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Inai M, Sagara H, Ueno Y, Ouchi H, Yoshimura F, Asakawa T, Hamashima Y, Kan T. Total Synthesis of (+)-Silybin A. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:570-573. [PMID: 38910121 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c24-00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
We report the first total synthesis of silybin A (1). Key synthetic steps include the construction of the 1,4-benzodioxane neolignan skeleton, a modified Julia-Kocienski olefination reaction between m-nitrophenyltetrazole sulfone (m-NPT sulfone) 10 and aldehyde 21, the formation of the flavanol lignan skeleton 28 via a quinomethide intermediate under acidic conditions, and stepwise oxidation of the benzylic position of flavanol 29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Inai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Hiroto Sagara
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yoshinori Ueno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | | | | | - Toshiyuki Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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2
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Omar AR, Nour AA, Dakrory AE. Amelioration of silymarin against cadmium-induced toxicity in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1192-1207. [PMID: 37401502 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silymarin is an antioxidant without side effects even at relatively high physiological dosage. Therefore, it is safely used as a herbal medicine for treating different diseases. AIM OF WORK The purpose of this study was to examine the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) in pregnant rats and their fetuses and the ameliorative effects of silymarin (SL) against this toxicity. MATERIALS & METHODS A total of 24 pregnant rats allocated into four equal groups. Control, silymarin (200 mg/kg), Cd (5 mg/kg), and a combination of Cd and silymarin concurrent from 6 to 20th gestational day. Number of corpora lutea, dams', gravid uteri, placental weights, and likewise fetal body weights and lengths were analyzed as physical parameters. Serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatinine, urea, uric acid, and maternal and fetal liver tissues for malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione activity were studied. The histology of hepatic and renal tissues for both mothers and fetuses was examined. Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance test and Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare group means. RESULTS The findings evidenced that Cd causes teratogenic abnormalities and histopathological variation in hepatic and renal tissues of both mothers and fetuses. Cd triggers oxidative stress and disrupts liver and kidney function. In Cd + silymarin treated rats exhibited improvement in the pregnancy outcomes, reduced histopathological changes, oxidative stress as well as liver and kidney enzymes. CONCLUSION We deduced that using of silymarin during gestation is effective and ameliorate the toxic maternal complications caused by cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ramadan Omar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Emam Dakrory
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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3
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Raclariu-Manolică AC, Mauvisseau Q, Paranaiba R, De Boer HJ, Socaciu C. Authentication of milk thistle commercial products using UHPLC-QTOF-ESI + MS metabolomics and DNA metabarcoding. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:257. [PMID: 37480124 PMCID: PMC10360273 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk thistle is one of the most popular hepatoprotectants, and is often sold in combination with other ingredients. Botanical supplements are known to be vulnerable to contamination and adulteration, and emerging technologies show promise to improve their quality control. METHODS Untargeted and semi-targeted metabolomics based on UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS techniques, UV spectrometry, and DNA metabarcoding using Illumina MiSeq were used to authenticate eighteen milk thistle botanical formulations (teas, capsules, tablets, emulsion). RESULTS Untargeted metabolomics separated 217 molecules and by multivariate analysis the discrimination between the different preparations was established. The semi-targeted metabolomics focused on 63 phytochemicals, mainly silymarin flavonolignans and flavonoids, that may be considered as putative biomarkers of authenticity. All formulations contained molecules from silymarin complexes at different levels. The quantitative evaluation of silybins was done using in parallel UV spectrometry and UHPLC-QTOF-ESI+MS and their correlations were compared. DNA metabarcoding detected milk thistle in eleven out of sixteen retained preparations, whereas two others had incomplete evidence of milk thistle despite metabolomics validating specific metabolites, e.g., silymarin complex, identified and quantified in all samples. Meanwhile, the DNA metabarcoding provided insights into the total species composition allowing the interpretation of the results in a broad context. CONCLUSION Our study emphasizes that combining spectroscopic, chromatographic, and genetic techniques bring complementary information to guarantee the quality of the botanical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuța Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Alexandru cel Bun Street, 6, Piatra Neamț, 610004, Romania.
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, Oslo, 0318, Norway.
| | - Quentin Mauvisseau
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Renato Paranaiba
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, 70910-900, Brazil
- DNA Laboratory, National Institute of Criminalistics, Brazilian Federal Police, SAIS Quadra 7, Lote 23, Brasília, DF, 70610-200, Brazil
| | - Hugo J De Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Mănăştur Street, nr. 3-5, Cluj Napoca, 400372, Romania
- BIODIATECH- Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapy, Trifoiului Street 12G, Cluj-Napoca, 400478, Romania
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Singh M, Kadhim MM, Turki Jalil A, Oudah SK, Aminov Z, Alsaikhan F, Jawhar ZH, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Farhood B. A systematic review of the protective effects of silymarin/silibinin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:88. [PMID: 37165384 PMCID: PMC10173635 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although doxorubicin chemotherapy is commonly applied for treating different malignant tumors, cardiotoxicity induced by this chemotherapeutic agent restricts its clinical use. The use of silymarin/silibinin may mitigate the doxorubicin-induced cardiac adverse effects. For this aim, the potential cardioprotective effects of silymarin/silibinin against the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity were systematically reviewed. METHODS In this study, we performed a systematic search in accordance with PRISMA guideline for identifying all relevant studies on "the role of silymarin/silibinin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity" in different electronic databases up to June 2022. Sixty-one articles were obtained and screened based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirteen eligible papers were finally included in this review. RESULTS According to the echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings, the doxorubicin-treated groups presented a significant reduction in ejection fraction, tissue Doppler peak mitral annulus systolic velocity, and fractional shortening as well as bradycardia, prolongation of QT and QRS interval. However, these echocardiographic abnormalities were obviously improved in the silymarin plus doxorubicin groups. As well, the doxorubicin administration led to induce histopathological and biochemical changes in the cardiac cells/tissue; in contrast, the silymarin/silibinin co-administration could mitigate these induced alterations (for most of the cases). CONCLUSION According to the findings, it was found that the co-administration of silymarin/silibinin alleviates the doxorubicin-induced cardiac adverse effects. Silymarin/silibinin exerts its cardioprotective effects via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic activities, and other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- Department of Physical Education, University of Jammu, Srinagar, Jammu, India
| | - Mustafa M Kadhim
- Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, 52001, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq.
| | | | - Zafar Aminov
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare Management, Samarkand State Medical University, 18 Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, 103 Makhtumkuli Str., Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zanko Hassan Jawhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
- Educational Statistics Research Group (GIEE), National University of Education, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Liu Y, Wu M, Ren M, Bao H, Wang Q, Wang N, Sun S, Xu J, Yang X, Zhao X, Bao Y, He G, Xu W. From Medical Herb to Functional Food: Development of a Fermented Milk Containing Silybin and Protein from Milk Thistle. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061308. [PMID: 36981234 PMCID: PMC10048290 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle is a traditional medicinal herb. Silybin is a medicinal component found in the seed coat of milk thistle, which has liver-protective and anti-cancer properties. Conventional studies have focused on the extraction of silybin with organic reagents, which was inapplicable to the food industry. This study aims to develop a fermented milk containing silybin and protein from the milk thistle seeds. A three step procedure was developed, comprising homogenization of milk thistle seeds, NaHCO3 heat treatment, and microbial fermentation. The silybin was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography, and the protein was quantified and electrophorized. It was found that the homogenization step was essential for the preparation of protein, and the NaHCO3 heat treatment was the crucial step in obtaining silybin. The optimal NaHCO3 treatment settings were 1% NaHCO3, 60°C, and 3 h, and the optimal strains for microbial fermentation were L131 (Rummeliibacillus stabekisii) and RS72 (Lactobacillus plantarum). The silybin yield in the fermented milk reached 11.24-12.14 mg/g seeds, accounting for 72.6-78.4% of the total silybin in the milk thistle seeds, and the protein yield reached 121.8-129.6 mg/g seeds. The fermented milk had a slightly sweet yoghurt-like flavor and could be used as a dietary supplement for silybin and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Liu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Minghuo Wu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Miaomiao Ren
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Haijun Bao
- Yingkou Chenguang Extraction Equipment Co., Ltd., Yingkou 115000, China
| | - Qing'an Wang
- Yingkou Chenguang Extraction Equipment Co., Ltd., Yingkou 115000, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Yingkou Chenguang Extraction Equipment Co., Ltd., Yingkou 115000, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Yongming Bao
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Gaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin 124221, China
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Raclariu-Manolică AC, Socaciu C. Detecting and Profiling of Milk Thistle Metabolites in Food Supplements: A Safety-Oriented Approach by Advanced Analytics. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030440. [PMID: 36984880 PMCID: PMC10052194 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is among the top-selling botanicals used as a supportive treatment for liver diseases. Silymarin, a mixture of unique flavonolignan metabolites, is the main bioactive component of milk thistle. The biological activities of silymarin have been well described in the literature, and its use is considered safe and well-tolerated in appropriate doses. However, commercial preparations do not always contain the recommended concentrations of silymarin, failing to provide the expected therapeutic effect. While the poor quality of raw material may explain the low concentrations of silymarin, its deliberate removal is suspected to be an adulteration. Toxic contaminants and foreign matters were also detected in milk thistle preparations, raising serious health concerns. Standard methods for determination of silymarin components include thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with various detectors, but nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) have also been applied. This review surveys the extraction techniques of main milk thistle metabolites and the quality, efficacy, and safety of the derived food supplements. Advanced analytical authentication approaches are discussed with a focus on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding to complement orthogonal chemical characterization and fingerprinting of herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuța Cristina Raclariu-Manolică
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 610004 Piatra Neamț, Romania
| | - Carmen Socaciu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- BIODIATECH-Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapy, 400478 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Elmowafy M, Shalaby K, Elkomy MH, Alsaidan OA, Gomaa HAM, Abdelgawad MA, Mostafa EM. Polymeric Nanoparticles for Delivery of Natural Bioactive Agents: Recent Advances and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051123. [PMID: 36904364 PMCID: PMC10007077 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, several natural bioactive agents have been widely utilized in the treatment and prevention of many diseases owing to their unique and versatile therapeutic effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective action. However, their poor aqueous solubility, poor bioavailability, low GIT stability, extensive metabolism as well as short duration of action are the most shortfalls hampering their biomedical/pharmaceutical applications. Different drug delivery platforms have developed in this regard, and a captivating tool of this has been the fabrication of nanocarriers. In particular, polymeric nanoparticles were reported to offer proficient delivery of various natural bioactive agents with good entrapment potential and stability, an efficiently controlled release, improved bioavailability, and fascinating therapeutic efficacy. In addition, surface decoration and polymer functionalization have opened the door to improving the characteristics of polymeric nanoparticles and alleviating the reported toxicity. Herein, a review of the state of knowledge on polymeric nanoparticles loaded with natural bioactive agents is presented. The review focuses on frequently used polymeric materials and their corresponding methods of fabrication, the needs of such systems for natural bioactive agents, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with natural bioactive agents in the literature, and the potential role of polymer functionalization, hybrid systems, and stimuli-responsive systems in overcoming most of the system drawbacks. This exploration may offer a thorough idea of viewing the polymeric nanoparticles as a potential candidate for the delivery of natural bioactive agents as well as the challenges and the combating tools used to overcome any hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elmowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-541869569
| | - Khaled Shalaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H. Elkomy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham A. M. Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M. Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Silibinin Overcomes EMT-Driven Lung Cancer Resistance to New-Generation ALK Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246101. [PMID: 36551587 PMCID: PMC9777025 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may drive the escape of ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors from ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). We investigated whether first-generation ALK-TKI therapy-induced EMT promotes cross-resistance to new-generation ALK-TKIs and whether this could be circumvented by the flavonolignan silibinin, an EMT inhibitor. ALK-rearranged NSCLC cells acquiring a bona fide EMT phenotype upon chronic exposure to the first-generation ALK-TKI crizotinib exhibited increased resistance to second-generation brigatinib and were fully refractory to third-generation lorlatinib. Such cross-resistance to new-generation ALK-TKIs, which was partially recapitulated upon chronic TGFβ stimulation, was less pronounced in ALK-rearranged NSCLC cells solely acquiring a partial/hybrid E/M transition state. Silibinin overcame EMT-induced resistance to brigatinib and lorlatinib and restored their efficacy involving the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ)/SMAD signaling pathway. Silibinin deactivated TGFβ-regulated SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and suppressed the transcriptional activation of genes under the control of SMAD binding elements. Computational modeling studies and kinase binding assays predicted a targeted inhibitory binding of silibinin to the ATP-binding pocket of TGFβ type-1 receptor 1 (TGFBR1) and TGFBR2 but solely at the two-digit micromolar range. A secretome profiling confirmed the ability of silibinin to normalize the augmented release of TGFβ into the extracellular fluid of ALK-TKIs-resistant NSCLC cells and reduce constitutive and inducible SMAD2/3 phosphorylation occurring in the presence of ALK-TKIs. In summary, the ab initio plasticity along the EMT spectrum may explain the propensity of ALK-rearranged NSCLC cells to acquire resistance to new-generation ALK-TKIs, a phenomenon that could be abrogated by the silibinin-driven attenuation of the TGFβ/SMAD signaling axis in mesenchymal ALK-rearranged NSCLC cells.
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Sodeifian G, Usefi MMB. Solubility, Extraction, and Nanoparticles Production in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: A Mini‐Review. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamhossein Sodeifian
- University of Kashan Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
- University of Kashan Laboratory of Supercritical Fluids and Nanotechnology 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Behvand Usefi
- University of Kashan Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
- University of Kashan Laboratory of Supercritical Fluids and Nanotechnology 87317-53153 Kashan Iran
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Comparing the extraction methods, chemical composition, phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of edible oils from Cannabis sativa and Silybum marianu seeds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20609. [PMID: 36446937 PMCID: PMC9708685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study the cold-pressed, natural (unfiltered, unrefined) vegetable oils: hemp and milk thistle seed oils were tested for their chemical composition and antioxidant properties. The physico-chemical parameters, content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were determined. Solid phase extraction and simple extraction with the use of methanol, ethanol, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol were used to obtain the extracts for the analysis of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in oils. The composition of phenolic compounds was studied by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) and spectrophotometric test with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant property of extracts was established by means of the following methods: with the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical, ABTS•+ (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical, FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter) and CUPRAC (cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity). Moreover the influence of chlorogenic acid on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation process in the hemp and milk thistle seed oils was also investigated. The tested oils showed different antioxidant properties which was related to the their different chemical composition. The main phenolic compounds present in hemp seed oil were vanillic, ferulic and p-coumaric acids, (-)epicatechin, catechin, kaempferol and procyanidin B2, whereas in milk thistle seed oil-catechins, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, p-coumaric acid, phloridzin, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, kaempferol, and syringic acid. The methanolic extracts of hemp and milk thistle seed oils showed the highest antiradical activity, whereas the ethanolic extracts revealed the best reducing properties. The obtained antioxidant parameters for hemp seed oil were: the IC50 = 3.433 ± 0.017 v/v (DPPH test), the percent of ABTS•+ inhibition = 93.301 ± 1.099%, FRAP value = 1063.883 ± 39.225 µmol Fe2+, CUPRAC value = 420.471 ± 1.765 µmol of Trolox. Whereas the antioxidant parameters for milk thistle seed oil were: the IC50 = 5.280 ± 0.584 v/v (DPPH test), 79.59 ± 3.763% (ABTS test), 2891.08 ± 270.044 µmol Fe2+ (FRAP test), 255.48 ± 26.169 µmol of Trolox (CUPRAC assay). Chlorogenic acid effectively inhibited the lipid peroxidation process in hemp and milk thistle seed oils.
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Medrano-Macías J, Flores-Gallegos AC, Nava-Reyna E, Morales I, Tortella G, Solís-Gaona S, Benavides-Mendoza A. Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Species (RONSS) as a Metabolic Cluster for Signaling and Biostimulation of Plants: An Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3203. [PMID: 36501243 PMCID: PMC9740111 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the relationship between the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and H2S-reactive sulfur species (RSS). These three metabolic pathways, collectively termed reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species (RONSS), constitute a conglomerate of reactions that function as an energy dissipation mechanism, in addition to allowing environmental signals to be transduced into cellular information. This information, in the form of proteins with posttranslational modifications or signaling metabolites derived from RONSS, serves as an inducer of many processes for redoxtasis and metabolic adjustment to the changing environmental conditions to which plants are subjected. Although it is thought that the role of reactive chemical species was originally energy dissipation, during evolution they seem to form a cluster of RONSS that, in addition to dissipating excess excitation potential or reducing potential, also fulfils essential signaling functions that play a vital role in the stress acclimation of plants. Signaling occurs by synthesizing many biomolecules that modify the activity of transcription factors and through modifications in thiol groups of enzymes. The result is a series of adjustments in plants' gene expression, biochemistry, and physiology. Therefore, we present an overview of the synthesis and functions of the RONSS, considering the importance and implications in agronomic management, particularly on the biostimulation of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Medrano-Macías
- Department of Horticulture, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Mexico
| | - Adriana Carolina Flores-Gallegos
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Mexico
| | - Erika Nava-Reyna
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, National Center for Disciplinary Research in Water, Soil, Plants and Atmosphere Relations, Gomez Palacio 35150, Mexico
| | - Isidro Morales
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Regional Integral Development, Oaxaca 71230, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Tortella
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA-BIOREN), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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Inai M, Ueno Y, Sagara H, Ouchi H, Yoshimura F, Kan T. Total Synthesis of Isosilybin B. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Inai
- University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku 422-8526 Shizuoka JAPAN
| | - Yoshinori Ueno
- Shizuoka Kenritsu Daigaku Department School of Pharmaceutical Sciences JAPAN
| | - Hiroto Sagara
- Shizuoka Kenritsu Daigaku Department School of Pharmaceutical Sciences JAPAN
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- Shizuoka Kenritsu Daigaku Department School of Pharmaceutical Sciences JAPAN
| | - Fumihiko Yoshimura
- Shizuoka Kenritsu Daigaku Department School of Pharmaceutical Sciences JAPAN
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- Shizuoka Kenritsu Daigaku Department School of Pharmaceutical Sciences JAPAN
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13
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Poisonous Plants of the Indian Himalaya: An Overview. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060540. [PMID: 35736473 PMCID: PMC9229149 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indian Himalayan region (IHR) supports a wide diversity of plants and most of them are known for their medicinal value. Humankind has been using medicinal plants since the inception of civilization. Various types of bioactive compounds are found in plants, which are directly and indirectly beneficial for plants as well as humans. These bioactive compounds are highly useful and being used as a strong source of medicines, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food additives, fragrances, and flavoring agents. Apart from this, several plant species contain some toxic compounds that affect the health of many forms of life as well as cause their death. These plants are known as poisonous plants, because of their toxicity to both humans and animals. Therefore, it is necessary to know in what quantity they should be taken so that it does not have a negative impact on health. Recent studies on poisonous plants have raised awareness among people who are at risk of plant toxicity in different parts of the world. The main aim of this review article is to explore the current knowledge about the poisonous plants of the Indian Himalayas along with the importance of these poisonous plants to treat different ailments. The findings of the present review will be helpful to different pharmaceutical industries, the scientific community and researchers around the world.
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14
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Exploring Muslims' Health-Related Behaviours in Portugal: Any Impact on Quotidian Community Pharmacy Practice? PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10030055. [PMID: 35645334 PMCID: PMC9150020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Muslims are a growing community in European countries. General health habits, including therapy-related behaviours, have been described, though implications to pharmacy practice might vary with the local dominant culture and setting. This exploratory study aimed to describe Muslims’ prevalent health and medication-related practices and possible implications for culturally competent community pharmacy practice. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was administered to a convenient sample of 100 participants at Lisbon Central Mosque, Portugal. Demographics, dietary, Traditional Arabic and Islamic Medicine (TAIM) and religious practices were examined, including health conditions and conventional biomedical treatments. Participant reported ailments (26%) were aligned with prevalent conditions in the general population. Ill participants were significantly associated with TAIM and Islamic dictates (p < 0.05), particularly Zam-Zam water and milk thistle usage. Participants’ orientation to dietary options and Qur’an restrictions were observed regarding forbidden substances in medication, raising issues on medication adherence for some oral dosage forms. TAIM and religious beliefs supplement illness recovery and health improvement instead of replacing conventional healthcare in a religious minority well integrated within the dominant culture. Portuguese community pharmacists should not neglect religious specificities if seamless care is delivered, enhancing professionals’ collaboration skills with multicultural patients.
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15
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Kadoglou NPE, Panayiotou C, Vardas M, Balaskas N, Kostomitsopoulos NG, Tsaroucha AK, Valsami G. A Comprehensive Review of the Cardiovascular Protective Properties of Silibinin/Silymarin: A New Kid on the Block. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050538. [PMID: 35631363 PMCID: PMC9145573 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Silibinin/silymarin has been used in herbal medicine for thousands of years and it is well-known for its hepato-protective properties. The present comprehensive literature review aimed to critically summarize the pharmacological properties of silymarin extract and its main ingredient silibinin in relation to classical cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., diabetes mellitus, etc.). We also assessed their potential protective and/or therapeutic application in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), based on experimental and clinical studies. Pre-clinical studies including in vitro tests or animal models have predominantly implicated the following effects of silymarin and its constituents: (1) antioxidant, (2) hypolipidemic, (3) hypoglycemic, (4) anti-hypertensive and (5) cardioprotective. On the other hand, a direct amelioration of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction after silymarin administration seems weak based on scarce data. In clinical trials, the most important findings are improved (1) glycemic and (2) lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or hyperlipidemia, while (3) the anti-hypertensive effects of silibinin/silymarin seem very modest. Finally, the changes in clinical endpoints are not robust enough to draw a firm conclusion. There are significant limitations in clinical trial design, including the great variety in doses and cohorts, the underlying conditions, the small sample sizes, the short duration and the absence of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic tests prior to study commitment. More data from well-designed and high-quality pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of silibinin/silymarin and its possible therapeutic application in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P. E. Kadoglou
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (C.P.); (M.V.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Michail Vardas
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (C.P.); (M.V.); (N.B.)
| | - Nikolaos Balaskas
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (C.P.); (M.V.); (N.B.)
| | - Nikolaos G. Kostomitsopoulos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Alexandra K. Tsaroucha
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
- Laboratory of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;
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16
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Allameh M, Orsat V. Herbal Anxiolytics: Sources and Their Preparation Methods. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2043895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Allameh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - V. Orsat
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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17
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Chen C, Yu LT, Cheng BR, Xu JL, Cai Y, Jin JL, Feng RL, Xie L, Qu XY, Li D, Liu J, Li Y, Cui XY, Lu JJ, Zhou K, Lin Q, Wan J. Promising Therapeutic Candidate for Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: What Are the Possible Mechanisms and Roles of Phytochemicals? Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:792592. [PMID: 35252368 PMCID: PMC8893235 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.792592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is one of the most effective reperfusion strategies for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) despite myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, causing one of the causes of most cardiomyocyte injuries and deaths. The pathological processes of myocardial I/R injury include apoptosis, autophagy, and irreversible cell death caused by calcium overload, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Eventually, myocardial I/R injury causes a spike of further cardiomyocyte injury that contributes to final infarct size (IS) and bound with hospitalization of heart failure as well as all-cause mortality within the following 12 months. Therefore, the addition of adjuvant intervention to improve myocardial salvage and cardiac function calls for further investigation. Phytochemicals are non-nutritive bioactive secondary compounds abundantly found in Chinese herbal medicine. Great effort has been put into phytochemicals because they are often in line with the expectations to improve myocardial I/R injury without compromising the clinical efficacy or to even produce synergy. We summarized the previous efforts, briefly outlined the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury, and focused on exploring the cardioprotective effects and potential mechanisms of all phytochemical types that have been investigated under myocardial I/R injury. Phytochemicals deserve to be utilized as promising therapeutic candidates for further development and research on combating myocardial I/R injury. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury treatment using phytochemicals and possible side effects associated with this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Ru Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Lin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Lin Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Li Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Long Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yan Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Lin
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Jie Wan
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Shehzad MA, Khan MA, Ali A, Mohammad S, Noureldeen A, Darwish H, Ali A, Ahmad A, Khan T, Khan RS. Interactive effects of zinc oxide nano particles and different light regimes on growth and silymarin biosynthesis in callus cultures of Silybum marianum L. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 49:523-535. [PMID: 34187267 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2021.1946069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Silybum marianum L. commonly known as milk thistle is a medicinally potent plant with a multitude of pharmacological applications. The present investigations demonstrated the effects of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on callus growth and biosynthesis of silymarin in milk thistle under various light conditions. The callus cultures developed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media containing ZnO NPs (0.15 mg/L), under the dark condition maintained for two weeks, followed by transference into normal light produced the maximum callus fresh weight (2294 mg/L FW). Further, the metabolite profiling revealed that ZnO NPs significantly augmented the production of silymarin and upregulated the antioxidant system in the callus cultures. Maximum TPC (total phenolic content: 37 ± 0.20 mg/g DW), TFC (total flavonoid content: 8.9 ± 0.023), DPPH antioxidant activity (91.5 ± 1.75%), Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD: 4.1 ± 0.045 nM/min/mg FW) and the highest silymarin content (14.6 ± 0.023 mg/g DW) were recorded in the callus cultures developed on MS media supplemented with solitary ZnO NPs (0.15 mg/L). While the callus culture evolved in presence of only PGRs (2,4 D and BA: 2 mg/L, each) accumulated the lesser fresh weight (562 mg/L FW). A higher concentration of ZnO NPs (0.15 mg/L) enhanced the secondary metabolite accumulation and silymarin content in the callus of Silybum marianum. This is the first standardized protocol to be applied on the industrial level for the production of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir Shehzad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mubarak Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Amir Ali
- Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sher Mohammad
- Biotechnology Lab, Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Noureldeen
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeer Darwish
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asif Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Raham Sher Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan
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19
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Yang HL, Shi XW. Silybin Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Suppressing Dendritic Cell Activation and Th17 Cell Differentiation. Front Neurol 2021; 12:659678. [PMID: 34557140 PMCID: PMC8452861 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.659678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Silybin, a peculiar flavonoid compound derived from the fruit and seeds of Silybum marianum, exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we found that silybin effectively alleviated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), via inhibition of dendritic cell (DC) activation and Th17 cell differentiation. Silybin treatment greatly ameliorated the disease severity and significantly declined inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) of EAE mice. Consistent with the disease development, silybin-treated bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) exhibited reduced costimulatory molecules (e.g., CD80 and CD86) and MHC II expression. These results demonstrated the distinguished bioactivity of silybin for suppressing DC activation, inhibiting pathogenic Th17 inflammatory cell responses, and, eventually, alleviating EAE severity. Taken together, our results show that silybin has high potential for the development of a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Wu Shi
- Xian Yang Central Blood Station, Xianyang, China
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20
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Phytochemicals and Their Possible Mechanisms in Managing COVID-19 and Diabetes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11178163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For the writing of this manuscript, we searched information published from 2000 to 2021, through PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, and Science Direct. Focusing on the effects related to respiratory diseases, in addition to possible direct effects towards SARS-CoV-2, coupled with diabetes. Diabetes is a metabolic disease that is characterized by affecting the function of glucose, in addition to insulin insufficiency. This leads to patients with such pathologies as being at greater risk for developing multiple complications and increase exposure to viruses infections. This is the case of severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 19 (SARS-CoV-2), which gave rise to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared an international public health emergency in March of 2020 Currently, several strategies have been applied in order to prevent the majority of the consequences of COVID-19, especially in patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes. Among the possible treatment options, we found that the use of phytochemical compounds has exhibited beneficial effects for the prevention and inhibition of infection by SARS-CoV-2, as well as for the improvement of the manifestations of diabetes.
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21
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Dionisie V, Ciobanu AM, Toma VA, Manea MC, Baldea I, Olteanu D, Sevastre-Berghian A, Clichici S, Manea M, Riga S, Filip GA. Escitalopram Targets Oxidative Stress, Caspase-3, BDNF and MeCP2 in the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex of a Rat Model of Depression Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147483. [PMID: 34299103 PMCID: PMC8304451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, escitalopram (ESC) has been suggested to have different mechanisms of action beyond its well known selective serotonin reuptake inhibition. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of escitalopram on oxidative stress, apoptosis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), and oligodendrocytes number in the brain of chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressed rats. The animals were randomised in four groups (8 in each group): control, stress, stress + ESC 5 and stress + ESC 5/10. ESC was administered for 42 days in a fixed dose (5 mg/kg b.w.) or in an up-titration regimen (21 days ESC 5 mg/kg b.w. then 21 days ESC 10 mg/kg b.w.). Sucrose preference test (SPT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were also performed. ESC improved the percentage of sucrose preference, locomotion and anxiety. ESC5/10 reduced the oxidative damage in the hippocampus and improved the antioxidant defence in the hippocampus and frontal lobe. ESC5/10 lowered caspase 3 activity in the hippocampus. Escitalopram had a modulatory effect on BDNF and the number of oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus and frontal lobe and also improved the MeCP2 expressions. The results confirm the multiple pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and suggest that escitalopram exerts an antidepressant effect via different intricate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Dionisie
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (V.D.); (M.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adela Magdalena Ciobanu
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
- Neuroscience Department, Discipline of Psychiatry, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Alexandru Toma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Biochemistry and Experimental Biology, Institute of Biological Research, Branch of NIRDBS Bucharest, 400113 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics, NIRD for Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.A.T.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Mihnea Costin Manea
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (V.D.); (M.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (V.A.T.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Ioana Baldea
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (D.O.); (A.S.-B.); (S.C.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Diana Olteanu
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (D.O.); (A.S.-B.); (S.C.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Alexandra Sevastre-Berghian
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (D.O.); (A.S.-B.); (S.C.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Simona Clichici
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (D.O.); (A.S.-B.); (S.C.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Mirela Manea
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (V.D.); (M.M.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Sorin Riga
- Department of Stress Research and Prophylaxis, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
- Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, 927180 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.B.); (D.O.); (A.S.-B.); (S.C.); (G.A.F.)
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22
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Chang TK, Yin TC, Su WC, Tsai HL, Huang CW, Chen YC, Li CC, Chen PJ, Ma CJ, Chuang KH, Cheng TL, Wang JY. A Pilot Study of Silymarin as Supplementation to Reduce Toxicities in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients Treated With First-Line FOLFIRI Plus Bevacizumab. Oncol Res 2021; 28:801-809. [PMID: 34030768 PMCID: PMC8420909 DOI: 10.3727/096504021x16218531628569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan, a topoisomerase inhibitor, is a common cytotoxic agent prescribed for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. Diarrhea is the most common adverse event (AE). The underlying mechanism of irinotecan-induced diarrhea is intestinal mucosal damage caused by SN-38 (active metabolite of irinotecan) hydrolyzed from SN-38G (inactive metabolite) by bacterial β-glucuronidase (βG). According to an animal study, silymarin reduces the activity of bacterial βG without impairing antitumor efficacy. We conducted a prospective open-label pilot study to evaluate the effect of silymarin as supplementation in reducing toxicities of mCRC patients undergoing irinotecan-based chemotherapy. We enrolled and randomized 70 mCRC patients receiving first-line FOLFIRI (5-fluorouracil/leucovorin/irinotecan) plus bevacizumab. In each treatment cycle, the study group was administered silymarin capsules (150 mg) three times daily for 7 days. The study group experienced less AEs in diarrhea (5.7% vs. 14.6%, p = 0.002) and nausea (27.0% vs. 40.2%, p = 0.005) in comparison with the control group, but no significant differences in hepatic toxicities were observed. In conclusion, simultaneous administration of silymarin is a potential effective supplementation for reducing toxicities in mCRC patients undergoing first-line FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab, especially in diarrhea and nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Kun Chang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Tzu-Chieh Yin
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Tatung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Su
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Hsiang-Lin Tsai
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Li
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Po-Jung Chen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Cheng-Jen Ma
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
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Marques-Sá J, Barbosa M, Fernandes V, Santos MJ. Nearly fatal hypokalaemia due to non-hypertensive primary hyperaldosteronism in the post partum. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/3/e240018. [PMID: 33753383 PMCID: PMC7986951 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously healthy postpartum 33-year-old woman was admitted at the emergency department after two episodes of syncope. In the waiting room, she collapsed, ventricular fibrillation was detected, and she was reanimated by electric cardioversion. At admission, she was conscient, with blood pressure of 102/74 mm Hg and heart rate of 78 bpm. In the laboratory workup, severe hypokalaemia was found (K+ 1.77 mEq/L). Abdominopelvic CT revealed a 27 mm nodule in the right adrenal gland. High aldosterone and low plasma renin levels were detected, and the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism was made, although she never had hypertension. Posteriorly, a cosecretion of aldosterone and cortisol was found. Two months after admission, the patient remained stable with normal K+ levels under spironolactone and a right adrenalectomy was performed. The cure of primary hyperaldosteronism and a partial adrenal insufficiency were confirmed. K+ levels and blood pressure remained normal without treatment and 10 months after surgery hydrocortisone was suspended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vera Fernandes
- Endocrinology Department, Braga Hospital, Braga, Portugal
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24
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Revell MA, Pugh MA. Herbal Medications Used to Ameliorate Cardiac Conditions. Nurs Clin North Am 2021; 56:123-136. [PMID: 33549280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herbs have been used for centuries to treat various diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Herbs may be used by clients exclusively for disease management or in combination with conventional medications. This article increases provider awareness of certain herbs and their potential use by clients, as well as their impact on the cardiovascular system. It is important for the advanced practice nurse to collect information related to herb use during history retrieval. This information should prompt the nurse to discuss possible benefits and side effects that may occur taking herbs in isolation or in combination with cardiovascular prescription medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Revell
- Tennessee State University, School of Nursing, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Campus Box 9590, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Marcia A Pugh
- Greene County Health System, 509 Wilson Avenue, Eutaw, AL 35462, USA
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Kesharwani SS, Jain V, Dey S, Sharma S, Mallya P, Kumar VA. An overview of advanced formulation and nanotechnology-based approaches for solubility and bioavailability enhancement of silymarin. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Alshanwani AR, Faddah LM, Hagar H, Alhusaini AM, Shaheen S, Mohammad RA, Alharbi FMB, AlHarthii A, Badr AM. The beneficial effects of antioxidants combination on cardiac injury induced by tetrachloromethane. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1364-1372. [PMID: 33059470 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1831012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of carsil (CAR) either alone or in combination with α-tocopherol (α-TOCO) and/or turmeric (TUMR) against tetrachloromethane (TCM)-induced cardiomyocyte injury in rats. Administration of CAR either alone or in combination with α-TOCO and/or TUMR post-TCM injection, significantly mitigated the increases in serum troponin T, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP). They also decline the elevation of caspase-3, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression as well as DNA damage in cardiac tissues induced by TCM. The biochemical results were confirmed by histopathological investigation. Conclusion: The combination of the three antioxidants showed greater cardioprotective potential, compared to individual drugs. Therefore, this combination may be recommended as a complementary therapy to antagonize cardiac injury induced by different insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliah R Alshanwani
- College of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila M Faddah
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Hagar
- College of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam M Alhusaini
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameerah Shaheen
- College of Medicine, Anatomy Department and Stem Cell Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raeesa A Mohammad
- College of Science, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima M B Alharbi
- College of Science, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa AlHarthii
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira M Badr
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Impact of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) seeds in fattener diets on pig performance and carcass traits and fatty acid profile and cholesterol of meat, backfat and liver. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Ranging from the skin to liver, body has an in-built detox system that keeps it running
smoothly on a daily basis. Due to the present life-style, increased stress, pollution, unhealthy dietary
habits, the natural system gets weakened. The need of present time is to unveil the herbs present in
the nature full of detox potential, inheriting the capacity to purify the kidney, liver, gut, skin and
blood. These herbal detoxifiers facilitate lungs, aids kidneys, facilitates digestive tract and skin. The
present review deals with the study of herbs under the category of detoxifiers for kidney, liver, gut,
skin and blood. The herbs were studied by sectioning them for their detoxification potential for the
major organs of the body. The use of herbal agents to detox the major organs of the body not only
helps to remove the toxins but also increases the overall energy and efficiency of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ankita Wal
- Pharmacy Department, PSIT, Kanpur, India
| | - Pranay Wal
- Pharmacy Department, PSIT, Kanpur, India
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Ceccherini E, Cecchettini A, Morales MA, Rocchiccioli S. The Potentiality of Herbal Remedies in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: From In Vitro to Clinical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:813. [PMID: 32587513 PMCID: PMC7298067 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a complex pathological condition, characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the biliary epithelium. Without proper clinical management, progressive bile ducts and liver damage lead to cirrhosis and, ultimately, to liver failure. The known limited role of current drugs for treating this cholangiopathy has driven researchers to assess alternative therapeutic options. Some herbal remedies and their phytochemicals have shown anti-fibrotic properties in different experimental models of hepatic diseases and, occasionally, in clinical trials in primary sclerosing cholangitis patients; however their mechanism of action is not completely understood. This review briefly examines relevant studies focusing on the potential anti-fibrotic properties of Silybum marianum, Curcuma longa, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and quercetin. Each natural product is individually reviewed and the possible mechanisms of action discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ceccherini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Cecchettini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Rocchiccioli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Morales-González Á, Morales-Martínez M, Soriano-Ursúa MA, Delgado-Olivares L, Sandoval-Gallegos EM, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, Madrigal-Santillán E, Morales-Gonzalez JA. Flavolignans from Silymarin as Nrf2 Bioactivators and Their Therapeutic Applications. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050122. [PMID: 32423098 PMCID: PMC7277158 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SM) is a mixture of flavolignans extracted from the seeds of species derived from Silybum marianum, commonly known as milk thistle or St. Mary'sthistle. These species have been widely used in the treatment of liver disorders in traditional medicine since ancient times. Several properties had been attributed to the major SM flavolignans components, identified as silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, isosilychristin, and silydianin. Previous research reported antioxidant and protective activities, which are probably related to the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), known as a master regulator of the cytoprotector response. Nrf2 is a redox-sensitive nuclear transcription factor able to induce the downstream-associated genes. The disruption of Nrf2 signaling has been associated with different pathological conditions. Some identified phytochemicals from SM had shown to participate in the Nrf2 signaling pathway; in particular, they have been suggested as activators that disrupt interactions in the Keap1-Nrf2 system, but also as antioxidants or with additional actions regarding Nrf2 regulation. Thus, the study of these molecules makes them appear attractive as novel targets for the treatment or prevention of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City CP 07738, Mexico;
| | - Mauricio Morales-Martínez
- Licenciatura en Nutrición, Universidad Intercontinental, Insurgentes Sur 4303, Santa Úrsula Xitla, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14420, Mexico;
| | - Marvin A. Soriano-Ursúa
- Academia de Fisiología Humana, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Luis Delgado-Olivares
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario, Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Circuito Actopan-Tilcuauttla, s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo CP 42160, Mexico; (L.D.-O.); (E.M.S.-G.)
| | - Eli Mireya Sandoval-Gallegos
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario, Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Circuito Actopan-Tilcuauttla, s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo CP 42160, Mexico; (L.D.-O.); (E.M.S.-G.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col., Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col., Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (E.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (E.M.-S. & J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José A. Morales-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (E.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (E.M.-S. & J.A.M.-G.)
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Zhang ZS, Wang S, Liu H, Li BZ, Che L. Constituents and thermal properties of milk thistle seed oils extracted with three methods. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chen YH, Lin H, Wang Q, Hou JW, Mao ZJ, Li YG. Protective role of silibinin against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced cardiac dysfunction. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1972-1988. [PMID: 32398964 PMCID: PMC7211181 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silibinin is a traditional medicine and utilized for liver protection with antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis properties. However, its role in myocardial I/R injury and the mechanism involved is currently unknown. In the present study, Silibinin treatment improves cardiac function and limits infarct size, and subsequently inhibits fibrotic remodeling in mice with myocardial I/R injury. Mechanistically, silibinin reduces cardiomyocytes apoptosis, attenuates mitochondrial impairment and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, alleviates ROS generation, neutrophil infiltration and cytokines release. Consistently, silibinin prevents H9C2 cells from hypoxia/reperfusion-induced cell death, oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro. Furthermore, H9C2 cells treated with silibinin blocks NF-κB signaling activation by inhibiting IKKα phosphorylation, IκBα degradation and p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation during hypoxia/ reperfusion. In addition, silibinin plus BAY 11-7082 (a selected NF-κB inhibitor) do not provide incremental benefits in improving myocytes apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in comparison with NF-κB signaling inhibition only. Thus, silibinin-mediated cardioprotection in myocardial I/R injury is associated with decreased apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response through deactivation of NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-He Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Nanbaixiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Respiratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Wen Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Mao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Nanbaixiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Gang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang D, Hiebl V, Xu T, Ladurner A, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Dirsch VM. Impact of natural products on the cholesterol transporter ABCA1. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112444. [PMID: 31805338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In different countries and areas of the world, traditional medicine has been and is still used for the treatment of various disorders, including chest pain or liver complaints, of which we now know that they can be linked with altered lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. As ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an essential role in cholesterol metabolism, its modulation may be one of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the experienced benefit of traditional recipes. Intense research activity has been dedicated to the identification of natural products from traditional medicine that regulate ABCA1 expression. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This review surveys natural products, originating from ethnopharmacologically used plants, fungi or marine sources, which influence ABCA1 expression, providing a reference for future study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on regulation of ABCA1 expression by natural compounds from traditional medicine was extracted from ancient and modern books, materia medica, and electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and ResearchGate). RESULTS More than 60 natural compounds from traditional medicine, especially traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), are reported to regulate ABCA1 expression in different in vitro and in vivo models (such as cholesterol efflux and atherosclerotic animal models). These active compounds belong to the classes of polyketides, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, amino acids and others. Several compounds appear very promising in vivo, which need to be further investigated in animal models of diseases related to ABCA1 or in clinical studies. CONCLUSION Natural products from traditional medicine constitute a large promising pool for compounds that regulate ABCA1 expression, and thus may prevent/treat diseases related to cholesterol metabolism, like atherosclerosis or Alzheimer's disease. In many cases, the molecular mechanisms of these natural products remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Jie 32, 550003, Guiyang, China
| | - Verena Hiebl
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tao Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fei Shan Jie 32, 550003, Guiyang, China
| | - Angela Ladurner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552, Jastrzębiec, Poland; Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchevstr., 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Barbosa CC, Nishimura AN, Santos MLD, Junior WD, Andersen ML, Mazaro-Costa R. Silymarin administration during pregnancy and breastfeeding: evaluation of initial development and adult behavior of mice. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:64-70. [PMID: 32084436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin is a phytotherapeutic agent derived from the species Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), commonly is known as milk thistle, and traditionally used as a hepatoprotective; however, recent studies have proposed its use in order to promote lactogenesis, but there are few reports of its effects on the development of offspring. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of silymarin treatment during pregnancy and breastfeeding on the sensory-somatic-motor development and adult behavior of F1-generation Swiss mice. The pregnant females of the parental generation were distributed in four experimental groups and treated orally with doses of 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg of silymarin, with a control group receiving vehicle - vegetable oil (VEH), to obtain the F1-generation. At the end of lactation, the parental generation were submitted to euthanasia. Body mass evolution was determined in both generations. The sensory-motor development of the offspring (F1-generation) was evaluated, and one male pup from each litter was followed up for an analysis of adult behavior. In the F1 analysis, no differences between the groups were observed in initial development from the sensory-somatic-motor analysis performed during the 1st to 21st postnatal days. In the behavioral evaluation of adults from the F1 generation, all the groups from dams treated with silymarin in open field (OF) analysis showed a decrease in the time spent in the periphery and an increase in the time spent in the center, but the ambulation observed by the number of quadrant crossed showed no difference. In addition, during OF, the 100 and 200 mg/kg groups presented an increase in fecal bolus compared with the VEH group. There was a decrease in immobility time in the forced swimming test in the 300 mg/kg group compared to the VEH group. Regarding the memory and learning test, the groups did not differ in their recognition scores. The results of this study using an animal model indicate that treatment with silymarin during pregnancy and breastfeeding does not promote significant morpho-functional changes in the offspring in their initial development and adult behavior, indicating the safety of its use during gestation and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Cesar Barbosa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Monica Levy Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Younis T, Jabeen F, Jafri L, Rasul A, Manzoor M, Shaheen M, Riaz A. The protective potential of a Fraxinus xanthoxyloidesethyl acetate fraction against CCl 4-induced oxidative stress in the cardiac tissue of rats. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10221-10231. [PMID: 35498604 PMCID: PMC9050420 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites present in medicinal plants offer a golden opportunity to fight different ailments, such as cancer, infections, diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, etc. The traditional use of various parts of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides is known to serve as a cure for pneumonia, pain, jaundice, malaria, fracturing of bones, and internal wounds. The aim of this research was to validate the antioxidant and cardio-protective properties of F. xanthoxyloides leaves. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by employing different assays on the crude methanol extract, as well as its derived fractions. The extract/fraction that showed significant activity was further investigated for the presence of phytochemicals using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis and also for cardio-protective potential. In the case of the antioxidant potential, the ethyl acetate fraction (FXE) was demonstrated to have the most potent total antioxidant (26.3 ± 2.4 AAE μg mg−1), hydroxyl ion scavenging (IC50 = 7.9 ± 0.9 μg mg−1), ferrous ion chelating (IC50 = 28.2 ± 2.7 μg mg−1) and nitric oxide scavenging (IC50 = 32.5 ± 2.9 μg mg−1) effects among all of the extract/fractions, whereas in the case of DPPH (IC50 = 17.5 ± 2.7 μg mg−1) and the reducing power assay (16.7 ± 2.8 GAE μg mg−1), promising antioxidant potential was shown by the n-butanol fraction. The presence of different concentrations of rutin, caffeic acid, catechin, and gallic acid was observed in the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile of FXE. Furthermore, in in vivo experimentation, the oral administration of FXE and silymarin significantly restored the CCl4-induced increase in the levels of creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, cholesterol and triacylglycerides when compared with the untreated group. FXE and silymarin treatment also restored the levels of the tissue antioxidant enzymes, for example glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, significantly lower levels of reduced glutathione and enhanced levels of lipid peroxides, hydrogen peroxide, comet length and DNA damages were observed after CCl4 administration in the cardiac tissue of rats. FXE was able to restore these biochemical parameters, as well as the histological status of heart tissue. Based upon the present investigation, we concluded that F. xanthoxyloides leaves may have cardio-protective potential similar to silymarin against CCl4 induced injuries owing to its antioxidant constituents. Secondary metabolites present in medicinal plants offer a golden opportunity to fight different ailments, such as cancer, infections, diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, etc.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Younis
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biological Sciences
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
| | - Faiza Jabeen
- Department of Zoology
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- Government College University
- Faisalabad 38000
- Pakistan
| | - Laila Jafri
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biological Sciences
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- Government College University
- Faisalabad 38000
- Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Manzoor
- Department of Zoology
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- Government College University
- Faisalabad 38000
- Pakistan
| | - Mussarat Shaheen
- Department of Zoology
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- Government College University
- Faisalabad 38000
- Pakistan
| | - Ammara Riaz
- Department of Zoology
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- Government College University
- Faisalabad 38000
- Pakistan
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Antal DS, Ardelean F, Avram S, Pavel IZ, Danciu C, Soica C, Dehelean C. Flavonolignans: One Step Further in the Broad-Spectrum Approach of Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1817-1830. [PMID: 31976848 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200124112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small chemical class of flavonolignans encompasses unique hybrid molecules with versatile biological activities. Their anticancer effects have received considerable attention, and a large body of supporting evidence has accumulated. Moreover, their ability to interact with proteins involved in drug resistance, and to enhance the effects of conventional chemotherapeutics in decreasing cell viability make them influential partners in addressing cancer. OBJECTIVE The review provides an outline of the various ways in which flavonolignans advance the combat against cancer. While the main focus falls on flavonolignans from milk thistle, attention is drawn to the yet, underexplored potential of less known flavonolignan subgroups derived from isoflavonoids and aurones. METHODS Proceeding from the presentation of natural flavonolignan subtypes and their occurrence, the present work reviews these compounds with regard to their molecular targets in cancer, anti-angiogenetic effects, synergistic efficacy in conjunction with anticancer agents, reversal of drug resistance, and importance in overcoming the side effects of anticancer therapy. Recent advances in the endeavor to improve flavonolignan bioavailability in cancer are also presented. CONCLUSIONS Significant progress has been achieved in detailing the molecular mechanisms of silybin and its congeners in experimental models of cancer. The availability of novel formulations with improved bioavailability, and data from phase I clinical trials in cancer patients provide an encouraging basis for more extensive trials aimed at evaluating the benefits of Silybum flavonolignans in cancer management. On the other hand, further research on the antitumor efficacy of iso-flavonolignans and other subtypes of flavonolignans should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florina Ardelean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Z Pavel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Codruta Soica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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Hosseinabadi T, Lorigooini Z, Tabarzad M, Salehi B, Rodrigues CF, Martins N, Sharifi-Rad J. Silymarin antiproliferative and apoptotic effects: Insights into its clinical impact in various types of cancer. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2849-2861. [PMID: 31407422 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is a complex extract isolated from the plant Silybum marianum, widely known for its prominent antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, although increasing evidences have reported extraordinary antiproliferative and apoptotic abilities. As a result, several signaling pathways involved in cell cycle control, cell proliferation, and cell death have been deconvoluted as critical mechanisms. In this regard, cyclin and cyclin-dependent pathways have been the most studied ones. Following that, apoptotic pathways, such as p53, Akt, STAT-3, Ras, and caspases pathways, have been extensively studied, although other mechanisms involved in inflammation and angiogenesis have also been highlighted as silymarin-likely targets in cancer therapy. Therefore, the main challenge of this review is to discuss the diverse molecular mechanisms for silymarin antiproliferative and apoptotic effects; most of them largely studied in various types of cancers so far. Clinical trials and combination therapies related to silymarin application in cancer prevention and treatment are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Hosseinabadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
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Fang TJ, Guo JT, Lin MK, Lee MS, Chen YL, Lin WH. Protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum against chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in the murine model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8597-8608. [PMID: 31515596 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term alcohol consumption causes liver injuries such as alcoholic hepatitis, fatty liver, and endotoxemia. Some probiotics were demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CMU995 against alcohol-induced liver injury. The mice were orally administered L. plantarum CMU995 for 1 week, followed by the administration of alcohol and different tested substances daily for 6 weeks. The liver injury was examined by measuring the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), anti-oxidative enzyme, endotoxin, inflammatory cytokines, and lipid accumulation in the liver or serum among different groups. L. plantarum CMU995 exhibited beneficial effects on alcohol-induced liver injury via reduction in the serum concentration of AST, ALT, cholesterol, triglycerides, endotoxin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we also found that the levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and intestinal tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were considerably higher in L. plantarum CMU995-fed groups when compared with placebo group. Meanwhile, the protective effects were demonstrated biological gradients as controversial dose-dependent. We speculate that L. plantarum CMU995 inhibited the migration of alcohol-derived endotoxin into the blood and liver, thereby improving the intestinal barrier. The present evidence may provide a novel microbiota-based strategy to prevent the alcohol-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Fang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiun-Ting Guo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Kuem Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Lien Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hsin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Sherman B, Hernandez AM, Alhado M, Menge L, Price RS. Silibinin Differentially Decreases the Aggressive Cancer Phenotype in an In Vitro Model of Obesity and Prostate Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:333-342. [PMID: 31287731 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1633363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Obesity increases the risk for aggressive and fatal prostate cancer (PCa). The bioactive compound silibinin has been researched for its chemopreventative properties and may benefit obese or overweight individuals with PCa.Methods: This study used an in vitro model of obesity exposing prostate cancer cells to sera from obese, overweight, or normal weight males with or without the addition of silibinin. Molecular activity was assayed as well as the phenotype of PCa cells with various treatments.Results: Obesity increased the expression of proliferative signaling including COX-2, IL-6, AKT, ERK, and AR, which was attenuated with silibinin. Cell growth, and invasive capacity of prostate cancer cells was increased with obese and overweight sera, and silibinin was able to mitigate this affect. However, there are limitations to this study in that an in vivo model was not used to validate these in vitro results nor a co-culture model, which may better recapitulate the tumor microenvironment.Conclusions: Silibinin may be a safe intervention for those with or at risk for prostate cancer, and it may be the most beneficial for obese or overweight males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana M Hernandez
- Medicine Nephrology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Bassino E, Gasparri F, Munaron L. Natural dietary antioxidants containing flavonoids modulate keratinocytes physiology: In vitro tri-culture models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111844. [PMID: 30940568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Several traditional medicinal herbs are widely used for dermatologic and cosmetic preparations. The beneficial skin repair activity is detected in various phases of wound-healing process, such as cell-cell, cell-matrix interactions or collagen synthesis. AIM OF THE STUDY The study assessed the effects of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Opuntia) and Milk Thistle (MT) (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth) on adult keratinocytes (HaCaT) functioning under basal condition or in the presence of mechanical damage (wounded cells). MATERIALS AND METHODS The role of the natural compounds was tested on HaCaT grown in mono-culture and tri-culture configurations. In tri-cultures models, HaCaT were treated with the conditioned media (CM) obtained by Human Normal Dermal Fibroblast (NHDF) and Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial cells (HMVEC) co-cultures. Specifically, were tested cell viability, oxidative stress mechanisms (cytokines release and lipid peroxidation) and cellular remodelling (growth factors release or metalloproteinase modulation). Moreover, the migratory potential of HaCaT was analysed by the use of wound healing in vitro assay. RESULTS Opuntia and MT differently modified the metabolism (EGF, MMP-9), and the migratory properties of HaCaT both under physiological conditions or upon mechanical damage (wounded cells). Moreover, both compounds modulated HaCaT response to oxidative stress. The response to the natural compounds were modified, and in some cases potentiated, in tri-culture configuration systems. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrated that in vitro tri-culture approach is suitable to characterize the role of natural compounds on the complex communication between dermal-epidermal cellular components and microvascular endothelium. Specifically, Opuntia and MT are good alternatives to synthetic compounds in skin repair promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bassino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
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Inhibition of oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity by silymarin through increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inhibition of p38-MAPK. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yousaf AM, Malik UR, Shahzad Y, Mahmood T, Hussain T. Silymarin-laden PVP-PEG polymeric composite for enhanced aqueous solubility and dissolution rate: Preparation and in vitro characterization. J Pharm Anal 2018; 9:34-39. [PMID: 30740255 PMCID: PMC6355470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop, optimize and characterize a silymarin-laden polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymeric composite to resolve low aqueous solubility and dissolution rate problem of the drug. A number of silymarin-laden polymeric formulations were fabricated with different quantities of PVP K-30 and PEG 6000 by the solvent-evaporation method. The effect of PVP K-30 and PEG 6000 on the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate was investigated. The optimized formulation and its constituents were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Both the PEG 6000 and PVP K-30 positively affected the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of the drug. In particular, a formulation consisting of silymarin, PVP K-30 and PEG 6000 (0.25/1.5/1.5, w/w/w) furnished the highest solubility (24.39±2.95 mg/mL) and an excellent dissolution profile (~100% in 40 min). The solubility enhancement with this formulation was ~1150-fold as compared to plain silymarin powder. Moreover, all the constituents existed in the amorphous state in this silymarin-laden PVP-PEG polymeric composite. Accordingly, this formulation might be a promising tool to administer silymarin with an enhanced effect via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Mehmood Yousaf
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Usman Rashid Malik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah, Johar Town, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yasser Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah, Johar Town, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Talib Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Dupuis ML, Conti F, Maselli A, Pagano MT, Ruggieri A, Anticoli S, Fragale A, Gabriele L, Gagliardi MC, Sanchez M, Ceccarelli F, Alessandri C, Valesini G, Ortona E, Pierdominici M. The Natural Agonist of Estrogen Receptor β Silibinin Plays an Immunosuppressive Role Representing a Potential Therapeutic Tool in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1903. [PMID: 30174672 PMCID: PMC6107853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens, in particular 17β-estradiol (E2), have a strong influence on the immune system and also affect pathological conditions such as autoimmune diseases. The biological effects of E2 are mediated by two intracellular receptors, i.e., estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ, which function as ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors producing genomic effects. Immune cells express both ERα and ERβ that play a complex role in modulating inflammation. Phytoestrogens display estrogen-like effects. Among them, silibinin, the major active constituent of silymarin extracted by the milk thistle (Silybum marianum), has been suggested to have an ERβ selective binding. Silibinin is known to have anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anticarcinogenic effects; however, the role of silibinin in modulating human immune responses and its impact on autoimmunity remains unclear. Aim of this study was to dissect the ability of the ERβ natural ligand silibinin to modulate T cell immunity, taking into account possible differences between females and males, and to define its possible role as therapeutic tool in immune-mediated diseases. To this purpose, female and age-matched male healthy subjects and patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were recruited. We evaluated the ability of silibinin to modulate ERβ expression in T lymphocytes and its effects on T cell functions (i.e., apoptosis, proliferation, and cytokine production). We also analyzed whether silibinin was able to modulate the expression of microRNA-155 (miR-155), which strongly contributes to the pathogenesis of RA driving aberrant activation of the immune system. We demonstrated that silibinin upregulated ERβ expression, induced apoptosis, inhibited proliferation, and reduced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and TNF-α, through ERβ binding, in T lymphocytes from female and male healthy donors. We obtained similar results in T lymphocytes from patients with active RA in term of apoptosis, proliferation, and cytokine production. In addition, we found that silibinin acted as an epigenetic modifier, down-modulating the expression of miR-155. In conclusion, our data demonstrated an immunosuppressive role of silibinin, supporting its application in the treatment of autoimmune diseases as drug, but also as dietary nutritional supplement, opening new perspective in the field of autoimmune disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Dupuis
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Conti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Maselli
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pagano
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ruggieri
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Anticoli
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fragale
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fulvia Ceccarelli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Alessandri
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Valesini
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Ortona
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Pierdominici
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Rafizadeh A, Koohi-Dehkordi M, Sorkheh K. Molecular insights of genetic variation in milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) populations collected from southwest Iran. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:601-609. [PMID: 29882084 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is among the world's popular medicinal plants. Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) marker system was utilized to investigate the genetic variability of 80 S. marianum genotypes from eight populations in Iran. SCoT marker produced 255 amplicons and 84.03% polymorphism was generated. The SCoT marker system's polymorphism information content value was 0.43. The primers' resolving power values were between 4.18 and 7.84. The percentage of polymorphic bands was between 33.3 and 100%. The Nei's gene diversity (h) was 0.19-1.30 with an average 0.72. The Shannon's index (I) ranged from 0.29 to 1.38 with an average value of 0.83. The average gene flow (0.37) demonstrated a high genetic variation among the studied populations. The variation of 42% was displayed by the molecular variance analysis among the populations while a recorded variation of 58% was made within the populations. Current investigation suggested that SCoT marker system could effectively evaluate milk thistle genotypes genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Rafizadeh
- Department of Agricultural Science, Payame-Noor University, P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrana Koohi-Dehkordi
- Department of Agricultural Science, Payame-Noor University, P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Karim Sorkheh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, P. O. Box 61355/144, Ahvaz, Iran
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Beneficial Effect of Silymarin in Pressure Overload Induced Experimental Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018; 19:23-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ullah H, Khan H. Anti-Parkinson Potential of Silymarin: Mechanistic Insight and Therapeutic Standing. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:422. [PMID: 29755356 PMCID: PMC5934474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) involves aggregation of α-synuclein and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Pathogenesis of PD may also be related to one’s genetic background. PD is most common among geriatric population and approximately 1–2% of population suffers over age 65 years. Currently no successful therapies are in practice for the management of PD and available therapies tend to decrease the symptoms of PD only. Furthermore, these are associated with diverse range of adverse effects profile. The neuroprotective effects of polyphenols are widely studied and documented. Among phytochemicals, silymarin is one of the most widely used flavonoids because of its extensive therapeutic properties and has been indicated in pathological conditions of prostate, CNS, lungs, skin, liver, and pancreas. Silymarin is a mixture of flavonolignans (silybin, isosilybin, and silychristin), small amount of flavonoids (taxifolin), fatty acids, and other polyphenolic compounds extracted from the dried fruit of Silybum marianum and is clinically used for hepatoprotective effects since ancient times. Neuroprotective effects of silymarin have been studied in various models of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, PD, and cerebral ischemia. The aim of the present study is to provide a comprehensive review of the recent literature exploring the effects of silymarin administration on the progression of PD. Reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, altering cellular apoptosis machinery, and estrogen receptor machinery are mechanisms that are responsible for neuroprotection by silymarin, as discussed in this review. Additionally, because of poor aqueous solubility, the bioavailability of silymarin is low and only 23–47% of silymarin reaches systemic circulation after oral administration. Our primary focus is on the chemical basis of the pharmacology of silymarin in the treatment of PD and its mechanisms and possible therapeutic/clinical status while addressing the bioavailability limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Silymarin-mediated regulation of the cell cycle and DNA damage response exerts antitumor activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:885-892. [PMID: 29399153 PMCID: PMC5772825 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel module-search algorithm method was used to screen for potential signatures and investigate the molecular mechanisms of inhibiting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth following treatment with silymarin (SM). The modules algorithm was used to identify the modules via three major steps: i) Seed gene selection; ii) module search by seed expansion and entropy minimization; and iii) module refinement. The statistical significance of modules was computed to select the differential modules (DMs), followed by the identification of core modules using the attract method. Pathway analysis for core modules was implemented to identify the biological functions associated with the disease. Subsequently, results were verified in an independent sample set using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In total, 18 seed genes and 12 DMs (modules 1-12) were identified. The core modules were isolated using gene expression data. Overall, there were 4 core modules (modules 11, 5, 6 and 12). Additionally, DNA topoisomerase 2-binding protein 1 (TOPBP1), non-structural maintenance of chromosomes condensing I complex subunit H, nucleolar and spindle associated protein 1 (NUSAP1) and cell division cycle associated 3 (CDCA3) were the initial seed genes of module 11, 5, 6 and 12, respectively. Pathway results revealed that cell cycle signaling pathway was enriched by all core modules simultaneously. RT-PCR results indicated that the level of CDCA3, TOPBP1 and NUSAP1 in SM-treated HCC samples was markedly decreased compared with that in non-SM-treated HCC. No statistically significant difference between the transcriptional levels of CDCA3 in SM-treated and non-treated HCC groups was identified, although CDCA3 expression was increased in the treated group compared with the untreated group. Furthermore, although the expression level of TOPBP1 and NUSAP1 in the SM-treated group was decreased compared with that in the normal group, no significant difference was observed. From the results of the present study it can be inferred that TOPBP1, NUSAP1 and CDCA3 of the core modules may serve notable functions in SM-associated growth suppression of HCC.
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Boozari M, Hosseinzadeh H. Natural medicines for acute renal failure: A review. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1824-1835. [PMID: 29027276 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a life-threating disease with high mortality percentage. Two important mechanisms of ARF are inflammation and oxidative stress. Plants are rich source of antioxidant compounds and have a strong anti-inflammatory activity, so they may be useful for the treatment of ARF. Some herbal medicines are effective against different models of experimentally induced ARF such as cisplatin, gentamicin, glycerol, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Some of these plants such as ginseng, black seed, ginger, garlic, grape, pomegranate, saffron, and green tea are so famous and are effective against various models of ARF. However, we found several articles examining the effectiveness of different plants for treating ARF. In the current article, we discussed plants and natural products that are effective in the treatment of ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Boozari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamic and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Al-Rasheed NM, El-Orabi NF, Fadda LM, Ali HM, Al-Rasheed NM, Bassiouni Y, Aldbass AM. Role of Different Natural Antioxidants in the Modulation of mRNA-expression of Apoptotic Molecules in the Livers of Carbon Tetrachloride-Intoxicated Rats. Anim Biotechnol 2017; 28:253-259. [PMID: 28103144 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1268621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of nuclear factor (NF-κB) or activation of Smad3 by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1) induced by oncogenes results in overexpression of fibrotic processes and hence cell death. The objective of this study is to examine whether Silymarin (Sil) alone or in combination with Vitamin E (Vit E) and/or Curcumin (Cur) plays a modulatory role against the overexpression of NF-κB, and TGF-β that induced in response to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration. The present work revealed that CCl4 induced elevation of in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Apoptosis regulator (Bax), Smad3, TGF-β, and NF-kB hepatic mRNA expression (using Real-time PCR), administration of Sil alone downregulated these expressions. Treatment with Vit E acid and/ or Cur along with Sil produced best results in this concern. B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expressions were downregulated by CCl4; whereas concurrent treatment of Vit E and/or Cur along with Sil increased its expression. On conclusion, the use of Vit E and/or Cur could potentiate the antiapoptotic action of Sil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf M Al-Rasheed
- a Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naglaa F El-Orabi
- a Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Suez Canal University , Ismailia , Egypt
| | - Laila Mohamed Fadda
- a Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa Mahmoud Ali
- c Department of Genetics and Cytology , National Research Center , Dokki , Egypt.,d Preparatory Year Deanship , King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal M Al-Rasheed
- a Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yieldez Bassiouni
- a Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Mohammad Aldbass
- e Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Radu IC, Hudita A, Zaharia C, Stanescu PO, Vasile E, Iovu H, Stan M, Ginghina O, Galateanu B, Costache M, Langguth P, Tsatsakis A, Velonia K, Negrei C. Poly(HydroxyButyrate-co-HydroxyValerate) (PHBHV) Nanocarriers for Silymarin Release as Adjuvant Therapy in Colo-rectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:508. [PMID: 28824432 PMCID: PMC5539237 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to address one of the major challenges of the actual era of nanomedicine namely, the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs such as Silymarin. We developed new, biodegradable, and biocompatible nanosized shuttles for Silymarin targeted delivery in colon-cancer cells. The design of these 100 nm sized carrier nanoparticles was based on natural polymers and their biological properties such as cellular uptake potential, cytotoxicity and 3D penetrability were tested using a colon cancer cell line (HT-29) as the in vitro culture model. Comparative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements demonstrated that the Silymarin loaded Poly(3-HydroxyButyrate-co-3-HydroxyValerate) (PHBHV) nanocarriers significantly decreased HT-29 cells viability after 6 and 24 h of treatment. Moreover, in vivo-like toxicity studies on multicellular tumor spheroids showed that the Silymarin loaded PHBHV nanocarriers are able to penetrate 3D micro tumors and significantly reduce their size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionut-Cristian Radu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of BucharestBucharest, Romania
| | - Ariana Hudita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of BucharestBucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Zaharia
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of BucharestBucharest, Romania
| | - Paul O Stanescu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of BucharestBucharest, Romania
| | - Eugenia Vasile
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, University Politehnica of BucharestBucharest, Romania
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of BucharestBucharest, Romania
| | - Miriana Stan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharest, Romania
| | - Octav Ginghina
- Department of Surgery, Sf. Ioan Emergency Clinical HospitalBucharest, Romania.,Department II, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy BucharestBucharest, Romania
| | - Bianca Galateanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of BucharestBucharest, Romania.,Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of BucharestBucharest, Romania
| | - Marieta Costache
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of BucharestBucharest, Romania
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg-UniversityMainz, Germany
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of CreteHeraklion, Greece
| | - Kelly Velonia
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of CreteHeraklion, Greece
| | - Carolina Negrei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharest, Romania
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