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Neema S, Tripathy D, Mukherjee S, Sinha A, Vendhan S, Vasudevan B. Infrared thermography in the diagnosis of palmar hyperhidrosis: A diagnostic study. Med J Armed Forces India 2023; 79:560-564. [PMID: 37719898 PMCID: PMC10499645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary hyperhidrosis is a common condition affecting 1-3% of the general population. Excessive sweating leads to reduced surface temperature due to evaporation that can be captured using a thermal camera. We performed this study to find the utility of thermography in the diagnosis of palmar hyperhidrosis. Methods This was a cross-sectional diagnostic study conducted in a tertiary care dermatology center during the study period Apr 20-Mar 21. Adult patients with palmar hyperhidrosis diagnosed by expert dermatologists were recruited. The severity was assessed using the hyperhidrosis disease severity scale (HDSS). The measurements were done using a FLIR™ thermal camera. A pilot study, including 30 patients and 30 controls were performed. The results of the pilot study were used for the calculation of sample size. Result The study included 55 patients and 110 controls. The mean age of the patients and controls was 22.4 (±3) years and 21.7 (±2.5) years, respectively. The mean temperature difference in the patient and control group was found to be 19.6 (±3.3)0 F and 5.8 (±2.9)0 F, respectively (p < 0.001). A receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) to assess the discriminatory ability of mean temperature difference in diagnosis of hyperhidrosis found the area under the curve (AUC) to be 0.995 and a temperature difference of 11.5 °F provides sensitivity and specificity of 98.2% and 97.3% for the diagnosis of hyperhidrosis. Conclusions Thermal imaging is a simple, noninvasive, and objective tool for the diagnosis of hyperhidrosis. It has potential utility in monitoring the effect of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekhar Neema
- Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - D.M. Tripathy
- Resident, Department of Dermatology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Sweta Mukherjee
- Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Anwita Sinha
- Resident, Department of Dermatology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Senkadhir Vendhan
- Resident, Department of Dermatology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Biju Vasudevan
- Professor & Head, Department of Dermatology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
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Dupin N, Jary A, Boussouar S, Syrykh C, Gandjbakhche A, Bergeret S, Palich R. Current and Future Tools for Diagnosis of Kaposi's Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235927. [PMID: 34885035 PMCID: PMC8657166 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare opportunistic tumor, is observed in four epidemiological conditions (AIDS-related, iatrogenic, endemic or classic KS). Although in most cases KS is an indolent disease, it can be locally aggressive and/or it can invade other organs than the skin, resulting in more severe presentations, especially in patients with severe immunosuppression. There is no consensus on the imaging workup that is necessary for either the initial staging of the disease or the follow-up. Future perspectives include the use of certain non-invasive imaging tools that may help to evaluate the clinical response to treatment, as well as certain new histological markers that may help in guiding the treatment planning for this atypical neoplasm. Abstract Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a rare, atypical malignancy associated with immunosuppression and can be qualified as an opportunistic tumor, which responds to immune modulation or restoration. Four different epidemiological forms have been individualized (AIDS-related, iatrogenic, endemic or classic KS). Although clinical examination is sufficient to diagnose cutaneous lesions of KS, additional explorations are necessary in order to detect lesions involving other organs. New histological markers have been developed in recent years concerning the detection of HHV-8 latent or lytic proteins in the lesions, helping to confirm the diagnosis when it is clinically doubtful. More recently, the evaluation of the local immune response has also been shown to provide some guidance in choosing the appropriate therapeutic option when necessary. We also review the indication and the results of conventional radiological imaging and of non-invasive imaging tools such as 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography, thermography and laser Doppler imaging for the diagnosis of KS and for the follow-up of therapeutic response in patients requiring systemic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dupin
- Dermatology Department, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Institut Cochin, INSERM 1016, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France;
| | - Aude Jary
- Virology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health Institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Samia Boussouar
- Cardiothoracic Imaging Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, ICAN Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, INSERM, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Charlotte Syrykh
- Department of Pathology, University Cancer Institute of Toulouse-Oncopole, 31000 Toulouse, France;
| | - Amir Gandjbakhche
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Sébastien Bergeret
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Romain Palich
- Infectious Diseases Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health Institute (iPLESP), INSERM 1136, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-42-16-01-71; Fax: +33-1-42-16-04-45
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Fu X, Cheong YH, Ahamed A, Zhou C, Robert C, Krikstolaityte V, Gordon KC, Lisak G. Diagnostics of skin features through 3D skin mapping based on electro-controlled deposition of conducting polymers onto metal-sebum modified surfaces and their possible applications in skin treatment. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1142:84-98. [PMID: 33280707 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Analytical diagnostics of skin features was developed through application of portable and fast skin mapping based on electro-controlled deposition of conducting polymers onto metal-sebum modified surfaces. In this analytical diagnostic technique, the development of skin pattern is based on electropolymerization of conducting polymers within insulating barriers in skin stamp provided by natural sebum to monitor the 3D nature of various skin features. The recorded skin maps reach a μm-level resolution and are proved to be capable of recognition, enhancement, and reproduction of surface outlines of various skin topographies, subsequently assisting dermatological diagnosis. The technique can precisely record skin surface morphology and reflect the vertical dimension information within 10 min and is aimed to assist dermatologists working with patients suffering from skin diseases via recording or monitoring the skin surface conditions. Additionally, successful trials of loading and electro-controlled release of Cu2+ into/from the developed skin patterns reveals its potential to be also utilized for treatment of pathological skin conditions. Based on the developed analytical diagnostic technique, a well-designed 3D printed portable prototype device based on electrosynthesis of the conducting polymer powered by an ordinary battery (1.5 V) was tested and was found to have excellent performance in onsite 3D skin pattern reproduction from live human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Fu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Yi-Heng Cheong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Ashiq Ahamed
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Chao Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chima Robert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, 70 Union Street, West Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Vida Krikstolaityte
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, 70 Union Street, West Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Residues and Resource Reclamation Center, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
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Bhatia R, Sharma A, Narang RK, Rawal RK. Recent Nanocarrier Approaches for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2020; 14:350-366. [PMID: 32744982 DOI: 10.2174/1874467213666200730114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most serious health concerns in the 21st century whose prevalence is beyond boundaries and can affect any organ of the human body. The conventional chemotherapeutic treatment strategies lack specificity to tumors and are associated with toxic effects on the immune system and other organ systems. In the past decades, there has been continuous progress in the development of smart nanocarrier systems for target-specific delivery of drugs against a variety of tumors, including intracellular gene-specific targeting. These nanocarriers are able to recognize the tumor cells and deliver the therapeutic agent in fixed proportions, causing no or very less harm to healthy cells. Nanosystems have modified physicochemical properties, improved bioavailability, and long retention in blood, which enhances their potency. A huge number of nanocarrier based formulations have been developed and are in clinical trials. Nanocarrier systems include polymeric micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, etc. Recent advancements in nanocarrier systems include mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), metal organic frameworks, and quantum dots. In the present review, various nanocarrier based drug delivery systems, along with their applications in the management of cancer, have been described with special emphasis on MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Raj K Narang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ferozepur G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Ravindra K Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-133207, Haryana, India
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Targeting the leptin receptor: To evaluate therapeutic efficacy and anti-tumor effects of Doxil, in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing C26 colon carcinoma tumor. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:107-115. [PMID: 29413587 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an appetite regulatory hormone that is secreted into the blood circulation by the adipose tissue and it functions via its over expressed receptors (Ob-R) in a wide variety of cancers. In the present study, the function of a leptin-derived peptide (LP16, 91-110 of Leptin) was investigated as a targeting ligand to decorate PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD, Doxil®) surface and the anti-tumor activity and therapeutic efficacy of Doxil in C26 (Colon Carcinoma) tumor model were also evaluated. As a result of this, Doxil with different LP16 peptide density (25, 50, 100 and 200 peptide on the surface of each liposome) was successfully prepared and characterized. In vitro results showed significant enhanced cytotoxicity and cellular binding and uptake of LP16-targeted Doxil formulations (LP16-Doxil) in C26 cells as compared to Doxil. In BALB/c mice bearing C26 murine carcinoma, at a dose of 15 mg/kg, LP16-Doxil groups (100 ligand) significantly suppressed the growth of the tumor and showed higher inclination to tumor as compared to non-targeted Doxil. This study revealed that the potential of LP16 peptide targeting increased the therapeutic efficacy of Doxil and highlighted the importance of optimizing the ligand density to maximize the targeting ability of the nanocarriers and merits further investigations.
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Burkes SA, Patel M, Adams DM, Hammill AM, Eaton KP, Randall Wickett R, Visscher MO. Infantile hemangioma status by dynamic infrared thermography: A preliminary study. Int J Dermatol 2016; 55:e522-32. [PMID: 27062495 PMCID: PMC5026852 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are initially warm due to increased proliferation and perfusion then involute with apoptosis and reduced perfusion. Objective quantitative evaluation of IH treatment response is essential for improving outcomes. We applied a functional imaging method, dynamic infrared (IR) thermography, to investigate IH status versus control skin and over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS A preliminary prospective observational study was conducted among 25 subjects with superficial or mixed IHs (< 19 months) over 59 clinic visits. Infrared images of IHs and control sites, standardized color images, and three-dimensional images were obtained. Tissue responses following application and removal of a cold stress were recorded with video IR thermography. Outcomes included areas under the curve during cooling (AUCcool ) and rewarming (AUCrw ) and thermal intensity distribution maps. RESULTS AUCcool and AUCrw were significantly higher and cooling rate slower for IHs versus uninvolved tissue indicating greater heat, presumably due to greater perfusion and metabolism for the IH. IR distribution maps showed specific areas of high and low temperature. Significant changes in IH thermal activity were reflected in the difference (AUCcool - AUCrw ), with 6.2 at 2.2 months increasing to 37.6 at 12.8 months. IH cooling rate increased with age, indicating slower recovery, and interpreted as reduced proliferation and/or involution. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic IR thermography was a well-tolerated, quantitative functional imaging modality appropriate for the clinic, particularly when structural changes, i.e., height, volume, color, were not readily observed. It may assist in monitoring progress, individualizing treatment, and evaluating therapies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier NCT02061735).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoná A Burkes
- Skin Sciences Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Manish Patel
- Hemangioma and Vascular Malformation Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Denise M Adams
- Hemangioma and Vascular Malformation Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adrienne M Hammill
- Hemangioma and Vascular Malformation Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth P Eaton
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Randall Wickett
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marty O Visscher
- Skin Sciences Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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7
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Afshari A, Ardeshirpour Y, Lodish MB, Gourgari E, Sinaii N, Keil M, Belyavskaya E, Lyssikatos C, Chowdhry FA, Chernomordik V, Anderson AA, Mazzuchi TA, Gandjbakhche A, Stratakis CA. Facial Plethora: Modern Technology for Quantifying an Ancient Clinical Sign and Its Use in Cushing Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3928-33. [PMID: 26301943 PMCID: PMC4596033 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Facial plethora is a clinical sign described since ancient times for a variety of diseases. In the 19th century, it was linked to increased blood volume or flow, but this has never been proven. Facial plethora is also one of the earliest described clinical features of Cushing's syndrome (CS). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to quantify facial plethora changes in CS as an early assessment of cure after surgery using noninvasive near-infrared multispectral imaging (MSI). DESIGN The longitudinal cohort study was initiated in August 2012 and completed in August 2014. SETTING Clinical research hospital, National Institutes of Health. PATIENTS Thirty-four of the 38 patients who received surgical treatment for CS under protocol 97CH0076 during this period were included. INTERVENTION(S) MSI was performed on the right cheek of patients before surgery and 4.9 ± 3.1 days afterward. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Average blood volume fraction as measured by MSI and serum cortisol. RESULTS All but four of the 28 patients (86%) who were assessed as cured by postoperative plasma cortisol measurements of < 3 μg/dL showed a decrease in blood volume fraction (17.7 ± 0.03 vs 15.8 ± 0.03%; P = .0019), whereas an increase was seen in patients with persistent CS (18.5 ± 0.03 vs 21.4 ± 0.04%; P = .0017). Change in blood volume fraction before and after surgery was correlated with postoperative cortisol (rs = 0.58; P = .0003). CONCLUSIONS Clinical data obtained from 34 patients indicate that a decrease in facial plethora after surgery, as evidenced by a decrease in blood volume fraction, is correlated with CS outcome. This novel technology for the first time identified a physiological mechanism associated with an ancient clinical sign. Furthermore, as a proof of principle, MSI is a promising early marker of cure in patients with CS that complements biochemical and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Afshari
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Yasaman Ardeshirpour
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Maya Beth Lodish
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Evgenia Gourgari
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Ninet Sinaii
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Margaret Keil
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Elena Belyavskaya
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Charalampos Lyssikatos
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Fatima A Chowdhry
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Victor Chernomordik
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Afrouz A Anderson
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Thomas A Mazzuchi
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Amir Gandjbakhche
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics (A.A., Y.A., F.A.C., V.C., A.A.A., A.G.), and Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (M.B.L., E.G, M.K., E.B., C.L., C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (N.S.), Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and George Washington University Department of System Engineering (T.A.M.), Washington, DC 20052
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Kainerstorfer JM, Polizzotto MN, Uldrick TS, Rahman R, Hassan M, Najafizadeh L, Ardeshirpour Y, Wyvill KM, Aleman K, Smith PD, Yarchoan R, Gandjbakhche AH. Evaluation of non-invasive multispectral imaging as a tool for measuring the effect of systemic therapy in Kaposi sarcoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83887. [PMID: 24386302 PMCID: PMC3873970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse multi-spectral imaging has been evaluated as a potential non-invasive marker of tumor response. Multi-spectral images of Kaposi sarcoma skin lesions were taken over the course of treatment, and blood volume and oxygenation concentration maps were obtained through principal component analysis (PCA) of the data. These images were compared with clinical and pathological responses determined by conventional means. We demonstrate that cutaneous lesions have increased blood volume concentration and that changes in this parameter are a reliable indicator of treatment efficacy, differentiating responders and non-responders. Blood volume decreased by at least 20% in all lesions that responded by clinical criteria and increased in the two lesions that did not respond clinically. Responses as assessed by multi-spectral imaging also generally correlated with overall patient clinical response assessment, were often detectable earlier in the course of therapy, and are less subject to observer variability than conventional clinical assessment. Tissue oxygenation was more variable, with lesions often showing decreased oxygenation in the center surrounded by a zone of increased oxygenation. This technique could potentially be a clinically useful supplement to existing response assessment in KS, providing an early, quantitative, and non-invasive marker of treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M. Kainerstorfer
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark N. Polizzotto
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rafa Rahman
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Moinuddin Hassan
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laleh Najafizadeh
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yasaman Ardeshirpour
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Wyvill
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen Aleman
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Smith
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Multiscale Imaging Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amir H. Gandjbakhche
- Section on Analytical and Functional Biophotonics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Dasgeb B, Kainerstorfer J, Mehregan D, Van Vreede A, Gandjbakhche A. An introduction to primary skin imaging. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52:1319-30. [PMID: 23879559 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dermatology is a field in which clinical examination is heavily relied upon for diagnosis. When required, a tissue biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Recent advances in imaging techniques have been applied to cutaneous lesions to improve diagnostic accuracy without the need for biopsy. These new imaging techniques are reviewed for their developing role in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Dasgeb
- Dermatology Department, Sloan Memorial Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Analytical and Stochastic Biomedical Physics Section, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Mura S, Couvreur P. Nanotheranostics for personalized medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1394-416. [PMID: 22728642 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in the biomedical field, known as nanomedicine, has gained much interest in the recent past, as versatile strategy for selective drug delivery and diagnostic purposes. The already encouraging results obtained with monofunctional nanomedicines have directed the efforts of the scientists towards the creation of "nanotheranostics" (i.e. theranostic nanomedicines) which integrate imaging and therapeutic functions in a single platform. Nanotheranostics hold great promises because they combine the simultaneous non-invasive diagnosis and treatment of diseases with the exciting possibility to monitor in real time drug release and distribution, thus predicting and validating the effectiveness of the therapy. Due to these features nanotheranostics are extremely attractive for optimizing treatment outcomes in cancer and other severe diseases. The following step is the attempt to use nanotheranostics for performing a real personalized medicine which will tailor optimized treatment to each patient, taking into account the individual variability. Clinical application of nanotheranostics would enable earlier detection and treatment of diseases and earlier assessment of the response, thus allowing screening for patients which would potentially respond to therapy and have higher possibilities of a favorable outcome. This concept makes nanotheranostics extremely appealing to elaborate personalized therapeutic protocols for achieving the maximal benefit along with a high safety profile. Among the several systems developed up to now, this review focuses on the nanotheranostics which, due to the promising results, show the highest potential of translation to clinical applications and may transform into concrete practice the concept of personalized nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mura
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5, rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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11
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Saito Y, Yasunaga M, Kuroda JI, Koga Y, Matsumura Y. Antitumour activity of NK012, SN-38-incorporating polymeric micelles, in hypovascular orthotopic pancreatic tumour. Eur J Cancer 2009; 46:650-8. [PMID: 20015633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic cancer is refractory to chemotherapy partly because of blockage to penetration of anticancer agents. This issue must be taken into account particularly for the drug delivery system (DDS). The aim of the present study is to investigate how NK012 (SN-38-incorporating polymeric micelles) categorised as DDS exerts its antitumour effect in an orthotopic pancreatic tumour model compared with gemcitabine and irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11), a low-molecular-weight prodrug of a 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38). The maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) of NK012 (30 mg/kg/d), CPT-11 (66.7 mg/kg/d) and gemcitabine (16.5mg/kg/d) were administered to mice bearing human pancreatic cancer cell (SUIT-2) xenografts implanted orthotopically. Antitumour effects of these compounds were evaluated. Drug distribution within the tumour was examined by fluorescence microscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). NK012 exerted potent antitumour effects compared with CPT-11 and gemcitabine. A high concentration of NK012 and SN-38 released from NK012 had been observed until 192h. On the other hand, SN-38 converted from CPT-11 was detected only 1h postinjection. Fluorescence from NK012 was detected up to 48h, whereas that from CPT-11 almost disappeared by 24h postinjection. NK012 appeared to exert potent antitumour activity against intractable stroma-rich orthotopic pancreatic tumour xenografts due to its sufficient accumulation followed by the effective sustained release of SN-38 from NK012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Saito
- Investigative Treatment Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
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12
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Vogel A, Dasgeb B, Hassan M, Amyot F, Chernomordik V, Tao Y, Demos SG, Wyvill K, Aleman K, Little R, Yarchoan R, Gandjbakhche AH. Using quantitative imaging techniques to assess vascularity in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2008; 2006:232-5. [PMID: 17946806 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.259462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Three quantitative and non-invasive techniques were used to monitor angiogenesis in Kaposi's sarcoma patients: thermography, laser Doppler imaging (LDI), and near-infrared spectroscopy. Before and after combination cytotoxic and anti-angiogenesis therapy, blood volume, oxygenated hemoglobin, temperature, and blood flow were analyzed. These three techniques are objective, easy to perform, and appear to be very sensitive in assessing changes in the lesions upon administration of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Vogel
- Laboratory of Integrative & Medical Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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14
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Little RF, Aleman K, Kumar P, Wyvill KM, Pluda JM, Read-Connole E, Wang V, Pittaluga S, Catanzaro AT, Steinberg SM, Yarchoan R. Phase 2 study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with interleukin-12 for AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Blood 2007; 110:4165-71. [PMID: 17846226 PMCID: PMC2234790 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-06-097568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-six patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS) requiring chemotherapy were treated for six 3-week cycles of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (20 mg/m(2)) plus interleukin-12 (IL-12; 300 ng/kg subcutaneously twice weekly), followed by 500 ng/kg subcutaneous IL-12 twice weekly for up to 3 years. All received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Twenty-two had poor-prognosis KS (T(1)S(1)). Thirty patients had a major response, including 9 with complete response, yielding an 83.3% major response rate (95% confidence interval: 67.2%-93.6%). Median time to first response was 2 cycles. Median progression was not reached at median potential follow-up of 46.9 months. Of 27 patients with residual disease when starting maintenance IL-12, 15 had a new major response compared with this new baseline. The regimen was overall well tolerated; principal toxicities were neutropenia, anemia, transaminitis, and neuropsychiatric toxicity. Patients had increases in serum IL-12, interferon gamma, and inducible protein-10 (IP-10), and these remained increased at weeks 18 and 34. The regimen of IL-12 plus liposomal doxorubicin yielded rapid tumor responses and a high response rate in patients with AIDS-KS receiving HAART, and responses were sustained on IL-12 maintenance therapy. A randomized trial of IL-12 in this setting may be warranted. This study is registered at (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) as no. NCT00020449.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Little
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1868, USA
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15
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Vogel A, Chernomordik VV, Riley JD, Hassan M, Amyot F, Dasgeb B, Demos SG, Pursley R, Little RF, Yarchoan R, Tao Y, Gandjbakhche AH. Using noninvasive multispectral imaging to quantitatively assess tissue vasculature. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:051604. [PMID: 17994873 PMCID: PMC2443549 DOI: 10.1117/1.2801718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This research describes a noninvasive, noncontact method used to quantitatively analyze the functional characteristics of tissue. Multispectral images collected at several near-infrared wavelengths are input into a mathematical optical skin model that considers the contributions from different analytes in the epidermis and dermis skin layers. Through a reconstruction algorithm, we can quantify the percent of blood in a given area of tissue and the fraction of that blood that is oxygenated. Imaging normal tissue confirms previously reported values for the percent of blood in tissue and the percent of blood that is oxygenated in tissue and surrounding vasculature, for the normal state and when ischemia is induced. This methodology has been applied to assess vascular Kaposi's sarcoma lesions and the surrounding tissue before and during experimental therapies. The multispectral imaging technique has been combined with laser Doppler imaging to gain additional information. Results indicate that these techniques are able to provide quantitative and functional information about tissue changes during experimental drug therapy and investigate progression of disease before changes are visibly apparent, suggesting a potential for them to be used as complementary imaging techniques to clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Vogel
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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16
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Kano MR, Bae Y, Iwata C, Morishita Y, Yashiro M, Oka M, Fujii T, Komuro A, Kiyono K, Kaminishi M, Hirakawa K, Ouchi Y, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K, Miyazono K. Improvement of cancer-targeting therapy, using nanocarriers for intractable solid tumors by inhibition of TGF-beta signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3460-5. [PMID: 17307870 PMCID: PMC1800736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611660104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta plays a pivotal role in regulation of progression of cancer through effects on tumor microenvironment as well as on cancer cells. TGF-beta inhibitors have recently been shown to prevent the growth and metastasis of certain cancers. However, there may be adverse effects caused by TGF-beta signaling inhibition, including the induction of cancers by the repression of TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition. Here, we present an application of a short-acting, small-molecule TGF-beta type I receptor (TbetaR-I) inhibitor at a low dose in treating several experimental intractable solid tumors, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma and diffuse-type gastric cancer, characterized by hypovascularity and thick fibrosis in tumor microenvironments. Low-dose TbetaR-I inhibitor altered neither TGF-beta signaling in cancer cells nor the amount of fibrotic components. However, it decreased pericyte coverage of the endothelium without reducing endothelial area specifically in tumor neovasculature and promoted accumulation of macromolecules, including anticancer nanocarriers, in the tumors. Compared with the absence of TbetaR-I inhibitor, anticancer nanocarriers exhibited potent growth-inhibitory effects on these cancers in the presence of TbetaR-I inhibitor. The use of TbetaR-I inhibitor combined with nanocarriers may thus be of significant clinical and practical importance in treating intractable solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunobu R. Kano
- Departments of *Molecular Pathology
- Geriatrics
- Center for Nano-Bio Integration, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan; and
| | - Younsoo Bae
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine
- Center for Nano-Bio Integration, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan; and
| | - Caname Iwata
- Departments of *Molecular Pathology
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, and
| | | | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | | | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine
- **Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; and
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine
- **Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering; and
- Center for Nano-Bio Integration, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Department of Material Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Departments of *Molecular Pathology
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
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Gandjbakhche A, Vogel A, Amyot F, Chernomordik V, Hassan M, Demos S, Aleman K, Little R, Yarchoan R. Noninvasive Multimodality Imaging Techniques to Assess Kaposi's Sarcoma. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2006:694-6. [PMID: 17282277 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1616508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated three non-invasive method, thermography, laser Doppler imaging and near infrared multi-spectral imaging to quantitatively assess parameters of vascularity in Kaposi's sarcoma. The KS lesion generally has increased temperature, blood velocity and blood deoxy-hemoglobin. There is a strong correlation between temperature and blood velocity (R= 81, p <0.001). After treatment with experimental drug (liposomal doxorubicin and interleukin-12), temperature, blood velocity, blood volume and deoxy-hemoglobin of the lesions are reduced from the baseline at week 18. The techniques are objective, easy to perform, and appear to be very sensitive in assessing improvement in the lesions upon administration of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Gandjbakhche
- Lab. of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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