Co-existence of risk and protective haplotypes of Calpain 10 gene to type 2 diabetes in the eastern Indian population

Association of CAPN10 haplotype combinations with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome among Egyptians: pilot study—genotyping of three CAPN10 variants

Background

T2DM is a polygenic, metabolic complex and multifactorial disease. Several genes contribute to risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome among different populations.

Results

An relationship between three identified CAPN-10 variants [SNP-43 (rs#3792267), SNP-19 (rs#3842570) and SNP-63 (rs#5030952)] localized on 2q37 and type 2 diabetic patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MS) have been reported in our comparative study (diabetic vs health control individuals). Genotyping of study cohorts was carried out using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR). Statistical analysis of data reveals that the haplotype combination 111/112 confers a significant risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with the homozygous haplotype combination of 122/122 are less susceptible to MS when compared to other patients carrying other haplotype combinations. Regarding obesity, a core component in MS, the haplotype combinations 111/121 and 122/122 demonstrate a significant protective role. Furthermore, the haplotype combination 111/111 displays a significant risk for high levels of total cholesterol.

Conclusion

Present findings address that these haplotype combinations 111/112, 111/121 and 122/122 of CAPN-10 SNP-43, -19 and -63 constitute unique DNA biomarker fingerprints toward susceptibility and risk for T2DM and MS among Egyptians when compared to other haplotype combinations reported in other populations of different ethnicity. To enhance the power of human evolution control nowadays, mutations and polymorphisms in target genes associated with human diseases should be well understood.

A nutrigenetics approach to study the impact of genetic and lifestyle factors on cardiometabolic traits in various ethnic groups: findings from the GeNuIne Collaboration

Several studies on gene-diet interactions (nutrigenetics) have been performed in western populations; however, there are only a few studies to date in lower middle-income countries (LMIC). A large-scale collaborative project called gene-nutrient interactions (GeNuIne) Collaboration, the main objective of which is to investigate the effect of GeNuIne on cardiometabolic traits using population-based studies from various ethnic groups, has been initiated at the University of Reading, UK. While South Asians with higher genetic risk score (GRS) showed a higher risk of obesity in response to a high-carbohydrate diet, South East and Western Asian populations with higher GRS showed an increased risk of central obesity in response to a high-protein diet. The paper also provides a summary of other gene-diet interaction analyses that were performed in LMIC as part of this collaborative project and gives an overview of how these nutrigenetic findings can be translated to personalised and public health approaches for the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and CVD.

A nutrigenetic approach for investigating the relationship between vitamin B12 status and metabolic traits in Indonesian women

PURPOSE

Adverse effects of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency have been linked to major clinical outcomes, including increased body mass index and gestational diabetes, however, less is known about vitamin B12 nutrition in non-pregnant women. Hence, the aim of the present study was to explore the relationships between metabolic traits and vitamin B12 status in a cohort of healthy Indonesian women and to investigate whether these relationships were modified by dietary intake using a genetic approach.

METHODS

A total of 117 Minangkabau women (aged 25-60 years), from the city of Padang, West Sumatra underwent anthropometric, biochemical, dietary intake analysis and genetic tests. Genetic risk scores (GRS) based on nine vitamin B12 associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (B12-GRS) and nine metabolic SNPs (metabolic-GRS) were constructed.

RESULTS

The B12-GRS and metabolic-GRS had no effect on vitamin B12 (P > 0.160) and metabolic traits (P > 0.085). However, an interaction was observed between the B12-GRS and dietary fibre intake (g) on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) levels (P interaction = 0.042), where among those who consumed a low fibre diet (4.90 ± 1.00 g/day), individuals carrying ≥9 risk alleles for vitamin B12 deficiency had significantly higher HbA1C levels (P = 0.025) compared to those carrying ≤8 risk alleles.

CONCLUSION

Our study showed a significant impact of the B12-GRS on HbA1C concentrations through the influence of a dietary factor, however, our study failed to provide evidence for an impact of metabolic-GRS on lowering B12 concentrations. Further replication studies utilizing larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings.

Oxidative stress-related genes in type 2 diabetes: association analysis and their clinical impact

Worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus motivates a number of association studies to be conducted throughout the world. Eleven polymorphisms from nine candidate genes in oxidative stress pathway have been analyzed in eastern Indian type 2 diabetic patients (n = 145) and healthy controls (n = 100). Different biochemical parameters were also analyzed for their association with the disease. Significant associations were observed for rs2070424 A>G SOD1 (OR 3.91, 95% CI 2.265-8.142, P < 0.001), rs854573 A>G PON1 (OR 3.415, 95% CI 2.116-5.512, P < 0.001), rs6954345 G>C PON2 (OR 3.208, 95% CI 2.071-4.969, P < 0.001), RAGE rs1800624 -374 T>A (OR 3.58, 95% CI 2.218-5.766, P < 0.001), and NOS3 -786 T>C (OR 3.75, 95% CI 2.225-6.666, P < 0.001). Haplotype containing two risk alleles of PON1 and PON2 genes was significantly associated with disease (OR 8.34, 95% CI 1.554-44.804, P < 0.002). Our results suggest that carriers of major and efficient alleles of oxidative stress genes are more likely to survive the comorbid complications and single copy of risk allele is sufficient for developing the disease.

CAPN10 SNP43 G>A gene polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Asian population: a meta-analysis of 9353 participants

A correlation between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)43 G>A in the calpain-10 (CAPN10) gene (i.e., CAPN10 SNP43) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) susceptibility has been suggested, but the evidence for such a relationship remains controversial. To explore the association of the CAPN10 SNP43 with T2DM in Asian populations, a meta-analysis including 9,353 participants from 20 individual studies in Asian populations was conducted. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were evaluated by a fixed-effect model or random-effect model. The relationship between CAPN10 SNP43 and T2DM was significant under allelic (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01-1.38, P = 0.03), recessive (OR: 1.236, 95% CI: 1.038-1.472, P =0.017), heterozygous (OR: 1.261, 95% CI: 1.053-1.512, P = 0.012), and additive (OR: 1.183, 95% CI: 1.014-1.381, P = 0.033) genetic models but not under dominant (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.78-1.62, P = 0.53) or homozygous (OR: 0.937, 95% CI: 0.648-1.355, P = 0.730) genetic models. CAPN10 SNP43 was significantly associated with T2DM susceptibility in Asian populations, especially in Chinese populations. Asians, particularly Chinese people with the SNP43 G allele of the CAPN10 gene may have an increased risk of developing T2DM.

Association of IRS1, CAPN10, and PPARG gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the high-risk population of Hyderabad, India

BACKGROUND

We attempted to validate earlier findings on the nature of the association of the IRS1, CAPN10, and PPARG genes with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the high-risk population of Hyderabad, India.

METHODS

A sample of 1379 subjects (758 T2DM patients, 621 controls) was genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IRS1 (rs1801278), CAPN10 (rs3792267, rs5030952), and PPARG (rs1801282) genes.

RESULTS

The allele and genotype frequencies of IRS1 (rs1801278) and CAPN10 (rs3792267) SNPs differed significantly between the patient and control groups. Logistic regression analysis suggested a significant association of these two SNPs (P ≤ 0.007) with T2DM and the strength of association did not alter when adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, and the waist : hip ratio as covariates. The same two SNPs showed significant association in multivariate logistic regression analyses, even after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, suggesting an independent nature of the role of these genes in the manifestation of T2DM in our population.

CONCLUSIONS

We replicated the significant association of rs1801278 and rs3792267 SNPs of the IRS1 and CAPN10 genes with T2DM in the population of Hyderabad. Despite the known biological significance of the PPARG gene and a sufficient statistical power of the present study, we could not replicate the association of PPARG with T2DM in our high-risk population. Given the vast ethnic, geographic, and genetic heterogeneity of the Indian population, many more studies are needed covering the ethnic and geographic heterogeneity of India to enable identification of an Indian-specific profile of genes associated with T2DM.

Investigation of Calpain 10 (rs2975760) gene polymorphism in Asian Indians with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) are part of a heterogeneous and complex metabolic group of disorders that share common pathophysiological circumstances, including β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. The protein Calpain 10 (CAPN10) plays a role in glucose metabolism, pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, and thermogenesis.

Objective

Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) based genotyping of CAPN10 (rs2975760) polymorphism was carried out in T2DM and GDM with suitable controls for each of the pathologies from the same population. Genomic DNA was isolated from 787 participants, including 250 cases of T2DM, 287 pregnant women, of which 137 were identified as having GDM and the remaining 150 were confirmed as non-GDM, and 250 healthy control volunteers, and association analysis was carried out for genotypes and alleles.

Results

In the present study, T2DM was compared with healthy controls and was not found to be associated with the CAPN10 C allele (odds ratio, OR: 1.09; 95% CI = 0.8011–1.484; p = 0.5821). GDM also did not show any association when compared with non-GDM (OR: 1.124; 95% CI = 0.7585–1.667; p = 0.5606) respectively.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that the CAPN10 (rs2975760) polymorphism scrutinized in this study is not associated with T2DM and GDM.

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In this study Calpain 10 (CAPN10) gene was carried out with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). T2DM and GDM are different etiologies of the same complex diseases, frequently coexisting disorders and major components of metabolic syndrome that cause a substantial public health and economic burden worldwide.

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In this study T2DM, GDM are subsequently studied with rs2975760 polymorphism in CAPN10 gene.

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Molecular Analysis were performed by PCR-RFLP analysis.

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A total of 787 samples were included.

Role of calpain-10 in the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications

Calpain activity has been implicated in several cellular processes such as cell signaling, apoptosis, exocytosis, mitochondrial metabolism and cytoskeletal remodeling. Evidence has indicated that the impairment of calpain expression and the activity of different calpain family members are involved in diverse pathologies. Calpain-10 has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes, and polymorphisms in the CAPN10 gene have been associated with an increased risk of developing this disease. The present work focused on the molecular biology of calpain-10, supporting its key participation in glucose metabolism. Current knowledge regarding the role of calpain-10 in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetes-related diseases is additionally reviewed.

Ethnic differences in CAPN10 SNP-19 in type 2 diabetes: a North-West Indian case control study and evidence from meta-analysis

Calpain 10 (CAPN10) variants have been associated with the genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the present case-control study, we analysed the distribution of SNP-19 insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in a total of 607 samples (103 T2D cases and 102 healthy controls) from Brahmin; (100 T2D cases and 100 healthy controls) from Bania and (100 T2D cases and 102 healthy controls) from Jat Sikh ethnic groups of the North-West Indian population. Increased frequency of I allele and II genotype was found in T2D in Brahmin ethnic group [P = 0·003, OR = 2·83 (1·43–5·61 at 95% CI)]. Significant correlation between II genotype and body mass index (BMI) was also observed [P = 0·003, OR = 3·31 (1·52–7·20 at 95% CI)]. No association for the genotypes and alleles was seen in Banias and Jat Sikhs. Our data suggests that SNP-19 I/D variation in the CAPN10 gene is modulated by ethnicity and influences the susceptibility to T2D in the North-West Indian population. We also performed a meta-analysis of relevant studies to assess the validity of this association. Data from 13 case-control studies with 15 760 samples comprising of 8395 T2D cases and 7365 controls were finally analysed. Significant heterogeneity between individual studies was evident in dominant and codominant models. The results of present meta-analysis indicate an association of T2D with carriers of DD genotype of CAPN10 I/D polymorphism. However, further analyses on a larger sample size are required to establish a conclusive association in meta-analysis.

The TCF7L2 rs7903146 (T) allele is associated with type 2 diabetes in urban Ghana: a hospital-based case-control study

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing dramatically in sub-Saharan Africa, and genetic predisposition is likely involved in that. Yet, genetic variants known to confer increased susceptibility among Caucasians are far from being established in African populations. In Ghanaian adults, we examined associations of several of these polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A hospital-based case–control study on type 2 diabetes (and hypertension) was conducted in Kumasi, Ghana. TCF7L2 rs7903146, KCNJ11 rs5219, PPARγ rs1801282 and CAPN10 rs3842570, rs3792267, and rs5030952 were typed and associations with type 2 diabetes and phenotypic traits examined.

Results

675 patients with type 2 diabetes and 377 controls were compared. The minor allele frequency of the TCF7L2 (T) allele was 0.33. In the multivariate model, this allele increased the risk of type 2 diabetes by 39% (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-1.81; p = 0.014). The minor alleles KCNJ11 (G) and PPARγ (G) were practically absent (each, 0.001). Minor allele frequencies of CAPN10 were for -43 (A) 0.11 and for -63 (C) 0.46. These variants showed no significant associations with type 2 diabetes. Two CAPN10 haplotypes tended to protect against type 2 diabetes: 211 (aOR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.03-1.92; p = 0.31) and 221 (aOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.48-1.10; p = 0.13).

Conclusions

In urban Ghana, the frequency of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 (T) allele is comparable to the one in Caucasians; the association with type 2 diabetes is slightly weaker. The risk allele KCNJ11 (G) and the protective allele PPARγ (G) are virtually absent. The potential influence of comparatively rare CAPN10 haplotypes on type 2 diabetes risk in this population requires further evaluation. Large-scale genetic studies among native Africans aiming at fine-mapping the candidate genes are needed to identify the actual factors involved in their increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.

Association of CAPN10 SNPs and haplotypes with polycystic ovary syndrome among South Indian Women

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is known to be characterized by metabolic disorder in which hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance are central features. Given the physiological overlap between PCOS and type-2 diabetes (T2DM), and calpain 10 gene (CAPN10) being a strong candidate for T2DM, a number of studies have analyzed CAPN10 SNPs among PCOS women yielding contradictory results. Our study is first of its kind to investigate the association pattern of CAPN10 polymorphisms (UCSNP-44, 43, 56, 19 and 63) with PCOS among Indian women. 250 PCOS cases and 299 controls from Southern India were recruited for this study. Allele and genotype frequencies of the SNPs were determined and compared between the cases and controls. Results show significant association of UCSNP-44 genotype CC with PCOS (p = 0.007) with highly significant odds ratio when compared to TC (OR = 2.51, p = 0.003, 95% CI = 1.37–4.61) as well as TT (OR = 1.94, p = 0.016, 95% CI = 1.13–3.34). While the haplotype carrying the SNP-44 and SNP-19 variants (21121) exhibited a 2 fold increase in the risk for PCOS (OR = 2.37, p = 0.03), the haplotype containing SNP-56 and SNP-19 variants (11221) seems to have a protective role against PCOS (OR = 0.20, p = 0.004). Our results support the earlier evidence for a possible role of UCSNP-44 of the CAPN10 gene in the manifestation of PCOS.

Effect of metformin on oxidative stress, nitrosative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in type 2 diabetes patients

AIM

Advanced research has radically changed both diagnosis and treatment of diabetes during last three decades; a number of classes of oral antidiabetic agents are currently available for better glycemic control. Present study aims to evaluate the effect of metformin on different stress and inflammatory parameters in diabetic subjects.

METHODS

208 type 2 diabetes patients were randomly assigned for metformin and placebo.

RESULTS

Reactive oxygen species generation, advanced oxidation protein products (179.65±13.6, 120.65±10.5 μmol/l) and pentosidine (107±10.4, 78±7.6 pmol/ml) were found to be reduced by metformin treatment compared to placebo. On the other hand metformin administration enhanced total thiol and nitric oxide level (p<0.05). But nutrient level (Mg(+2), Ca(+2)) in plasma was not altered by the treatment. Significant restoration of C reactive protein (p<0.05) was noticed after metformin therapy. Metformin administration also improved Na(+)K(+)ATPase activity (0.28±0.08, 0.41±0.07 μmol Pi/mg/h) in erythrocyte membrane.

CONCLUSIONS

This study explores that metformin treatment restores the antioxidant status, enzymatic activity and inflammatory parameters in type 2 diabetic patients. Metformin therapy improves the status of oxidative and nitrosative stress altered in type 2 diabetes. This study unfolds the cardio protective role of metformin as an oral hypoglycemic agent.