE, NPI, ADCS-ADL) and caregiver- (n = 170) (BDI, SOC) related efficacy parameters were evaluated annually. Follow-up time was 3 years. The relationship of potential baseline factors with longitudinal SOC was analyzed using linear mixed models. RESULTS The mean drop-out-adjusted SOC score (148.5 at baseline) was decreased by 4.56 points (p = 0.002) during the follow-up. Caregivers' depression at baseline predicted the significant decrease of SOC (every + 1 BDI point decreases 2.181 points in SOC, p = 0.0001). When caregiver's depression was not taken into account in the analysis, female gender, and higher age and AD patient's lower baseline MMSE were associated significantly (p < 0.05) with decreasing SOC score in the follow-up. Other studied covariates were not associated with SOC change. CONCLUSIONS SOC is not as stable as expected, but decreases during long-lasting caregiving. Caregiver's depression at baseline predicts SOC decrease over time. In the future, caregiver dependent factors should be evaluated at the beginning of caregiving to target individualized support programmes to the vulnerable caregivers.
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Robinson CA, Bottorff JL, Pesut B, Oliffe JL, Tomlinson J. The Male Face of Caregiving. Am J Mens Health 2014; 8:409-26. [DOI: 10.1177/1557988313519671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the empirical evidence published since 2007 on men as family caregivers of persons with dementia. Searches were conducted on Academic Search Complete, Ageline, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, PsychINFO, Social Work Abstracts, and Web of Science using database-specific controlled (i.e., MeSH terms) vocabulary related to dementia, men, and caregiving. Studies published in English between 2007 and 2012 that provided evidence of the experiences of male family caregivers of persons with dementia were included in the review. A total of 30 articles were selected for inclusion. Studies were grouped into three major themes for review: men’s experiences of caregiving, relational factors, and outcomes of caregiving. The reviewed studies build on and support previous findings related to stress, burden, accessing services, and the importance of relational factors to men’s caregiving experiences. However, there is a need for a framework that explains these findings in relation to masculinities. Such a framework would provide the necessary unifying context for a more powerful explanatory account. Furthermore, there appears to be the potential for great benefit in fully linking men’s caregiver research to men’s health issues as a means to articulate strategies to sustain the health and well-being of men caregivers. This seems especially relevant in light of the closing gender gap in life expectancy, which will ultimately see many men providing direct care to their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A. Robinson
- University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joan L. Bottorff
- University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Barbara Pesut
- University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John L. Oliffe
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jamie Tomlinson
- University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Tan KK, Vehviläinen-Julkunen K, Chan SWC. Integrative review: salutogenesis and health in older people over 65 years old. J Adv Nurs 2013; 70:497-510. [DOI: 10.1111/jan.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khoon-Kiat Tan
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Katri Vehviläinen-Julkunen
- Department of Nursing Science; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Sally Wai-Chi Chan
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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Abstract
This study explored the experiences of sons caring for a parent with dementia. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of sons ( n = 13) in a rural part of Ireland. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analysed for common themes. The key themes that emerged were ‘the parental bond’, ‘a binding role’, ‘coordinating care and support’ and a ‘getting on with it’ approach to care. The study highlighted the commitment of sons to their caregiving role and the strong sense of duty that motivated them to provide care. The findings suggested that while many aspects of the caregiving experience such as lack of information and support are gender neutral, there are differences in the caregiving experiences of men and women in how they view their relationship with their parent and in the management of their caregiving role that merit further investigation.
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Välimäki T, Vehviläinen-Julkunen K, Pietilä AM, Koivisto A. Life orientation in Finnish family caregivers' of persons with Alzheimer's disease: A diary study. Nurs Health Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2012.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wennerberg MMT, Lundgren SM, Danielson E. Using the salutogenic approach to unravel informal caregivers' resources to health: theory and methodology. Aging Ment Health 2012; 16:391-402. [PMID: 22292489 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2011.628974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article describes the theoretical foundation and methodology used in a study intended to increase knowledge concerning informal caregivers' resources to health (in salutogenesis; General Resistance Resources, GRRs). A detailed description of how the approach derived from salutogenic theory was used and how it permeated the entire study, from design to findings, is provided. How participation in the study was experienced is discussed and methodological improvements and implications suggested. METHOD Using an explorative, mixed method design, data was collected through salutogenically guided interviews with 32 Swedish caregivers to older adults. A constant comparative method of analysis was used to identify caregiver-GRRs, content analysis was further used to describe how participation was experienced. FINDINGS The methodology unraveled GRRs caregivers used to obtain positive experiences of caregiving, but also hindrances for such usage contributing to negative experiences. Mixed data made it possible to venture beyond actual findings to derive a synthesis describing the experienced, communal context of the population reliant on these GRRs; Caregivinghood. Participating in the salutogenic data-collection was found to be a reflective, mainly positive, empowering and enlightening experience. CONCLUSION The methodology was advantageous, even if time-consuming, as it in one study unravelled caregiver-GRRs and hindrances for their usage on individual, communal and contextual levels. It is suggested that the ability to describe Caregivinghood may be essential when developing health-promoting strategies for caregivers at individual, municipal and national levels. The methodology makes such a description possible and suggested methodological improvements may enhance its usability and adaptability to other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia M T Wennerberg
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Abstract
In this paper we present a review of the literature on men caring for a relative with dementia. While there is an abundance of literature on caregiving in general, there is a dearth of information on male caregiving and in particular on the role of sons as carers. Keywords used were dementia, Alzheimer's disease, caregiver, caregiver burden, caregiver support, sons, spouses, husbands, men, fathers, male, widowers, help seeking behaviour, parent child relations, gender identity and combinations of these. The inclusion criteria stipulated that papers had to be research based, written in English, published between the years 1999 and 2010 and related to men caring for a person with dementia. The categories that emerged from the literature included men in a caregiving role, gender differences in caregiver burden, support services and sons as carers. Further research is needed to highlight the needs and experiences of men in a caregiving role.
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