The Effectiveness of Protection Orders in Reducing Recidivism in Domestic Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Acute effects of light during daytime on central aspects of attention and affect: A systematic review

Light regulates both image- and various non-image forming responses in humans, including acute effects on attention and affect. To advance the understanding of light's immediate effects, this systematic review describes the acute effects of monochromatic/narrow bandwidth and polychromatic white light during daytime on distinct aspects of attention (alertness, sustained attention, working memory, attentional control and flexibility), and measures of affect (self-report measures, performance-based tests, psychophysiological measures) in healthy, adult human subjects. Original, peer-reviewed (quasi-) experimental studies published between 2000 and May 2024 were included according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed, and results were synthesized across aspects of attention and affect and grouped according to light interventions; monochromatic/narrowband-width or polychromatic white light (regular white, bright white, and white with high correlated color temperature (CCT)). Results from included studies (n = 62) showed that alertness and working memory were most affected by light. Electroencephalographic markers of alertness improved the most with exposure to narrow bandwidth long-wavelength light, regular white, and white light with high CCT. Self-reported alertness and measures of working memory improved the most with bright white light. Results from studies testing the acute effects on sustained attention and attentional control and flexibility were inconclusive. Performance-based and psychophysiological measures of affect were only influenced by narrow bandwidth long-wavelength light. Polychromatic white light exerted mixed effects on self-reported affect. Studies were strongly heterogeneous in terms of light stimuli characteristics and reporting of light stimuli and control of variables influencing light's acute effects.

Risk Factors for Multiple Violations of Protective Orders in Intimate Partner Violence Against Women

This study examined 1,134 cases of violence against women in intimate partner relationships with violations of protective orders in a monitoring period of up to 15 months. The dynamics of time and violence were analyzed in the cases of multiple violation versus one-time violation, with the objective of identifying and thus neutralizing the risk factors for this type of recidivism. The results showed that early violation, serious physical violence, death threats, as well as jealousy, harassment, and control are related to multiple violation. This article discusses the results in comparison with other research and proposes measures to avoid revictimizations.

Protective Orders for Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Differences Between Violators and Non-Violators

The goal of this study was to determine the profile of the aggressors of intimate partner violence (IPV), who tend to violate protective orders (POs). A cohort of 200 men convicted of IPV (120 violators and 80 non-violators of the POs) was studied. Male perpetrators were more likely to belong to the PO violator group when they had a prior criminal history, they inflicted more severe physical violence, they were drug users, and they had a low education level. Using the risk factors identified here when dealing with males who perpetrate IPV and taking appropriate measures may help to prevent revictimization.

Prediction of violence: Part contagious disease, part unpredictable individual: Is a public health assessment approach an additional option and at what cost?

On a population level, violence shares many similarities with communicable disease states and other public health issues. Therefore, there has been a push to apply public health interventions to the problem of societal violence and for some to even identify violence as the product of a disease state (e.g., changed brain). This conceptualization could lead to the development of new risk violence assessment tools and approaches predicated more on the public health model rather than existing instruments that have often been based on inpatient mental health populations or incarcerated populations. In this article, we will discuss aspects of legal obligation for risk violence "prediction/stratification", the application of the public health communicable disease model to violence, as well as identify why it may not always translate to the individual with whom a clinician or forensic mental health evaluator interacts.

Órdenes de protección en Montevideo, Uruguay: qué tan efectivas son para prevenir la revictimización conyugal de las mujeres

Introducción. A nivel global, las órdenes de protección (OP) son el instrumento legal más utilizado para prevenir la violencia conyugal hacia las mujeres (Herrera & Amor, 2017). Las investigaciones del Norte Global indican que estas medidas reducen la revictimización de forma considerable (Dowling et al., 2018b). Sin embargo, en Latinoamérica se conoce muy poco sobre sus efectos en el bienestar de las mujeres. Objetivo. Este artículo analiza qué tan efectivas han sido las OP para prevenir la revictimización de las mujeres a manos de una (ex)pareja en Montevideo, Uruguay. Metodología. A partir de la lectura de reportes policiales y expedientes judiciales para una muestra probabilística de 1.034 casos de violencia doméstica en el marco de la (ex)pareja ocurridos en 2018, realiza un análisis cuantitativo de: (i) los niveles de incumplimiento de las OP durante los seis meses posteriores a su aplicación; (ii) las características de las revictimizaciones constatadas; (iii) los atributos de las víctimas, los autores, y los hechos denunciados que incrementan la probabilidad de revictimización de las mujeres. Resultados. Los resultados muestran que los niveles de incumplimiento e incumplimiento violento de las OP alcanzan el 33,6% y 25,9%, respectivamente. Indican también que las medidas reducen de forma exitosa los incidentes de violencia física, psicológica, sexual y económica; pero incrementan el acoso. Conclusión. Finalmente, los elementos estadísticamente asociados con la probabilidad de revictimización son: (i) El hecho de que la mujer haya sido víctima de violencia conyugal con parejas previas; (ii) el contacto previo del autor con el sistema de justicia; y (iii) la existencia de violencia psicológica y económico-patrimonial previa al hecho denunciado. Este trabajo pretende ser un insumo para el diseño de políticas de seguridad basadas en evidencia, que permitan optimizar recursos para la protección de las mujeres que se encuentran en una mayor situación de vulnerabilidad ante futuros abusos.

The Arizona Intimate Partner Homicide (AzIPH) Study: a Step toward Updating and Expanding Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Homicide

Despite the importance of intimate partner violence (IPV) and homicide research to women's health and safety, much remains unknown about risk factors for intimate partner homicide (IPH). This article presents the Arizona Intimate Partner Homicide Study, pilot research that is being conducted in one U.S. state to update and expand on risk factors for IPH. In the context of presenting this study, we summarize the literature on data collection techniques, various marginalized and under researched populations, and the importance of gathering data about the victim-offender relationship and situational IPH risk factors. Additional research is needed to update risk factors for IPH to account for changes in technology and to examine differential risk across diverse populations. Local, community based data collection strategies are likely to provide more comprehensive and nuanced insight into IPH; though, to understand risk factors among marginalized populations, it may be necessary to increase sample size through a national strategy. Although not a panacea, we present this ongoing research as a model for other states to emulate and improve upon, in the hopes of developing more comprehensive data examining risk for IPH among victims of IPV.

Variation in State Laws on Access to Civil Protection Orders for Adolescents Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence

PURPOSE

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent among adolescents. Civil protection orders (CPOs) are the most common legal remedy used by individuals experiencing IPV to prevent recurrence. However, laws on whether adolescents can access CPOs vary by state. We assessed the landscape of state legislation regarding adolescents' access to CPOs for IPV.

METHODS

We systematically assessed statutes across all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia for 5 indicators: whether minors can be granted CPOs, whether minors can file on their own behalf, whether dating relationships are eligible, definitions of abuse qualifying for CPOs, and whether a CPO prohibits firearm possession and requires surrender of firearms.

RESULTS

A total of 48 states (94%) explicitly allow minors to obtain CPOs. Fourteen states (27%) explicitly allow minors to file for a CPO on their own behalf. Forty-four states (86%) recognize dating relationships as qualifying relationships for a CPO. A CPO may be issued for physical violence in all 51 states (100%), sexual violence in 46 states (90%), threats of physical or sexual violence in 47 states (92%), stalking in 44 states (86%), and psychological/emotional violence in 28 states (55%). In 22 states (43%), an individual subject to a CPO is prohibited from possessing firearms and is required to surrender firearms they already have.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a significant variation in states' CPO statutes related to adolescent IPV. Improvements in legislation that reduce the barriers to legal relief for those experiencing violence can be an important part of a comprehensive solution to reducing IPV among adolescents.