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Corrêa-Moreira D, da Costa GL, de Lima Neto RG, Pinto T, Salomão B, Fumian TM, Mannarino CF, Prado T, Miagostovich MP, de Souza Ramos L, Souza Dos Santos AL, Oliveira MME. Screening of Candida spp. in wastewater in Brazil during COVID-19 pandemic: workflow for monitoring fungal pathogens. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:43. [PMID: 38909197 PMCID: PMC11193224 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases are often linked to poverty, which is associated with poor hygiene and sanitation conditions that have been severely worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, COVID-19 patients are treated with Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid that promotes an immunosuppressive profile, making patients more susceptible to opportunistic fungal infections, such as those caused by Candida species. In this study, we analyzed the prevalence of Candida yeasts in wastewater samples collected to track viral genetic material during the COVID-19 pandemic and identified the yeasts using polyphasic taxonomy. Furthermore, we investigated the production of biofilm and hydrolytic enzymes, which are known virulence factors. Our findings revealed that all Candida species could form biofilms and exhibited moderate hydrolytic enzyme activity. We also proposed a workflow for monitoring wastewater using Colony PCR instead of conventional PCR, as this technique is fast, cost-effective, and reliable. This approach enhances the accurate taxonomic identification of yeasts in environmental samples, contributing to environmental monitoring as part of the One Health approach, which preconizes the monitoring of possible emergent pathogenic microorganisms, including fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Gisela Lara da Costa
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Pinto
- Medical Microbiology Department, Paulo de Goés Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Bruna Salomão
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Federal Hospital of Andaraí, Rio de Janeiro, 20541-173, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Prado
- Laboratory of Respiratory, Exanthematic, Enteric viruses and Viral Emergencies, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Souza Ramos
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, General Microbiology Department, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, General Microbiology Department, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
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de Andrade IB, Alves V, Pereira L, Miranda B, Corrêa-Junior D, Galdino Figueiredo-Carvalho MH, Santos MV, Almeida-Paes R, Frases S. Effect of rapamycin on Cryptococcus neoformans: cellular organization, biophysics and virulence factors. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:1061-1075. [PMID: 37721517 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes infections mainly in immunosuppressed individuals, such as transplant recipients. Aims: This study investigated the effects of rapamycin, an immunosuppressant drug, on the cellular organization, biophysical characteristics, and main virulence factors of C. neoformans. Methods: Morphological, structural, physicochemical and biophysical analyses of cells and secreted polysaccharides of the reference H99 C. neoformans strain were investigated under the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of rapamycin. Results: Rapamycin at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.5 μM reduced C. neoformans cell viability by 53%, decreased capsule, increased cell size, chitin and lipid body formation, and changed peptidase and urease activity. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to assess how rapamycin affects the virulence factors and pathogenicity of C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Alves
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Pereira
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Miranda
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dario Corrêa-Junior
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Vinicius Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Costa GLD, Negri M, Miranda RPRD, Corrêa-Moreira D, Pinto TCA, Ramos LDS, Ferreira DG, Salomão B, Fumian TM, Mannarino CF, Prado T, Miagostovich MP, Santos ALSD, Oliveira MME. Candida palmioleophila: A New Emerging Threat in Brazil? J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:770. [PMID: 37504758 PMCID: PMC10381623 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activity directly or indirectly causes climate change, promoting changes in the composition of the atmosphere. This change is beyond the variation of the natural climate. In this manner, climate change could create an environmental pressure which is enough to trigger new fungal diseases. In addition to climate alterations, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has also been associated with the emergence of fungal pathogens. Fungi showed that an inability to grow at high temperatures limits the capacity of fungi to infect mammals. However, fungi can develop thermotolerance, gradually adapting to rising temperatures due to climate change, and generating a greater number of disease-causing organisms. In the present study, we reported the detection and identification of Candida palmioleophila isolates recovered from raw sewage samples in Niteroi city, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, during a monitoring program for measuring SARS-CoV-2 presence and concentration. Using polyphasic taxonomy to identify the species and evaluating some virulence aspects of this species, such as biofilm formation and extracellular enzyme production, our data highlight this species as a possible emerging pathogen in Brazil, especially in the pandemic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Lara da Costa
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institution (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analysis Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Prado Rodrigues de Miranda
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institution (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Insect Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institution (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institution (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Castro Abreu Pinto
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Cocci and Microbiota, Paulo de Goés Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Livia de Souza Ramos
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Deisiany Gomes Ferreira
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, Clinical Analysis Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Salomão
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Federal Hospital of Andaraí, Rio de Janeiro 20541-170, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Camille Ferreira Mannarino
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Prado
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marise Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratory for Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Laboratory of Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Bioprospecting of Fungi, Oswaldo Cruz Institution (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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4
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Corrêa-Junior D, de Andrade IB, Alves V, Avellar-Moura I, Rodrigues-Alves T, de Souza Rabello VB, de S Araújo GR, Borba-Santos LP, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Almeida-Paes R, Frases S. Metabolic Plasticity and Virulence-Associated Factors of Sporothrix brasiliensis Strains Related to Familiar Outbreaks of Cat-to-Human Transmitted Sporotrichosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:724. [PMID: 37504713 PMCID: PMC10381138 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is the main agent of zoonotic sporotrichosis transmitted by domestic cats in South America. In humans, sporotrichosis commonly presents with cutaneous or lymphocutaneous lesions, and in cats, with multiple ulcerated skin lesions associated with enlarged lymph nodes and respiratory signs. Fungal virulence factors may affect the clinical presentation of the mycoses. Sporothrix spp. present some virulence factors. This study aims to compare 24 S. brasiliensis strains from 12 familiar outbreaks of cat-to-human transmitted sporotrichosis. Fungal growth in different substrates, thermotolerance, resistance to oxidative stress, and production of enzymes were evaluated. An invertebrate model of experimental infection was used to compare the virulence of the strains. The strains grew well on glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine but poorly on lactate. Their thermotolerance was moderate to high. All strains were susceptible to hydrogen peroxide, and the majority produced hemolysins but not phospholipase and esterase. There was no significant difference in the putative virulence-associated factors studied among the different hosts. Moreover, strains isolated from a human and a cat from four familiar outbreaks presented a very similar profile of expression of these factors, reinforcing the zoonotic transmission of S. brasiliensis in Brazil and demonstrating the plasticity of this species in the production of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Corrêa-Junior
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Alves
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Igor Avellar-Moura
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Tânia Rodrigues-Alves
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Glauber R de S Araújo
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luana Pereira Borba-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, Brazil
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5
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Ramos LS, Mokus L, Frota HF, Santos MV, Oliveira SSC, Oliveira MME, Costa GL, Alves AL, Bernardes-Engemann AR, Orofino-Costa R, Aor AC, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. SARS-CoV-2 Post-Infection and Sepsis by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Fatal Case Report-Focus on Fungal Susceptibility and Potential Virulence Attributes. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8020099. [PMID: 36828515 PMCID: PMC9963862 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for approximately 6.8 million deaths worldwide, threatening more than 753 million individuals. People with severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection often exhibit an immunosuppression condition, resulting in greater chances of developing co-infections with bacteria and fungi, including opportunistic yeasts belonging to the Saccharomyces and Candida genera. In the present work, we have reported the case of a 75-year-old woman admitted at a Brazilian university hospital with an arterial ulcer in the left foot, which was being prepared for surgical amputation. The patient presented other underlying diseases and presented positive tests for COVID-19 prior to hospitalization. She received antimicrobial treatment, but her general condition worsened quickly, leading to death by septic shock after 4 days of hospitalization. Blood samples collected on the day she died were positive for yeast-like organisms, which were later identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae by both biochemical and molecular methods. The fungal strain exhibited low minimal inhibitory concentration values for the antifungal agents tested (amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, caspofungin, fluconazole and voriconazole), and it was able to produce important virulence factors, such as extracellular bioactive molecules (e.g., aspartic peptidase, phospholipase, esterase, phytase, catalase, hemolysin and siderophore) and biofilm. Despite the activity against planktonic cells, the antifungals were not able to impact the mature biofilm parameters (biomass and viability). Additionally, the S. cerevisiae strain caused the death of Tenebrio molitor larvae, depending on the fungal inoculum, and larvae immunosuppression with corticosteroids increased the larvae mortality rate. In conclusion, the present study highlighted the emergence of S. cerevisiae as an opportunistic fungal pathogen in immunosuppressed patients presenting several severe comorbidities, including COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia S. Ramos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luca Mokus
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Heloisa F. Frota
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Marcos V. Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Simone S. C. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Manoel M. E. Oliveira
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Gisela L. Costa
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa Alves
- Unidade Docente-Assistencial de Dermatologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Andréa R. Bernardes-Engemann
- Laboratório de Micologia, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Rosane Orofino-Costa
- Unidade Docente-Assistencial de Dermatologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Aor
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Marta H. Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ—Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: (M.H.B.); (A.L.S.S.)
| | - André L. S. Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ—Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: (M.H.B.); (A.L.S.S.)
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The Threat Called Candida haemulonii Species Complex in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: Focus on Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Attributes. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060574. [PMID: 35736057 PMCID: PMC9225368 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although considered rare, the emergent Candida haemulonii species complex, formed by C. haemulonii sensu stricto (Ch), C. duobushaemulonii (Cd) and C. haemulonii var. vulnera (Chv), is highlighted due to its profile of increased resistance to the available antifungal drugs. In the present work, 25 clinical isolates, recovered from human infections during 2011–2020 and biochemically identified by automated system as C. haemulonii, were initially assessed by molecular methods (amplification and sequencing of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 gene) for precise species identification. Subsequently, the antifungal susceptibility of planktonic cells, biofilm formation and susceptibility of biofilms to antifungal drugs and the secretion of key molecules, such as hydrolytic enzymes, hemolysins and siderophores, were evaluated by classical methodologies. Our results revealed that 7 (28%) isolates were molecularly identified as Ch, 7 (28%) as Chv and 11 (44%) as Cd. Sixteen (64%) fungal isolates were recovered from blood. Regarding the antifungal susceptibility test, the planktonic cells were resistant to (i) fluconazole (100% of Ch and Chv, and 72.7% of Cd isolates), itraconazole and voriconazole (85.7% of Ch and Chv, and 72.7% of Cd isolates); (ii) no breakpoints were defined for posaconazole, but high MICs were observed for 85.7% of Ch and Chv, and 72.7% of Cd isolates; (iii) all isolates were resistant to amphotericin B; and (iv) all isolates were susceptible to echinocandins (except for one isolate of Cd) and to flucytosine (except for two isolates of Cd). Biofilm is a well-known virulence and resistant structure in Candida species, including the C. haemulonii complex. Herein, we showed that all isolates were able to form viable biofilms over a polystyrene surface. Moreover, the mature biofilms formed by the C. haemulonii species complex presented a higher antifungal-resistant profile than their planktonic counterparts. Secreted molecules associated with virulence were also detected in our fungal collection: 100% of the isolates yielded aspartic proteases, hemolysins and siderophores as well as phospholipase (92%), esterase (80%), phytase (80%), and caseinase (76%) activities. Our results reinforce the multidrug resistance profile of the C. haemulonii species complex, including Brazilian clinical isolates, as well as their ability to produce important virulence attributes such as biofilms and different classes of hydrolytic enzymes, hemolysins and siderophores, which typically present a strain-dependent profile.
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Belloch C, Perea‐Sanz L, Gamero A, Flores M. Selection of
D. hansenii
isolates as starters in meat products based on phenotypic virulence factors, tolerance to abiotic stress conditions and aroma generation. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:200-211. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Belloch
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA‐CSIC)Avda. Agustín Escardino 746980Paterna, ValenciaSpain
| | - Laura Perea‐Sanz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA‐CSIC)Avda. Agustín Escardino 746980Paterna, ValenciaSpain
| | - Amparo Gamero
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud PublicaCC. AlimentaciónToxicología y Medicina LegalFacultad de FarmaciaUniversitat de ValenciaAvda. Vicent Andrés Estellés sn46100Burjassot, ValenciaSpain
| | - Monica Flores
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA‐CSIC)Avda. Agustín Escardino 746980Paterna, ValenciaSpain
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Weerasekera MM, Wijesinghe GK, Sampath A, Dilhari A, Madhumal T, Dilrukshi R, Willaddara R, Karunathilaka S, Gunasekara C, Fernando N, Samaranayake L. The genotypes and virulence attributes of C. albicans isolates from oral leukoplakia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2021; 26:e786-e794. [PMID: 34023840 PMCID: PMC8601635 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.24748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a debate as to whether some types of oral leucoplakias (OL) are caused by Candida species, and whether they contribute to the malignant transformation, associated with a minority of such lesions. As no detailed population analysis of yeast isolates from OL is available, we evaluated the virulence attributes, and genotypes of 35 C. albicans from OL, and compared their genotypes with 18 oral isolates from healthy individuals. Material and Methods The virulence traits evaluated were esterase, phospholipase, proteinase, haemolysin and coagulase production, and phenotypic switching activity, and yeast adherence and biofilm formation. DNA from OL and control yeasts were evaluated for A, B or C genotype status. Results Phospholipase, proteinase, and coagulase activity and biofilm formation was observed in 80%, 66%, 97 % and 77 % of the isolates, respectively. Phenotypic switching was detected in 8.6%, while heamolytic, and esterase activity and adherence were noted in all isolates. Conclusions The genotype A was predominant amongst both the OL and control groups. Due to the small sample size of our study a larger investigation to define the role of candidal virulent attributes in the pathogenicity of OL is warranted, and the current data should serve as a basis until then. Key words:C. albicans, oral cavity, leukoplakia, virulence factors, genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-M Weerasekera
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Sri Jayewardenepura Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Wine Yeasts Selection: Laboratory Characterization and Protocol Review. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112223. [PMID: 34835348 PMCID: PMC8623447 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wine reflects the specificity of a terroir, including the native microbiota. In contrast to the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae commercial starters, a way to maintain wines' microbial terroir identities, guaranteeing at the same time the predictability and reproducibility of the wines, is the selection of autochthonous Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces strains towards optimal enological characteristics for the chosen area of isolation. This field has been explored but there is a lack of a compendium covering the main methods to use. Autochthonous wine yeasts from different areas of Slovakia were identified and tested, in the form of colonies grown either on nutrient agar plates or in grape must micro-fermentations, for technological and qualitative enological characteristics. Based on the combined results, Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDA W 10, Lachancea thermotolerans 5-1-1 and Metschnikowia pulcherrima 125/14 were selected as potential wine starters. This paper, as a mixture of experimental and review contributions, provides a compendium of methods used to select autochthonous wine yeasts. Thanks to the presence of images, this compendium could guide other researchers in screening their own yeast strains for wine production.
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Amarasinghe A, Muhandiram M, Kodithuwakku S, Thilakumara I, Jayatilake J. Identification, genotyping and invasive enzyme production of oral Candida species from denture induced stomatitis patients and healthy careers. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, MEDICINE, AND PATHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Santos ALS, Braga-Silva LA, Gonçalves DS, Ramos LS, Oliveira SSC, Souza LOP, Oliveira VS, Lins RD, Pinto MR, Muñoz JE, Taborda CP, Branquinha MH. Repositioning Lopinavir, an HIV Protease Inhibitor, as a Promising Antifungal Drug: Lessons Learned from Candida albicans-In Silico, In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060424. [PMID: 34071195 PMCID: PMC8229492 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The repurposing strategy was applied herein to evaluate the effects of lopinavir, an aspartic protease inhibitor currently used in the treatment of HIV-infected individuals, on the globally widespread opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans by using in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches in order to decipher its targets on fungal cells and its antifungal mechanisms of action. Secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) are the obviously main target of lopinavir. To confirm this hypothesis, molecular docking assays revealed that lopinavir bound to the Sap2 catalytic site of C. albicans as well as inhibited the Sap hydrolytic activity in a typically dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of Saps culminated in the inability of C. albicans yeasts to assimilate the unique nitrogen source (albumin) available in the culture medium, culminating with fungal growth inhibition (IC50 = 39.8 µM). The antifungal action of lopinavir was corroborated by distinct microscopy analyses, which evidenced drastic and irreversible changes in the morphology that justified the fungal death. Furthermore, our results revealed that lopinavir was able to (i) arrest the yeasts-into-hyphae transformation, (ii) disturb the synthesis of neutral lipids, including ergosterol, (iii) modulate the surface-located molecules, such as Saps and mannose-, sialic acid- and N-acetylglucosamine-containing glycoconjugates, (iv) diminish the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, such as Saps and esterase, (v) negatively influence the biofilm formation on polystyrene surface, (vi) block the in vitro adhesion to epithelial cells, (vii) contain the in vivo infection in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice and (viii) reduce the Sap production by yeasts recovered from kidneys of infected animals. Conclusively, the exposed results highlight that lopinavir may be used as a promising repurposing drug against C. albicans infection as well as may be used as a lead compound for the development of novel antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L. S. Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.A.B.-S.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (S.S.C.O.); (L.O.P.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBq), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.L.S.S.); (M.H.B.); Tel.: +55-21-3938-0366 (A.L.S.S.)
| | - Lys A. Braga-Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.A.B.-S.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (S.S.C.O.); (L.O.P.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBq), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Diego S. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.A.B.-S.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (S.S.C.O.); (L.O.P.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBq), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Lívia S. Ramos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.A.B.-S.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (S.S.C.O.); (L.O.P.S.)
| | - Simone S. C. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.A.B.-S.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (S.S.C.O.); (L.O.P.S.)
| | - Lucieri O. P. Souza
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.A.B.-S.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (S.S.C.O.); (L.O.P.S.)
| | - Vanessa S. Oliveira
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (V.S.O.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Roberto D. Lins
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (V.S.O.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Marcia R. Pinto
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói 24210-130, Brazil;
| | - Julian E. Muñoz
- MICROS Group, Medicine Traslacional Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia;
| | - Carlos P. Taborda
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica—LIM53/IMTSP, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marta H. Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.A.B.-S.); (D.S.G.); (L.S.R.); (S.S.C.O.); (L.O.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.S.S.); (M.H.B.); Tel.: +55-21-3938-0366 (A.L.S.S.)
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Optimisation of biodegradation conditions for waste canola oil by cold-adapted Rhodococcus sp. AQ5-07 from Antarctica. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zafar S, Fatima K, Faryal R. Prevalence of virulent Candida spp. in complicated urinary tract infection of nephrolithiatic patients from surgical units of tertiary care hospitals Islamabad. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:101024. [PMID: 32826154 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Candida species are the commensal organisms of human mucosa and opportunistically cause the diseases in susceptible persons. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and virulence of different Candida spp. among nephrolithiatic patients and their association with complicated UTI (cUTI). A total of 164 urine samples were collected from surgical units of two tertiary care hospitals (Poly Clinic and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Islamabad). From 74 kidney stone patients, 77 isolates of Candida spp. were confirmed through standard microbiological and molecular characterization. C. albicans was the predominant species with 51 isolates (66.2%) followed by 26 (33.8%) of C. non-albicans. The nephrolithiatic patients suffering from cUTI were more prone to be infected with Candida (P=0.047). Among all isolates, 83% (64) of the Candida isolates were biofilm formers, 80% (60) showed the esterase production and 64.9% (50) showed phospholipase production. Candida isolates positive for various virulence factors were more prevalently isolated from both catheterized and recurrent UTI patients. Among Candida spp., 16.9% (13) isolates showed resistance to fluconazole and 19.5% (15) against voriconazole and 11 isolates were resistant for both tested antifungals. Candida isolated from cUTI cases showed comparatively enhanced virulence attributes and antifungal resistance, suggesting that these factors might have role in development of cUTI in nephrolithiatic patients. Hence, this work highlights the high prevalence of both C. albicans and non albicans spp. in nephrolithiatic patients. So, there is need to administer evidence based antifungal therapy rather than empirical therapy to reduce the cUTI in nephrolithiatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zafar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - K Fatima
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - R Faryal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Cruz ILR, Freitas DFS, de Macedo PM, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, do Valle ACF, Almeida MDA, Coelho RA, Brito-Santos F, Figueiredo-Carvalho MHG, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Almeida-Paes R. Evolution of virulence-related phenotypes of Sporothrix brasiliensis isolates from patients with chronic sporotrichosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:5-18. [PMID: 32440844 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis in immunocompromised patients has a high morbidity and may cause deaths. Particularly, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with low T CD4 counts develop a chronic disease, with severe and widespread forms. Recently, the ability of Sporothrix brasiliensis, the main agent of zoonotic sporotrichosis, to increase its virulence in a diabetic patient without HIV infection was described. Since it was a unique finding, it is not known how often this occurs in patients with chronic and refractory sporotrichosis. The aim of this study is to compare sequential Sporothrix isolates obtained from patients with sporotrichosis and AIDS in order to detect changes in virulence-related phenotypes and acquisition of antifungal resistance during the evolution of the disease. Fungal growth in different substrates, antifungal susceptibility, thermotolerance, resistance to oxidative stress, and production of hydrolytic enzymes were evaluated. Correlations were assessed between clinical and phenotypic variables. Sixteen isolates, all identified as S. brasiliensis, obtained from five patients were studied. They grew well on glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, but poorly on lactate. Except from isolates collected from two patients, which were non-wild type for terbinafine, they were considered wild type for the antifungal drugs tested. Thermotolerance of the isolates was moderate to high. Except for phytase and phospholipase, isolates were able to produce virulence-related enzymes on different levels. Changes in all studied phenotypes were observed during the course of the disease in some patients. The results show that the HIV-driven immunosuppression is more relevant than fungal phenotypes on the unfavorable outcomes of disseminated sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Ludmila Rodrigues Cruz
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marques de Macedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Francesconi do Valle
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos de Abreu Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Rowena Alves Coelho
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Brito-Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Galdino Figueiredo-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
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15
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Edward EA, Mohamed NM, Zakaria AS. Resensitization of Fluconazole-Resistant Urinary Candida spp. Isolates by Amikacin through Downregulation of Efflux Pump Genes. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69:73-84. [PMID: 32189482 PMCID: PMC7256858 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. isolates to urinary tract infections in Egypt has become a nationwide problem. A recent approach to overcome such disaster is combining conventional antifungals with non-antifungals. This study investigated the interaction of amikacin with fluconazole against resistant Candida strains isolated from the urine culture of patients admitted to Alexandria Main University Hospital. Among the collected Candida spp. isolates, 42.9% were resistant to fluconazole with MICs ranging between 128 and 1,024 μg/ml. The resistance-modifying activity of amikacin (4,000 μg/ml) was studied against fluconazole-resistant isolates where amikacin sensitized 91.7 % of resistant Candida spp. isolates to fluconazole with a modulation factor ranging between 32 and 256. The rhodamine efflux assay was performed to examine the impact of amikacin on efflux pump activity. After 120 minutes of treatment, amikacin affected the efflux pump activity of the isolates tested with a percentage of reduction in the fluorescence intensity of 8.9%. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to assess the amikacin effect on the expression of the efflux pump genes MDR1, CDR1, and CDR2. The downregulatory effect of amikacin on the expression of the studied genes caused a percentage of reduction in the expression level ranging between 42.1 and 94%. In conclusion, amikacin resensitized resistant Candida spp. isolates to fluconazole and could be used in combination in the management of candiduria with a higher efficiency or at lower administration doses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the enhancement of fluconazole activity in combination with amikacin against Candida spp. The contribution of fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. isolates to urinary tract infections in Egypt has become a nationwide problem. A recent approach to overcome such disaster is combining conventional antifungals with non-antifungals. This study investigated the interaction of amikacin with fluconazole against resistant Candida strains isolated from the urine culture of patients admitted to Alexandria Main University Hospital. Among the collected Candida spp. isolates, 42.9% were resistant to fluconazole with MICs ranging between 128 and 1,024 μg/ml. The resistance-modifying activity of amikacin (4,000 μg/ml) was studied against fluconazole-resistant isolates where amikacin sensitized 91.7 % of resistant Candida spp. isolates to fluconazole with a modulation factor ranging between 32 and 256. The rhodamine efflux assay was performed to examine the impact of amikacin on efflux pump activity. After 120 minutes of treatment, amikacin affected the efflux pump activity of the isolates tested with a percentage of reduction in the fluorescence intensity of 8.9%. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to assess the amikacin effect on the expression of the efflux pump genes MDR1, CDR1, and CDR2. The downregulatory effect of amikacin on the expression of the studied genes caused a percentage of reduction in the expression level ranging between 42.1 and 94%. In conclusion, amikacin resensitized resistant Candida spp. isolates to fluconazole and could be used in combination in the management of candiduria with a higher efficiency or at lower administration doses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the enhancement of fluconazole activity in combination with amikacin against Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Edward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University , Egypt
| | - Nelly M Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University , Egypt
| | - Azza S Zakaria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University , Egypt
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Rodríguez-Andrade E, Stchigel AM, Terrab A, Guarro J, Cano-Lira JF. Diversity of xerotolerant and xerophilic fungi in honey. IMA Fungus 2019; 10:20. [PMID: 32647624 PMCID: PMC7325685 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-019-0021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi can colonize most of the substrata on Earth. Honey, a sugary food produced by bees (and other insects) has been studied little in terms of its fungal diversity. We have surveyed and evaluated the presence of xerotolerant and xerophilic fungi in a set of honey bee samples collected from across Spain. From 84 samples, a total of 104 fungal strains were isolated, and morphologically and phylogenetically characterized. We identified 32 species distributed across 16 genera, most of them belonging to the ascomycetous genera Aspergillus, Bettsia, Candida, Eremascus, Monascus, Oidiodendron, Penicillium, Skoua, Talaromyces and Zygosaccharomyces. As a result of this survey, eight new taxa are proposed: i.e. the new family Helicoarthrosporaceae, two new genera, Helicoarthrosporum and Strongyloarthrosporum in Onygenales; three new species of Eurotiales, Talaromyces affinitatimellis, T. basipetosporus, and T. brunneosporus; and two new species of Myxotrichaceae, Oidiodendron mellicola, and Skoua asexualis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez-Andrade
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - A M Stchigel
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - A Terrab
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - J Guarro
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - J F Cano-Lira
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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In Vitro Determination of Hydrolytic Enzymes and Echinocandin Susceptibility in Mexican Clinical Isolates of Candida glabrata Sensu Stricto. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.85092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Kalaiarasan K, Singh R, Chaturvedula L. Changing virulence factors among vaginal non- albicans Candida species. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 36:364-368. [PMID: 30429388 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_18_94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is caused by overgrowth of Candida species in the female lower genital tract and most commonly caused by Candida albicans. The production of various virulence factors may attribute to their pathogenicity. Hence, this study was aimed to determine the production of various virulence factors of Candida spp. causing VVC. Materials and Methods A total of 51 Candida spp. were isolated prospectively from 50 patients among 211 clinically suspected cases of VVC. The haemolytic activity, biofilm production, proteinase activity, phospholipase activity and esterase activity were detected by standard methods. Statistical analysis was performed using OpenEpi version 3.01. Results Haemolytic activity was observed in 42 Candida isolates (82.4%), biofilm activity in 21 Candida isolates (41.2%), proteinase and esterase activity in 19 Candida isolates (37.3%) each and phospholipase activity in 15 Candida isolates (29.4%). Phospholipase activity was observed in all of the C. albicans strains, whereas all strains of Candida krusei were able to produce biofilm. All strains of Candida parapsilosis and 87% strains of Candida glabrata were haemolytic. Five of the eight C. glabrata strains were found to produce strong proteinase (Prz score ≤0.63). About 30.4% strains of C. glabrata and 20% strains of C. krusei were found to be positive for esterase activity. This is one of the few studies which revealed esterase activity among C. glabrata and C. krusei strains. Conclusions This study highlighted that there is a change in the virulence factors among the non-albicans Candida species, especially C. glabrata strains which were haemolytic and produce strong proteinase activity and esterase activity. It may be one of the explanation of the most common causative agent of VVC in our study. Multicentric studies from this area might be required to get a more generalised conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Kalaiarasan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Latha Chaturvedula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Treviño-Rangel RDJ, Bodden-Mendoza BA, Montoya AM, Villanueva-Lozano H, Elizondo-Zertuche M, Robledo-Leal E, González GM. Phenotypical characterization and molecular identification of clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 35:17-21. [PMID: 29287631 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida tropicalis is an increasingly important human pathogen which usually affects neutropenic oncology patients with common hematogenous seeding to peripheral organs and high mortality rates. Candida pathogenicity is facilitated by several virulence attributes, including secretion of hydrolytic enzymes; however, little is known regarding the C. tropicalis ability to secrete them and their role in the disease. AIMS To confirm by molecular means the identification of 187 clinical isolates (127 from blood, 52 from urine, and 8 from diverse clinical origins) phenotypically identified as C. tropicalis, and to investigate their in vitro aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase, esterase, hemolysin, DNase and coagulase activities. METHODS The molecular confirmation was performed by ITS sequencing, and the enzymatic determinations were conducted using plate assays with specific substrates, with the exception of coagulase, which was determined by the classical tube test. RESULTS The majority of the strains exhibited a very strong or strong activity of aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase and esterase. A 4.7% of the bloodstream isolates were hemolysin producers, and all were negative for the coagulase and DNase assays. CONCLUSIONS Very strong activities of aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase and esterase profiles were detected, and a statistical association between phospholipase production and blood and urine isolates was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio de J Treviño-Rangel
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Byron A Bodden-Mendoza
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Alexandra M Montoya
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Hiram Villanueva-Lozano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mariana Elizondo-Zertuche
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Efrén Robledo-Leal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gloria M González
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Relationship between the Antifungal Susceptibility Profile and the Production of Virulence-Related Hydrolytic Enzymes in Brazilian Clinical Strains of Candida glabrata. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8952878. [PMID: 28814823 PMCID: PMC5549490 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8952878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a facultative intracellular opportunistic fungal pathogen in human infections. Several virulence-associated attributes are involved in its pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, modulation of host immune defenses, and regulation of antifungal drug resistance. This study evaluated the in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile to five antifungal agents, the production of seven hydrolytic enzymes related to virulence, and the relationship between these phenotypes in 91 clinical strains of C. glabrata. All C. glabrata strains were susceptible to flucytosine. However, some of these strains showed resistance to amphotericin B (9.9%), fluconazole (15.4%), itraconazole (5.5%), or micafungin (15.4%). Overall, C. glabrata strains were good producers of catalase, aspartic protease, esterase, phytase, and hemolysin. However, caseinase and phospholipase in vitro activities were not detected. Statistically significant correlations were identified between micafungin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and esterase production, between fluconazole and micafungin MIC and hemolytic activity, and between amphotericin B MIC and phytase production. These results contribute to clarify some of the C. glabrata mechanisms of pathogenicity. Moreover, the association between some virulence attributes and the regulation of antifungal resistance encourage the development of new therapeutic strategies involving virulence mechanisms as potential targets for effective antifungal drug development for the treatment of C. glabrata infections.
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Figueiredo-Carvalho MHG, Ramos LDS, Barbedo LS, Chaves ALDS, Muramoto IA, Santos ALSD, Almeida-Paes R, Zancopé-Oliveira RM. First description of Candida nivariensis in Brazil: antifungal susceptibility profile and potential virulence attributes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:51-8. [PMID: 26814644 PMCID: PMC4727436 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the antifungal susceptibility profile and the production of
potential virulence attributes in a clinical strain of Candida
nivariensis for the first time in Brazil, as identified by sequencing the
internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 region and D1/D2 domains of the 28S of
the rDNA. For comparative purposes, tests were also performed with reference strains.
All strains presented low planktonic minimal inhibitory concentrations (PMICs) to
amphotericin B (AMB), caspofungin (CAS), and voriconazole. However, our strain showed
elevated planktonic MICs to posaconazole (POS) and itraconazole, in addition to
fluconazole resistance. Adherence to inert surfaces was conducted onto glass and
polystyrene. The biofilm formation and antifungal susceptibility on biofilm-growing
cells were evaluated by crystal violet staining and a XTT reduction assay. All fungal
strains were able to bind both tested surfaces and form biofilm, with a binding
preference to polystyrene (p < 0.001). AMB promoted significant reductions (≈50%)
in biofilm production by our C. nivariensis strain using both
methodologies. This reduction was also observed for CAS and POS, but only in the XTT
assay. All strains were excellent protease producers and moderate phytase producers,
but lipases were not detected. This study reinforces the pathogenic potential of
C. nivariensis and its possible resistance profile to the azolic
drugs generally used for candidiasis management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Livia de Souza Ramos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Silva Barbedo
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Ilda Akemi Muramoto
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - André Luis Souza dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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K D, T J, A M. In vitro evaluation of virulence factors of Candida species isolated from oral cavity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/jma2015.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Fatahinia M, Poormohamadi F, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A. Comparative Study of Esterase and Hemolytic Activities in Clinically Important Candida Species, Isolated From Oral Cavity of Diabetic and Non-diabetic Individuals. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e20893. [PMID: 25861439 PMCID: PMC4386073 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.20893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus as a chronic metabolic disease occurs in patients with partial or complete deficiency of insulin secretion or disorder in action of insulin on tissue. The disease is known to provide conditions for overgrowth of Candida species. Candida spp. cause candidiasis by many virulence factors such as esterase, hemolysin and phospholipase. Objectives: This study aimed to compare esterase and hemolytic activity in various Candida species isolated from oral cavity of diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Patients and Methods: Swab samples were taken from 95 patients with diabetes (35 men and 60 women) and 95 normal persons (42 men and 53 women) and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Identification of isolated yeasts was performed by germ tube test, morphology on CHROMagar Candida medium, corn meal agar and ability to grow at 45°C. Hemolysin activity was evaluated using blood plate assay and esterase activity was determined using the Tween 80 opacity test. Results: Different Candida species were isolated from 57 (60%) diabetic and 24 (25%) non-diabetic individuals. Esterase activity was detected in all Candida isolates. Only 21.6% of C. albicans from patients with diabetes had esterase activity as + 3, while it ranged from + 1 to + 2 in others. Hemolytic activity was determined in C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata and C. krusei as 0.79, 0.58, 0.66 and 0.74, respectively. Hemolytic activity was significantly different in the two groups of diabetics and non-diabetics. Conclusions: Oral carriage of C. albicans in the diabetic group (n = 42; 66.7%) was significantly greater than the control group (n = 16; 57.1%). Esterase activity of C. albicans in diabetic group was higher than non-diabetic group. Although C. albicans remains the most frequently pathogenic yeast for human, but other species are increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Fatahinia
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mahnaz Fatahinia, Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-6113367543 , Fax: +98-6113332036, E-mail:
| | - Farzad Poormohamadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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Antifungal susceptibility patterns, in vitro production of virulence factors, and evaluation of diagnostic modalities for the speciation of pathogenic Candida from blood stream infections and vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Pathog 2014; 2014:142864. [PMID: 25110589 PMCID: PMC4119684 DOI: 10.1155/2014/142864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. have emerged as successful pathogens in both invasive and mucosal infections. Varied virulence factors and growing resistance to antifungal agents have contributed to their pathogenicity. We studied diagnostic accuracy of HiCrome Candida Differential Agar and Vitek 2 Compact system for identification of Candida spp. in comparison with species-specific PCR on 110 clinical isolates of Candida from blood stream infections (54, 49%) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (56, 51%). C. albicans (61%) was the leading pathogen in VVC, while C. tropicalis (46%) was prominent among BSIs. HiCrome Agar and Vitek 2 Compact had good measures of agreement (κ) 0.826 and 0.895, respectively, in comparison with PCR. We also tested these isolates for in vitro production of proteinase, esterase, phospholipases, and biofilms. Proteinase production was more among invasive isolates (P = 0.017), while phospholipase production was more among noninvasive isolates (P = 0.001). There was an overall increase in the production of virulence factors among non-albicans Candida. Identification of clinical isolates of Candida up to species level either by chromogenic agar or by Vitek 2 Compact system should be routinely done to choose appropriate therapy.
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Abi-chacra ÉA, Souza LO, Cruz LP, Braga-Silva LA, Gonçalves DS, Sodré CL, Ribeiro MD, Seabra SH, Figueiredo-Carvalho MH, Barbedo LS, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Ziccardi M, Santos AL. Phenotypical properties associated with virulence from clinical isolates belonging to theCandida parapsilosiscomplex. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:831-48. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Érika A. Abi-chacra
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases (LIP); Departamento de Microbiologia Geral; Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG); Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Lucieri O.P. Souza
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases (LIP); Departamento de Microbiologia Geral; Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG); Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Cruz
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases (LIP); Departamento de Microbiologia Geral; Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG); Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Lys A. Braga-Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases (LIP); Departamento de Microbiologia Geral; Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG); Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica; Instituto de Química; UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Diego S. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases (LIP); Departamento de Microbiologia Geral; Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG); Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica; Instituto de Química; UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Cátia L. Sodré
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases (LIP); Departamento de Microbiologia Geral; Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG); Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF); Niterói Brazil
| | - Marcos D. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia/Micologia; Instituto de Biologia do Exército (IBEx); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Sergio H. Seabra
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Cultura de Células; Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste (UEZO); Duque de Caxias Brazil
| | - Maria H.G. Figueiredo-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Micologia; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leonardo S. Barbedo
- Laboratório de Micologia; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Rosely M. Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia; Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Mariangela Ziccardi
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases (LIP); Departamento de Microbiologia Geral; Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG); Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - André L.S. Santos
- Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases (LIP); Departamento de Microbiologia Geral; Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG); Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica; Instituto de Química; UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Pakshir K, Zomorodian K, Karamitalab M, Jafari M, Taraz H, Ebrahimi H. Phospholipase, esterase and hemolytic activities of Candida spp. isolated from onychomycosis and oral lichen planus lesions. J Mycol Med 2013; 23:113-8. [PMID: 23706304 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by many species of Candida that affects different sites of the body. Secretion of exoenzymes plays an important role in virulence and pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of phospholipase, esterase and hemolytic activity of Candida species isolated from onychomycosis and oral lichen planus patients in candidiasis. METHODS A total of 84 Candida isolates including 24 C. albicans and 46 C. parapsilosis from onychomycosis, and 14 C. albicans from oral lichen planus patients were included in our study. Egg yolk agar, Tween 80 opacity medium and blood agar plate assays were used for determining phospholipase, esterase and hemolytic activities, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using the Fischer exact test. RESULTS C. parapsilosis isolates had the least exoenzyme activity among the isolates (P≤0.001). C. albicans isolates from lichen planus showed less exoenzyme activity in comparison to the onychomycosis isolates. Only 16.08% of C. parapsilosis isolates had phospholipase activity. This difference between C. albicans and C. parapsilosis was statistically significant (P≤0.001). All of the C. albicans isolates from onychomycosis patients had beta hemolysin activity. There was more hemolytic activity in the C. albicans isolates when compared with C. parapsilosis and between C. albicans isolates, no significant difference was seen. All of the C. albicans isolates produced esterase enzyme on day three and no significant differences were seen between the two groups of C. albicans for esterase activity. Two strains of C. albicans had no phospholipase or esterase activity. CONCLUSION This study showed that most of the isolates tested had different enzymatic patterns and C. parapsilosis strains had less phospholipase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pakshir
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Ishida K, Alviano DS, Silva BG, Guerra CR, Costa AS, Nucci M, Alviano CS, Rozental S. Negative correlation between phospholipase and esterase activity produced by Fusarium isolates. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:411-6. [PMID: 22415116 PMCID: PMC3854292 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species have emerged as one of the more outstanding groups of clinically important filamentous fungi, causing localized and life-threatening invasive infections with high morbidity and mortality. The ability to produce different types of hydrolytic enzymes is thought to be an important virulence mechanism of fungal pathogens and could be associated with the environment of the microorganism. Here, we have measured the production of two distinct lipolytic enzymes, phospholipase and esterase, by sixteen Fusarium isolates recovered from the hospital environment, immunocompromised patients' blood cultures, foot interdigital space scrapings from immunocompromised patients, and foot interdigital space scrapings from immunocompetent patients (4 isolates each). Fourteen of these 16 isolates were identified as Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) and two were identified as F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC). Some relevant genus characteristics were visualized by light and electron microscopy such as curved and multicelled macroconidia with 3 or 4 septa, microconidia, phialides, and abundant chlamydospores. All Fusarium isolates were able to produce esterase and phospholipase under the experimental conditions. However, a negative correlation was observed between these two enzymes, indicating that a Fusarium isolate with high phospholipase activity has low esterase activity and vice versa. In addition, Fusarium isolated from clinical material produced more phospholipases, while environmental strains produced more esterases. These observations may be correlated with the different types of substrates that these fungi need to degrade during their nutrition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishida
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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In vitro evaluation of phospholipase, proteinase, and esterase activities of Candida parapsilosis and Candida metapsilosis. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:429-38. [PMID: 21698404 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to characterize extracellular phospholipase, proteinase, and esterase activities of Candida parapsilosis and C. metapsilosis isolated from clinical sources. Using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (SADH) gene fragment, we identified 20 as C. parapsilosis and 11 as C. metapsilosis from 31 isolates of C. parapsilosis species complex. No C. orthopsilosis was identified. A significantly high isolation frequency of C. metapsilosis (35.5%) was observed. Subsequent evaluation of enzymatic profile showed that 90.5% of C. parapsilosis and 91.7% of C. metapsilosis isolates were phospholipase producers. No difference in phospholipase activity was observed between two species. In terms of proteinase, 81.0% of C. parapsilosis and 83.3% of C. metapsilosis isolates were positive. A higher level of proteinase activity was detected in C. parapsilosis. A remarkably high proportion of both C. parapsilosis and C. metapsilosis isolates exhibited strong phospholipase and proteinase activities, suggesting that the production of these two enzymes might be common for them. On the other hand, both species similarly displayed rare esterase activity, with only one C. parapsilosis and two C. metapsilosis isolates being positive. Our data may further add to the confusion concerning the hydrolytic enzymatic activities of the C. parapsilosis complex, and a wider collection of isolates and standardized methods may help to address the issue.
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Phospholipase and esterase production by clinical strains of Fonsecaea pedrosoi and their interactions with epithelial cells. Mycopathologia 2010; 170:31-7. [PMID: 20195904 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the major etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis. The virulence of F. pedrosoi is a meagerly explored phenomenon. The ability to interact with host cells and the production of hydrolytic enzymes are thought to be important virulence mechanisms of fungal pathogens. Here, we measured the production of two distinct lipolytic enzymes, phospholipase and esterase, by three clinical strains of F. pedrosoi isolated from chromoblastomycosis lesions, as well as their capabilities to interact with epithelial cells. All the strains were excellent esterase producers, generating elevated hydrolytic halos after 5 days of growth. Conversely, phospholipase activity was detected only after 10 days, except for the most recent strain of F. pedrosoi (Magé) in which measurable phospholipase activity was detected on day 5. The ability to interact with epithelial cells was also investigated. Regarding the adhesion capability, an indirect connection was observed in relation to the adaptation time of each strain in axenic culture, in which Magé strain showed the best adhesion ability followed by LDI 11428 and 5VPL strains. Both 5VPL and Magé strains were also detected inside the epithelial cells, while the LDI 11428 strain was rarely detected in cytoplasmatic vacuolar compartments. Moreover, these F. pedrosoi strains were able to cause injury in epithelial cells.
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Galán-Ladero MA, Blanco MT, Sacristán B, Fernández-Calderón MC, Pérez-Giraldo C, Gómez-García AC. Enzymatic activities ofCandida tropicalisisolated from hospitalized patients. Med Mycol 2010; 48:207-10. [DOI: 10.3109/13693780902801242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Brouwer N, Kohen J, Jamie J, Vemulpad S. Modification of the fluorescein diacetate assay for screening of antifungal agents against Candida albicans: Comparison with the NCCLS methods. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 66:234-41. [PMID: 16406566 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A modified fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assay has been compared with standard NCCLS broth macrodilution and broth microdilution methods for the detection of antifungal activity. The FDA assay was performed in a medium containing bacteriological peptone, NaCl, yeast extract and glucose (0.2%, 0.1%, 0.1% and 1% w/v, respectively) and buffered with 10 mM BES buffer. The MICs of amphotericin B, fluconazole, miconazole and flucytosine (representing three major classes of antifungal agents) obtained by the three methods were compared. The results obtained with the FDA assays correlated well with the NCCLS macrodilution method for MICs of amphotericin B, miconazole and fluconazole, but not for flucytosine. However, the MIC values of flucytosine obtained with the FDA assay were well within the quality control range for the two reference strains recommended by the NCCLS. The FDA assay described is an attractive alternative to the NCCLS methods for screening for antifungal agents, with the added advantage of objectivity of fluorescence measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Brouwer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Girish Kumar CP, Menon T, Sundararajan T, Nalini S, Thirunarayan MA, Rajasekaran S, Venkatadesikalu M. Actividad esterasa en especies de Candida procedentes de pacientes inmunodeficientes. Rev Iberoam Micol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1406(06)70023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2002; 19:1373-80. [PMID: 12526113 DOI: 10.1002/yea.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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