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Isaacs LL. Pancreatic Proteolytic Enzymes and Cancer: New Support for an Old Theory. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221096077. [PMID: 35514109 PMCID: PMC9083047 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221096077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1905, the embryologist John Beard first proposed that pancreatic proteolytic enzymes had potential as a treatment for cancer. His theories were dismissed by the medical world a decade later, but various practitioners have kept the concept alive through the publication of case reports of cancer patients treated with pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. In the last 2 decades, studies of the role of proteases in physiology have made it clear that they do more than digest food. This article reviews the history of the clinical use of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes in cancer treatment, and recent research on protease activated receptors and their role in cancer.
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Das R, Coupar J, Clavijo PE, Saleh A, Cheng TF, Yang X, Chen J, VanWaes C, Chen Z. Lymphotoxin-β receptor-NIK signaling induces alternative RELB/NF-κB2 activation to promote metastatic gene expression and cell migration in head and neck cancer. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:411-425. [PMID: 30488488 PMCID: PMC7066987 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) preferentially spread to regional cervical tissues and lymph nodes. Here, we hypothesized that lymphotoxin-β (LTβ), receptor LTβR, and NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), promote the aberrant activation of alternative NF-κB2/RELB pathway and genes, that enhance migration and invasion of HNSCC. Genomic and expression alterations of the alternative NF-kB pathway were examined in 279 HNSCC tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and a panel of HNSCC lines. LTβR is amplified or overexpressed in HNSCC of the larynx or oral cavity, while LTβ, NIK, and RELB are overexpressed in cancers arising within lymphoid oropharyngeal and tonsillar sites. Similarly, subsets of HNSCC lines displayed overexpression of LTβR, NIK, and RELB proteins. Recombinant LTβ, and siRNA depletion of endogenous LTβR and NIK, modulated expression of LTβR, NIK, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB2(p52)/RELB as well as functional NF-κB promoter reporter activity. Treatment with a NIK inhibitor (1,3[2H,4H]-Iso-Quinoline Dione) reduced the protein expression of NIK and NF-κB2(p52)/RELB, and blocked LTβ induced nuclear translocation of RELB. NIK and RELB siRNA knockdown or NIK inhibitor slowed HNSCC migration or invation in vitro. LTβ-induces expression of migration and metastasis related genes, including hepatocyte growth/scatter factor receptor MET. Knockdown of NIK or MET similarly inhibited the migration of HNSCC cell lines. This may help explain why HNSCC preferentially migrate to local lymph nodes, where LTβ is expressed. Our findings show that LTβ/LTβR promotes activation of the alternative NIK-NF-κB2/RELB pathway to enhance MET-mediated cell migration in HNSCC, which could be potential therapeutic targets in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Das
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892
| | - Jamie Coupar
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892
| | - Paul E. Clavijo
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892
| | - Anthony Saleh
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892
| | - Tsu-Fan Cheng
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892
| | - Xinping Yang
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892
| | - Carter VanWaes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892
- Contributed equally as senior authors
| | - Zhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 201892
- Contributed equally as senior authors
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Forrest CM, McNair K, Vincenten MCJ, Darlington LG, Stone TW. Selective depletion of tumour suppressors Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) and neogenin by environmental and endogenous serine proteases: linking diet and cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:772. [PMID: 27716118 PMCID: PMC5054602 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The related tumour suppressor proteins Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) and neogenin are absent or weakly expressed in many cancers, whereas their insertion into cells suppresses oncogenic behaviour. Serine proteases influence the initiation and progression of cancers although the mechanisms are unknown. METHODS The effects of environmental (bacterial subtilisin) and endogenous mammalian (chymotrypsin) serine proteases were examined on protein expression in fresh, normal tissue and human neuroblastoma and mammary adenocarcinoma lines. Cell proliferation and migration assays (chemoattraction and wound closure) were used to examine cell function. Cells lacking DCC were transfected with an ectopic dcc plasmid. RESULTS Subtilisin and chymotrypsin selectively depleted DCC and neogenin from cells at nanomolar concentrations without affecting related proteins. Cells showed reduced adherence and increased migration, but after washing they re-attached within 24 h, with recovery of protein expression. These effects are induced by chymotryptic activity as they are prevented by chymostatin and the soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor typical of many plant protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus subtilis, which secretes subtilisin is widely present in soil, the environment and the intestinal contents, while subtilisin itself is used in meat processing, animal feed probiotics and many household cleaning agents. With chymotrypsin present in chyme, blood and tissues, these proteases may contribute to cancer development by depleting DCC and neogenin. Blocking their activity by Bowman-Birk inhibitors may explain the protective effects of a plant diet. Our findings identify a potential non-genetic contribution to cancer cell behaviour which may explain both the association of processed meats and other factors with cancer incidence and the protection afforded by plant-rich diets, with significant implications for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Forrest
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Kara McNair
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Maria C J Vincenten
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Trevor W Stone
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Lai KC, Hsu SC, Yang JS, Yu CC, Lein JC, Chung JG. Diallyl trisulfide inhibits migration, invasion and angiogenesis of human colon cancer HT-29 cells and umbilical vein endothelial cells, and suppresses murine xenograft tumour growth. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:474-84. [PMID: 25403643 PMCID: PMC4407594 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors are beneficial for the prevention and treatment of angiogenesis-dependent diseases including cancer. We examined the cytotoxic, anti-metastatic, anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic effects of diallyl trisulfide (DATS). In HT29 cells, DATS inhibited migration and invasion through the inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 which was associated with inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases-2, -7 and -9 and VEGF. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), DATS inhibited the migration and angiogenesis through FAK, Src and Ras. DATS also inhibited the secretion of VEGF. The capillary-like tube structure formation and migration by HUVEC was inhibited by DATS. The chicken egg chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay indicated that DATS treatment inhibited ex-vivo angiogenesis. We investigated the anti-tumour effects of DATS against human colon cancer xenografts in BALB/cnu/nu mice and its anti-angiogenic activity in vivo. In this in-vivo study, DATS also inhibited the tumour growth, tumour weight and angiogenesis (decreased the levels of haemoglobin) in HT29 cells. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the inhibition of angiogenesis may be an important mechanism in colon cancer chemotherapy by DATS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Chi Lai
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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White MJV, Glenn M, Gomer RH. Trypsin potentiates human fibrocyte differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70795. [PMID: 23951012 PMCID: PMC3737277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypsin-containing topical treatments can be used to speed wound healing, although the mechanism of action is unknown. To help form granulation tissue and heal wounds, monocytes leave the circulation, enter the wound tissue, and differentiate into fibroblast-like cells called fibrocytes. We find that 20 to 200 ng/ml trypsin (concentrations similar to those used in wound dressings) potentiates the differentiation of human monocytes to fibrocytes in cell culture. Adding trypsin inhibitors increases the amount of trypsin needed to potentiate fibrocyte differentiation, suggesting that the potentiating effect is dependent on trypsin proteolytic activity. Proteases with other site specificities such as pepsin, endoprotease GluC, and chymotrypsin do not potentiate fibrocyte differentiation. This potentiation requires the presence of albumin in the culture medium, and tryptic fragments of human or bovine albumin also potentiate fibrocyte differentiation. These results suggest that topical trypsin speeds wound healing by generating tryptic fragments of albumin, which in turn potentiate fibrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. V. White
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melissa Glenn
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard H. Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang N, Yang M, Bi S, Chen L, Zhu Z, Gao Y, Du Z. Cells behaviors and genotoxicity on topological surface. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:3465-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li X, Feltus FA, Sun X, Wang JZ, Luo F. Identifying differentially expressed genes in cancer patients using a non-parameter Ising model. Proteomics 2011; 11:3845-52. [PMID: 21761563 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Identification of genes and pathways involved in diseases and physiological conditions is a major task in systems biology. In this study, we developed a novel non-parameter Ising model to integrate protein-protein interaction network and microarray data for identifying differentially expressed (DE) genes. We also proposed a simulated annealing algorithm to find the optimal configuration of the Ising model. The Ising model was applied to two breast cancer microarray data sets. The results showed that more cancer-related DE sub-networks and genes were identified by the Ising model than those by the Markov random field model. Furthermore, cross-validation experiments showed that DE genes identified by Ising model can improve classification performance compared with DE genes identified by Markov random field model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumeng Li
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Expression of proteinase-activated receptor 1-4 (PAR 1-4) in human cancer. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:89-99. [PMID: 20563836 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase activated receptors (PAR 1-4) are membrane receptors with a unique way of activation by proteinases like thrombin, trypsin and matrix metalloproteinases which lead to a specific cellular response. To evaluate the significance of expression and co-expression of PAR in cancer we performed a survey on published data. A Pubmed literature search on "PAR, thrombin, cancer" was performed and 46 publications were selected for systematic review based on the availability of information on tumor type, material type, detection method and specification of positive cases. PAR-1 was found in 77.3% of malignant samples (n = 678), PAR-2 in 79.5% (n = 592), PAR-3 in 12.6% (n = 87) and PAR-4 in 54.9% (n = 153). PAR-1 and -2 were present in adenocarcinomas, melanomas, osteosarcomas, glioblastomas, meningiomas, leukaemias and squamous cell carcinomas. Presence of PAR-3 was limited to kidney and liver cancer. The data on PAR-4 expression was inconclusive. Those studies analysing PAR-1 and PAR-2 reported coexpression of the two receptors. PAR-1 and -2 are widely expressed in human tumors suggesting an important role in tumorigenesis and providing potential targets for therapy. PAR-3 and PAR-4 are less frequently detectable, their expression and potential role in tumorigenesis require further investigation.
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