Anti-Allergic Effects of Artemisia iwayomogi on Mast Cell-Mediated Allergy Model

Artemisia gmelinii Extract Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Neutrophilic Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Lung Injury

Particulate matter (PM) induces and augments oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to respiratory diseases. Although Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, there are no reports on whether Artemisia gmelinii extract (AGE) regulates lung inflammation in a PM-induced model. Thus, we investigated the protective effects of AGE using a PM-induced mouse lung inflammation model. AGE significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory chemokines, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and the total number of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Furthermore, AGE attenuated lung inflammation through the suppression of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, while promoting the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway in lung tissues. Concordant with these observations, AGE suppressed inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, NETosis, myeloperoxidase, and neutrophil elastase by decreasing the mRNA expression of High mobility group box 1, Runt-related transcription factor 1, and Kruppel-like factor 6 in differentiated HL-60 cells. In summary, our data demonstrated that AGE suppresses PM-induced neutrophil infiltration, lung damage, and pulmonary inflammation by suppressing NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways and enhancing the NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that AGE administration is an effective approach for preventing and treating PM-induced respiratory inflammation.

Chemical Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Artemisia iwayomogi and Their Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activities

Neuroinflammation, predominantly mediated by microglial activation, is a key immunological response in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In our preliminary study, the aerial part of Artemisia iwayomogi inhibits LPS-induced microglial activation. The present study aims to identify chemical constituents with anti-neuroinflammatory properties in the aerial parts of A. iwayomogi. Two new guaianolide sesquiterpenes, iwayomogins A and B (1 and 2), along with thirteen known sesquiterpene lactones (3–15), one diterpene glycoside (16), and nine phenolic compounds (17–25) were isolated from the aerial parts of A. iwayomogi by repeated chromatography. The structures of the isolates were elucidated by their spectroscopic data. All isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory activities on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells. 2,3-Dehydro-1-epi-asperilin (11) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on NO production (IC50 value of 1.78 μM). In the molecular docking study, three compounds (1, 2, and 11) showed good binding affinities with iNOS. Additionally, compounds 1, 2, and 11 inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in dose-dependent manners. The present study demonstrates that the chemical constituents from A. iwayomogi inhibit NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in BV-2 cells. However, further evaluation with biological experiments utilizing in vivo models is necessary.

Hydro-ethanol extract of Holarrhena floribunda stem bark exhibits anti-anaphylactic and anti-oedematogenic effects in murine models of acute inflammation

Background

Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don) T.Durand & Schinz stem bark has anecdotal use in Ghanaian folk medicine for the management of inflammatory conditions. This study was conducted to investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the bark extract using models of acute inflammation in male Sprague Dawley rats, C57BL/6 mice and ICR mice.

Methods

A 70% hydro-ethanol extract of the stem bark (HFE) was evaluated at doses of 5–500 mg/kg bw. Local anaphylaxis was modelled by the pinnal cutaneous anaphylactic test. Systemic anaphylaxis or sepsis were modeled by compound 48/80 or lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Clonidine-induced catalepsy was used to investigate the effect on histamine signaling. Anti-oedematogenic effect was assessed by induction with carrageenan. Effects on mediators of biphasic acute inflammation were studied using histamine and serotonin (early phase) or prostaglandin E2 (late phase).

Results

HFE demonstrated anti-inflammatory and/or anti-oedematogenic activity comparable to standard doses of aspirin and diclofenac (inhibitors of cyclooxygenases-1 and -2), chlorpheniramine (histamine H1-receptor antagonist), dexamethasone (glucocorticoid receptor agonist), granisetron (serotonin receptor antagonist) and sodium cromoglycate (inhibitor of mast cell degranulation). All observed HFE bioactivities increased with dose.

Conclusions

The data provide evidence that the extract of H. floribunda stem bark has anti-anaphylactic and anti-oedematogenic effects; by interfering with signalling or metabolism of histamine, serotonin and prostaglandin E₂ which mediate the progression of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic activities of HFE may be relevant in the context of the management of COVID-19.

Artemisia gmelinii Attenuates Lung Inflammation by Suppressing the NF-κB/MAPK Pathway

Cigarette smoke (CS) is the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and continuous CS exposure causes lung inflammation and deterioration. To investigate the protective effects of Artemisia gmelinii against lung inflammation in this study, cigarette smoke extract (CSE)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated alveolar macrophages (AMs) and mice stimulated with CSE/porcine pancreas elastase (PPE) were used. Artemisia gmelinii ethanol extract (AGE) was effective in decreasing the levels of cytokines, chemokine, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway in AMs. Additionally, oral administration of AGE suppressed inflammatory cells’ infiltration and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, matrix metallopeptidase 9, and neutrophil extracellular traps in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the COPD model. Moreover, the obstruction of small airways, the destruction of the lung parenchyma, and expression of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-2 were suppressed by inhibiting NF-κB activation in the lung tissues of the AGE group. These effects are associated with scopolin, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, which are the main components of AGE. These data demonstrate the mitigation effect of AGE on lung inflammation via inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB pathways, suggesting that AGE may be instrumental in improving respiratory and lung health.

Evaluation of the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of a new hybrid NSAID tetrahydropyran derivative

Evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro of cis-(±)-acetate of 4-chloro-6-(naphtalene-1-yl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) methyl 2-(2-(2,6-diclorofenylamine) phenyl (LS19). Male Swiss mice were analyzed in the paw edema, ear edema, and air pouch tests, and in vitro COX inhibition, cytotoxicity evaluation, and cytokine and nitric oxide determination tests. The compound showed effect on the carrageenan- and bradykinin-induced paw edema and capsaicin-induced ear edema tests. In addition, the compound was able to inhibit leukocyte migration to decrease the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and to increase the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The compound was also able to reduce levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide in the RAW 264.7 cell line and to inhibit COX activity. LS19 did not induce any significant changes in the viability of RAW 264.7 cells, demonstrating safety for these cell lines. The compound LS19 did not reduce the production of gastric mucus and induced a smaller increase in the extent of gastric lesions than that developed by the administration of diclofenac. In summary, the new compound proved to be safer and it had additional mechanisms compared to diclofenac.

Modulation of Th1/Th2 Cytokine Balance by Quercetin In Vitro

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is well known to be an IgE-mediated chronic inflammatory disease in the nasal wall, which is primarily mediated by Th2-type cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Although quercetin is also accepted to attenuate the development of allergic diseases such as AR, the influence of quercetin on Th2-type cytokine production is not well understood. The present study was designed to examine whether quercetin could attenuate the development of AR via the modulation of Th2-type cytokine production using an in vitro cell culture technique. Methods: Human peripheral-blood CD4⁺ T cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/mL) were cultured with 10.0 ng/mL IL-4 in the presence or absence of quercetin. The levels of IL-5, IL-13, and INF-γ in 24 h culture supernatants were examined by ELISA. The influence of quercetin on the phosphorylation of transcription factors NF-κB and STAT6, and mRNA expression for cytokines were also examined by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. Results: Treatment of cells with quercetin at more than 5.0 μM inhibited the production of IL-5 and IL-13 from CD4⁺ T cells induced by IL-4 stimulation through the suppression of transcription factor activation and cytokine mRNA expression. On the other hand, quercetin at more than 5.0 μM abrogated the inhibitory action of IL-4 on INF-γ production from CD4⁺ T cells in vitro. Conclusions: The immunomodulatory effects of quercetin, especially on cytokine production, may be responsible, in part, for the mode of therapeutic action of quercetin on allergic diseases, including AR.

Antiedematogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Monoterpene Isopulegol and Its β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) Inclusion Complex in Animal Inflammation Models

Isopulegol (ISO) is an alcoholic monoterpene widely found in different plant species, such as Melissa officinalis, and has already been reported to have a number of pharmacological properties. Like other terpenes, ISO is a highly volatile compound that is slightly soluble in water, so its inclusion into cyclodextrins (CDs) is an interesting approach to increase its solubility and bioavailability. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of isopulegol and a β-cyclodextrin-isopulegol inclusion complex (ISO/β-CD) in rodent models. For the anti-inflammatory activity evaluation, antiedematogenic plethysmometry and acute (peritonitis and pleurisy), as well as chronic (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) anti-inflammatory models, were used. The docking procedure is used to evaluate, analyze, and predict their binding mode of interaction with H1 and Cox-2 receptors. The animals (n = 6) were divided into groups: ISO and ISO/β-CD, negative control (saline), and positive control (indomethacin and promethazine). ISO and ISO/β-CD were able to reduce acute inflammatory activity by decreasing albumin extravasation, leukocyte migration, and MPO concentration, and reducing exudate levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. ISO and ISO/β-CD significantly inhibited edematogenic activity in carrageenan- and dextran-induced paw edema. Moreover, both significantly reduced chronic inflammatory processes, given the lower weight and protein concentration of granulomas in the foreign body granulomatous inflammation model. The results suggest that the inclusion of ISO in β-cyclodextrins improves its pharmacological properties, with the histamine and prostaglandin pathways as probable mechanisms of inhibition, and also reinforces the anti-inflammatory profile of this terpene.

Ethanol extract of Dryopteris crassirhizoma alleviates allergic inflammation via inhibition of Th2 response and mast cell activation in a murine model of allergic rhinitis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dryopteris crassirhizoma (DC) is used as a traditional herbal remedy to treat various diseases, the tapeworm infection, common cold, and cancer in Korea, Japan, and China. DC also has the antioxidant anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. However, the anti-allergic inflammatory effect of DC and some of its mechanisms in allergic rhinitis model are unknown well.

AIM OF THIS STUDY

The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-allergic inflammatory effect of DC on the allergic rhinitis model, mast cell activation and histamine release.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Allergic rhinitis was induced in BALB/c mice by sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). Different concentration of DC and dexamethasone was administrated by oral gavage on 1 h before the OVA challenge. Mice of the control group were treated with saline only. Then mice were evaluated for the presence of nasal mucosa inflammation, the production of allergen-specific cytokine response and the histology of nasal mucosa.

RESULTS

DC significantly ameliorated the nasal symptoms and the inflammation of nasal mucosa. DC also reduced the infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells in these tissues and the release of histamine in blood. Meanwhile, DC evidently inhibited the overproduction of Th2 cytokines and increased the Th1 and Treg cytokines in nasal lavage fluid by OVA. DC also reduced the levels of OVA-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a in blood.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that DC has a significant anti-allergic inflammatory effect in the nasal cavity. DC may have the therapeutic effect of allergic rhinitis.

Therapeutic effect of topical administration of red onion extract in a murine model of allergic rhinitis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical administration of onion (Allium cepa) extract on nasal cavity for treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). BALB/c mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) and challenged with intranasal instillation of OVA with or without onion extracts for five times a week on 3 consecutive weeks. Allergic symptom score according to frequencies of sneezing, serum total and OVA specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) level, cytokine levels of nasal mucosa and eosinophilic infiltration were analyzed. Allergic symptom score, serum total and OVA specific IgE, cytokine levels of nasal mucosa (interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α and COX-2) and eosinophilic infiltration were higher in allergic mouse group than negative control group. Topical application of onion extracts significantly reduced allergic symptoms and OVA specific IgE levels. Cytokine levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 and IFN-γ were significantly decreased in groups treated with onion extract. In addition, eosinophil infiltration of nasal turbinate mucosa was also significantly decreased after treatment with onion extract. Topical administration of onion extract significantly reduces allergic rhinitis symptom and allergic inflammatory reaction in a murine allergic model. It can be assumed that the topical application of onion extract regulates allergic symptoms by suppressing the type-1 helper (Th1) and type-2 helper (Th2) responses and reducing the allergic inflammatory reaction.

Therapeutic potential of topically administered γ-AlOOH on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesions in Balb/c mice

Boehmite (γ-AlOOH) has a wide range of applications in a variety of industrial and biological fields. However, little is known about its potential roles in skin diseases. The current study investigated its effect on atopic dermatitis (AD). Following characterization, cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress associated with boehmite were assessed, using TNF-α-induced keratinocytes and mast cells. In addition, therapeutic effects of boehmite, topically administered to Balb/c mice induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), were evaluated. Expression of cytokines (TLSP, IL-25 and IL-33) and the generation of ROS from keratinocytes induced by TNF-α were significantly inhibited by boehmite without affecting cell viability. MAPKs (ERK, JNK and p38) required for cytokine expression were suppressed by boehmite treatment. Up-regulation of cytokines (TSLP, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, RANTES) in human mast cells treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore was also suppressed by boehmite. Boehmite improved the AD severity score, epidermal hyperplasia and transepidermal water loss in DNCB-induced AD-like lesions. Moreover, Th2-mediated cytokine expression, mast cell hyperplasia and destruction of the skin barrier were improved by boehmite treatment. Overall, we demonstrated that boehmite may potentially protect against AD.

Suppressive Effect of Quercetin on Nitric Oxide Production from Nasal Epithelial Cells In Vitro

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to play pivotal roles as one of the final effector molecules in the development of allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis (AR). Although quercetin has been reported to attenuate the clinical conditions of AR, its influence on NO production is not well defined. The present study aimed to examine the influence of quercetin on in vitro NO production from nasal epithelial cells after interleukin- (IL-) 4 stimulation. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) at a concentration of 1 x 10⁵ cells/ml were stimulated with 10.0 ng/ml of IL-4 in the presence and absence of quercetin. After 48 hours, the culture supernatants were collected and assayed for NO (NO₂ and NO₃) using the Griess method. The influences of quercetin on the transcription factor, STAT6, activation, and iNOS mRNA expression were also examined using ELISA and real-time quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Addition of quercetin to cell cultures caused suppression of NO production from HNEpCs after IL-4 stimulation. The minimum concentration of quercetin that caused significant suppression was 1.0 nM. Treatment of cells with quercetin at more than 1.0 nM suppressed STAT6 activation and iNOS mRNA expression induced by IL-4 stimulation. The present results strongly suggested that quercetin favorably modified the clinical condition of AR through the suppression of NO production from nasal epithelial cells after IL-4 stimulation.

Effect of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Essential Oil on Acute Inflammatory Response

Lavandula angustifolia is a plant of Lamiaceae family, with many therapeutic properties and biological activities, such as anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil (LEO) on acute inflammatory response. LEO was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods and showed predominance of 1,8-cineole (39.83%), borneol (22.63%), and camphor (22.12%). LEO at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3, and 10 μg/ml did not present in vitro cytotoxicity. Additionally, LEO did not stimulate the leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. The LEO topical application at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ear reduced edema formation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and nitric oxide (NO) production in croton oil-induced ear edema model. In carrageenan-induced paw edema model, LEO treatment at doses of 75, 100, and 250 mg/kg reduced edema formation, MPO activity, and NO production. In dextran-induced paw edema model, LEO at doses of 75 and 100 mg/kg reduced paw edema and MPO activity. In conclusion, LEO presented anti-inflammatory activity, and the mechanism proposed of LEO seems to be, at least in part, involving the participation of prostanoids, NO, proinflammatory cytokines, and histamine.

The Effect of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) Bark Extract on Histamine-Induced Paw Edema and Ileum Smooth Muscle Contraction

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), popularly known as red aroeira, is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory, gastric, and respiratory disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antihistaminic activity of S. terebinthifolius (St) bark extract by using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. The effects of St were investigated on contractions induced by histamine, carbachol, and potassium chloride in isolated guinea pig ileum. St was also studied in response to hind paw edema induced by histamine in rats. Experiments revealed that although St (250, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL) reduced the histamine-induced contractions by 9.1 ± 1.8, 50.2 ± 2.0, and 68.9 ± 2.0%, respectively, it did not inhibit contractions induced by carbachol or KCl. The association of St (250 and 500 µg/mL) with hydroxyzine, an H1-antihistamine (0.125 and 0.250 µM), increased the inhibitory effect to 67.0 ± 3.2 and 85.1 ± 2.1%, respectively. Moreover, St (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) decreased paw edema from its peak by 33.9, 48.4, and 54.8%, respectively, whereas hydroxyzine (70 mg/kg) inhibited the peak edema by 56.5%. Altogether, the results suggest that the bark extract of S. terebinthifolius has an antihistaminic effect (H1).

Trigonella foenum-graecum alleviates airway inflammation of allergic asthma in ovalbumin-induced mouse model

Trigonella foenum-graecum, a member oldest medicinal plant in the fabaceae (legumes) family, is used as a herb, spice, and vegetable, and known for its olfactory, laxative, and galactogogue effects. However, the inhibitory effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum on allergic inflammatory response remains unclear, therefore, we investigated the precise role of Trigonella foenum-graecum in the allergic asthma and revealed the effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum in regulating airway inflammation and its possible mechanism. Allergic asthma was initiated in BALB/c mice by sensitized with OVA emulsified in aluminum on days 1 and 14, then aerosol challenged with OVA on days 27, 28 and 29. Some mice were administered Trigonella foenum-graecum by oral gavage before challenge. Then mice were evaluated for the presence of airway inflammation, production of allergen-specific cytokine response and lung pathology. Trigonella foenum-graecum significantly ameliorated the number of inflammatory cells in BALF and alleviated lung inflammation. It also reduced the collagen deposition and goblet cells. Meanwhile, Trigonella foenum-graecum treatment evidently decreased the high expression of Th2 cytokines and increased the Th1 cytokines in BALF and lung homogenates. Trigonella foenum-graecum showed a significant inhibition of serum IgE and anti-OVA IgG_1. In this study, our data suggest that Trigonella foenum-graecum has a significant anti-inflammatory effect and it may prove to be an efficacious therapeutic regent on allergic asthma.

Anti-anaphylactic effects of Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn.) J. J. De Wilde extracts on rodent models of anaphylaxis

Effects of petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of Trichilia monadelpha stem bark (PEE and EAE) on compound 48/80-induced systemic and passive anaphylaxis were determined. Survival rate, extravasation, degranulation of mast cells, and secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured after pre-treatment with extracts (10-100 mg/kg) and disodium chromoglycate (2.5-250 μg/kg) and induction of anaphylaxis in C57BL/6 mice or Sprague-Dawley rats with compound 48/80. Histopathological assessments were made from skin biopsies of rats. Data was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier Survival Log-Rank Analysis, or One-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak’s post hoc test. PEE and EAE inhibited (P ≤ 0.0001) tremors in systemic anaphylaxis passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions and extravasation, stabilized or prevented (P ≤ 0.001-0.0001) mast cell degranulation, and inhibited (P ≤ 0.001-0.0001) TNF-α and IL-6 secretion. Per the findings, PEE and EAE of T. monadelpha have exhibited substantial anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory property (with PEE performing better) which substantiates its use traditionally in management of allergies and other inflammatory disorders.

Suppression of neuropeptide production by quercetin in allergic rhinitis model rats

Background

Quercetin, a dietary flavonoid found in many fruits, red wine and onion, among others, has been reported to have potent anti-oxidant, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects. Although quercetin is also reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects, the precise mechanisms by which quercetin favorably modify the clinical conditions of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR). The present study was designed to examine the influence of quercetin on the development of AR by using AR model rats.

Methods

Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were sensitized with toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) by intranasal instillation of a 10 % TDI in ethyl acetate in a volume of 5 μl once a day for 5 consecutive days. This sensitization procedure was repeated after a 2-day interval. After 5 days of the second sensitization, rats were treated with various doses of quercetin once a day for 2 to 7 days. Nasal allergy-like symptoms, which were induced by bilateral application of 5 μl of 10 % TDI in ethyl acetate, were assessed by counting sneezing and nasal rubbing behaviors for 10 min just after TDI nasal challenge. The levels of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in nasal lavage fluids obtained 6 h after TDI nasal challenge was examined by ELISA.

Results

Oral administration of quercetin for 5 and 7 days, but not 2 and 3 days, could inhibit sneezing and nasal rubbing movements, which were increased by TDI nasal challenge. The minimum dose that caused significant inhibition was 25 mg/kg. Oral administration of quercetin at more than 25 mg/kg for 5 days significantly inhibited the increase in SP, CGRP and NGF contents in nasal lavage fluids induced by TDI nasal challenge.

Conclusion

The present results strongly suggested that quercetin will be a good candidate for the supplement on the management and treatment of allergic diseases, especially AR.

Margaritaria discoidea (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark extract attenuates allergy and Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rodents

Background:

Various parts of Margaritaria discoidea find use in traditional medicine in the treatment of pain and oedema. This study evaluated the anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of a 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol extract of the stem bark of Margaritaria discoidea, MDE in rodents.

Materials and Methods:

Systemic anaphylaxis was induced by the injection of compound 48/80 into mice and their survival rate was monitored to evaluate the anti-allergic action of the extract. The effect of MDE assessed on the maximal and total oedema responses in the mouse carrageenan-induced paw oedema was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the extract while the Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis model was employed to study the anti-arthritic effects of MDE.

Results:

MDE dose-dependently increased the time for compound 48/80-induced mortality in mice. MDE suppressed the mean maximal swelling and the total paw swellings induced over 6 h in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema when administered either prophylactically or therapeutically. MDE caused a reduction in serum levels of TNFα and IL-6 and significantly suppressed Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis.

Conclusion:

Margaritaria discoidea suppresses allergy and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in mice. In addition it attenuates Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis through a reduction in serum levels of TNFα and IL-6 in rats.

Acaricidal activities of bicyclic monoterpene ketones from Artemisia iwayomogi against Dermatophagoides spp

The acaricidal properties of 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one isolated from Artemisia iwayomogi and its structural analogues were evaluated against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus, and their effects were compared with that of the commercial acaricide benzyl benzoate. Based on the 50 % lethal dose (LD50) values against D. farinae, 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one (0.82 μg/cm(2)) was 9.71 times more effective than benzyl benzoate (7.96 μg/cm(2)), followed by (1R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one (1.03 μg/cm(2)), (1S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one (1.58 μg/cm(2)), and (1R)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one oxime (3.05 μg/cm(2)) in a filter paper bioassay. The acaricidal activities of 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one and its structural analogues against D. pteronyssinus were similar to those against D. farinae. These results demonstrate that naturally occurring A. iwayomogi-isolated 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one and its structural analogues are suitable for the production of natural acaricides against house dust mites.

Inhibitory effect of putranjivain A on allergic inflammation through suppression of mast cell activation

A great number of people are suffering from allergic inflammatory disease such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and sinusitis. Therefore discovery of drugs for the treatment of these diseases is an important subject in human health. Putranjivain A (PJA), member of ellagitannin, is known to possess beneficial effects including anti-cancer and anti-viral activities. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether PJA modulates the allergic inflammatory reaction and to study its possible mechanisms of action using mast cell-based in vitro and in vivo models. The study was performed in anaphylaxis mouse model and cultured mast cells. PJA inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in immunoglobulin E-stimulated mast cells. PJA reduced this expression by inhibiting nuclear factor (NF)-κB and nuclear factor of activated T cell. The oral administration of PJA reduced systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis, the release of serum histamine, and the expression of the histamine H1 receptor. In addition, PJA attenuated the activation of mast cells. PJA inhibited the release of histamine from various types of mast cells by the suppression of intracellular calcium. The inhibitory activity of PJA on the allergic reaction was similar to that of disodium cromoglycate, a known anti-allergic drug. These results suggest that PJA can facilitate the prevention or treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases mediated by mast cells.

Vardenafil ameliorates immunologic- and non-immunologic-induced allergic reactions

Cyclic nucleotides, such as cAMP and cGMP, play a protective role in the modulation of the activity of some inflammatory cells in allergic disorders. Their intracellular concentrations are tightly regulated by the phosphodiesterases (PDEs). The protective efficacy of the selective PDE5 inhibitor vardenafil against mast-cell-mediated allergic reactions in murine models has been investigated. Compound 48/80 was used as a direct mast cell degranulator to induce anaphylaxis. Vardenafil (administered orally at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg body mass) significantly (P < 0.05, n = 12) increased protection against compound-48/80-induced anaphylaxis in mice to 33.33%, 66.67%, 66.67%, 83.33%, and 66.67% respectively compared with the control (vehicle). In passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rats, vardenafil (10 mg/kg body mass) significantly (P < 0.05, n = 6) decreased Evans' blue dye extravasation (4.6-fold). Pre-incubation of isolated rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) with vardenafil (10 and 100 μmol/L) significantly (P < 0.05, n = 6) reduced compound-48/80-induced histamine release by 2.8- and 3-fold, respectively. Moreover, histamine release by immunogenic stimulation of sensitized RPMCs by egg albumin significantly declined following pre-incubation with vardenafil (10 and 100 μmol/L) by 1.94- and 1.99-fold, respectively. In conclusion, inhibition of PDE5 by vardenafil ameliorated immunologic and non-immunologic mast-cell-mediated allergic reactions and reduced histamine release, providing evidence for the potential anti-allergic properties of vardenafil.

Antiallergic and Antiarthritic Effects of Stem Bark Extract of Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae) in Murine Models

Background. Various parts of Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae) find a use in traditional medicine in the treatment of pain and oedema among others. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antiarthritic effects of a 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol extract of the stem bark of Glyphaea brevis in murine models. Materials and Methods. The effect of the aqueous ethanol extract of Glyphaea brevis extract (GBE) was assessed on the maximal and total oedema responses in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice to evaluate the acute anti-inflammatory actions of the extract. Systemic anaphylaxis was induced with compound 48/80 and survival rates monitored for 1 h in mice with prior treatment with GBE to assess the anti-allergic action of the extract. The indirect antihistamine effect of GBE was evaluated on clonidine-induced catalepsy. Rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model was used to study GBE's antiarthritic action. Results. GBE significantly suppressed the mean maximal swelling and the total paw swellings over 6 h in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema when administered either prophylactically or therapeutically. GBE dose dependently increased the time for compound 48/80-induced mortality. Administered either prophylactically or therapeutically, GBE inhibited clonidine-induced catalepsy while it had no effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. GBE caused a significant dose-dependent suppression of Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis. Conclusion. Glyphaea brevis inhibits the in vivo degranulation of mast cells and thereby suppress allergy. In addition it exhibits anti-inflammatory action and attenuates Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis. The results of this work contribute to validate the traditional use of Glyphaea brevis in the management of inflammatory disorders.

Aqueous ethanol extract of the fruit of Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae) exhibits anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory actions in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Xylopia aethiopica has been traditionally used in the form of the dried fruit decoction to treat bronchitis, asthma, arthritis and rheumatism in Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon. Aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory effects of a 70% aqueous ethanol extract of the fruits of Xylopia aethiopica.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Systemic anaphylaxis was induced by the injection of either compound 48/80 or lipopolysaccharide, LPS and survival rates of mice monitored for 1 h or 7 days respectively while IgE-mediated anaphylaxis in a local allergic reaction was studied in the pinnal inflammation model in mice. Clonidine-induced catalepsy in mice was used to evaluate the indirect antihistamine effect of Xylopia aethiopica, XAE. The effects of XAE assessed on the maximal and total oedema responses in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the extract.

RESULTS

Administered at 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg kg(-1) p.o., XAE dose dependently suppressed compound 48/80-induced mouse systemic anaphylactic shock and offered 63% protection to mice against LPS-induced endotoxic shock at a dose of 300 mg kg(-1). In addition, the extract (30-300 mg kg(-1)) in a dose dependent manner significantly inhibited by 23-62% the mouse pinnal inflammation. Clonidine-induced catalepsy in mice was significantly suppressed in a dose and time dependent manner when administered both prophylactically and therapeutically. In the same doses, when administered before the induction of the mouse carrageenan-induced paw oedema, the mean maximal swelling attained during 6 h was reduced to 41.02±6.94%, 35.61±4.30%, and 29.09±4.90% of the inflamed control response respectively and total paw swellings induced over the 6 h were also dose-dependently and significantly suppressed to 74.84±14.84%, 63.95±9.37%, and 48.13±10.90% of the inflamed control response respectively. Administered after the induction of the carrageenan paw oedema the mean maximal swelling attained during 6 h was suppressed to 49.84±3.95%, 43.62±1.01%, and 35.97±1.34% of the inflamed control response respectively while the total paw swellings induced over the 6 h were also dose-dependently and significantly suppressed at 100 and 300 mg kg(-1) to 72.39±4.38% and 60.81±3.25% of the inflamed control response respectively.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that XAE inhibits mast cell-dependent immediate allergic reactions and exhibit anti-inflammatory actions through the inhibition of histamine release from mast cells via stabilizing the cell membrane. Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of Xylopia aethiopica in the treatment of bronchitis, asthma, arthritis and rheumatism.

Inhibitory action of quercetin on eosinophil activation in vitro

The influence of quercetin on eosinophil functions was examined in vitro and in vivo. The first set of experiments was undertaken to examine whether quercetin could suppress eosinophilia and IgE hyperproduction induced by Mesocestoides corti infection in BALB/c mice. The number of peripheral blood eosinophils and IgE levels were examined 21 days after infection. Oral administration of quercetin for 21 days could not suppress both peripheral blood eosinophilia and IgE hyperproduction, even when 20.0 mg/kg quercetin was used for treatment. The second part of the experiment was designed to examine the influence of quercetin on eosinophil activation induced by SCF stimulation in vitro. Eosinophils were obtained from M. corti-infected mice and stimulated with SCF in the presence of various concentrations of quercetin for 24 h. The addition of quercetin into cell cultures could suppress eosinophil activation induced by SCF stimulation as assessed by measuring the contents of RANTES, MIP-1β, ECP, and MBP in culture supernatants. The minimum concentration of quercetin which caused significant suppression of factor secretion was 5.0 μM. These results may suggest that quercetin will be a good candidate for the supplement on the management of eosinophil-mediated diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma.

Artemisia iwayomogi Extract Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity by Decreasing the Expression of Genes Associated with Adipogenesis in Mice

The objective of the present study was to determine whether Artemisia iwayomogi (AI) extract reduces visceral fat accumulation and obesity-related biomarkers in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and if so, whether these effects are exerted by modulation of the expression of genes associated with adipogenesis and inflammation. AI extract supplementation for 11 weeks significantly prevented HFD-induced increments in body weight, visceral adiposity, adipocyte hypertrophy, and plasma levels of lipids and leptin. Additionally, AI extract supplementation resulted in downregulation of adipogenic transcription factors (PPARγ2 and C/EBPα) and their target genes (CD36, aP2, and FAS) in epididymal adipose tissue compared to the HFD alone. The AI extract effectively reversed the HFD-induced elevations in plasma glucose and insulin levels and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index. Furthermore, the extract significantly decreased gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, MCP1, IL-6, IFNα, and INFβ) in epididymal adipose tissue and reduced plasma levels of TNFα and MCP1 as compared to HFD alone. In conclusion, these results suggest that AI extract may prevent HFD-induced obesity and metabolic disorders, probably by downregulating the expression of genes related to adipogenesis and inflammation in visceral adipose tissue.

The inhibitory activity of atractylenolide Ш, a sesquiterpenoid, on IgE-mediated mast cell activation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

AT Ш, a sesquiterpenoid, is the major component of Atractylodes japonica Koidz that has been used as a traditional oriental medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We investigated the anti-allergic activity of AT Ш and its mechanism of action.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The released amount of β-hexosaminidase in mast cells, a key parameter of degranulation, was measured. Anti-allergic potential of AT Ш was evaluated using passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in vivo. The anti-allergic mechanism of AT Ш was investigated by immunoblotting analysis, RT-PCR and measurement of [Ca(2+)]i in mast cells.

RESULTS

AT Ш significantly inhibited IgE/Ag-mediated degranulation with an IC(50) value (36 ± 4 μM) in RBL-2H3 cells without affecting cell viability. It also suppressed IgE/Ag-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) response with an ED(50) value (65 ± 41 mg/kg) in vivo. AT Ш suppressed the production of interleukin (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNAs more potent than the Src-family kinase inhibitor PP2 in RBL-2H3 cells at all concentrations. In order to elucidate the anti-allergic mechanisms of AT Ш in mast cells, we examined the activated levels of signaling molecules. AT Ш inhibited the phosphorylation of Lyn, Fyn, Syk, LAT, PLCγ, Gab2, Akt, p38, and JNK kinases expression. IgE/Ag-mediated [Ca(2+)]i elevation was significantly inhibited by AT Ш.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests that AT Ш might be used as a therapeutic agent for allergic diseases.

Inhibitory Action of Ethanolic Extract of Seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. On Systemic and Local Anaphylaxis

The current study characterizes the mechanism by which the seed extract of Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) decreases the mast cell-mediated immediate type hypersensitivity reaction. The immediate type hypersensitivity reaction is involved in many allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. Moringa oleifera, a shrub widely used in the traditional medicine in India, has been reported to possess anti-cancer, hypotensive, anti-arthritic, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, the effects of the ethanolic extract of seeds of Moringa oleifera (MOEE-herbal remedy) on systemic and local anaphylaxis were investigated. The potential anti-anaphylactic effect of MOEE was studied in a mouse model of Compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylactic shock. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis activated by anti IgE-antibody was also used to assess the effect of MOEE. In addition, rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) were used to investigate the effect of MOEE on histamine release induced by compound 48/80. When administered 1 hr before 48/80 injection, MOEE at doses of 0.001-1.000 g/kg completely inhibited the inducible induced anaphylactic shock. MOEE significantly inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis activated by anti-IgE antibody at a dose of 1 g/kg. When MOEE extract was given as pretreatment at concentrations ranging 0.1-100 mg/ml, the histamine release from the mast cells that was induced by the 48/80 was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest a potential role for MOEE as a source of anti-anaphylactic agents for use in allergic disorders.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester attenuates IgE-induced immediate allergic reaction

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is the active component of honey bee propolis extracts. The results of the current study demonstrate that CAPE attenuated immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated allergic response in mast cells. Oral administration of CAPE inhibited IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. CAPE effectively reduced both histamine and serotonin (5-HT)-induced vascular permeability in rats. CAPE also reduced histamine and leukotrienes (LTs) release from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells. Moreover, CAPE suppressed contraction induced by histamine (3 × 10(-8)-3 × 10(-5) M), 5-HT (3 × 10(-9)-10(-6) M) and adenosine (3 × 10(-8)-10(-5) M) in guinea pig tracheal zigzag. These findings provide evidence that CAPE may serve as an effective therapeutic agent for allergic diseases.

Sparassis crispa suppresses mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation: Role of calcium, mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB

Allergic inflammatory disease such as food allergy, asthma and atopic dermatitis are increasing worldwide. In this study, we investigated the effect of water extract of Sparassis crispa (WESC) Fr. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and the possible mechanisms of action. WESC inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and serum histamine release in mice. WESC decreased immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Additionally, WESC reduced histamine release and intracellular calcium in human mast cells activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187. WESC decreased PMA and A23187-stimulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inlerleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β. The inhibitory effect of WESC on pro-inflammatory cytokines was nuclear factor-κB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent. Our results suggest potential therapeutic application of WESC in allergic inflammatory diseases.

Perfluorooctanoic acid induces mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation by the release of histamine and inflammatory mediators

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has unique physical and chemical characteristics, water and oil repellency, thermal stability, and surfactant properties. PFOA has been regularly found in the blood of animals and humans worldwide, and has become an increasing concern because of its adverse effects in immune system. However, the role of PFOA in the allergic inflammation is not well-known. To further extend the immunotoxicity of PFOA, we examined the role of PFOA on the mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and studied the possible mechanism of action. PFOA dose- and time-dependently increased histamine release from mast cells and serum histamine by the induction of intracellular calcium. PFOA exacerbated the IgE-dependent local allergic reaction in the mouse allergy model. PFOA induced gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in mast cells. The inducing effect of PFOA on the pro-inflammatory cytokines was nuclear factor-κB, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and caspase-1 dependent. Furthermore, the activation of cyclooxygenase-2 by PFOA suggests the induction of allergic inflammatory mediators by the PFOA. Our findings provide evidence that PFOA, the known immunotoxic agent, induces mast cell-derived allergic inflammatory reactions by histamine release and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Amaranthus spinosus Linn. inhibits mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reactions

The current study characterizes the mechanism by which the Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae) decreases mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reactions. Anaphylaxis is a typical hypersensitivity Type I reaction, sharing common mechanisms with asthma in its early and late phases. Mast cells are key as effector cells in hypersensitivity Type I reactions. A. spinosus has been traditionally used in the treatment of allergic bronchitis and asthma, but its role in mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reactions has not fully been investigated. This report investigated the potential effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of A. spinosus leaves (EAFAS) against a compound 48/80 (potent secretagogue)-induced systemic anaphylactic shock paradigm in a mouse model. In addition, rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) were used in in vitro studies to investigate the effect of EAFAS on compound 48/80-induced peritoneal mast cell degranulation and histamine release. When administration by the oral route-1 h before compound 48/80 injection-EAFAS (at dose from 0.001-1 g/kg) completely inhibited the induced anaphylactic shock. EAFAS at concentrations ranging 0.25-1 mg/ml dose-dependently attenuated rates of mast cell degranulation and histamine release from RPMC that were evoked by compound 48/80. The results of the present investigation indicated that EAFAS stabilizes the mast cell lipid bilayer membrane, thereby preventing the perturbation of membrane and the release of histamine. As a result of these anti-degranulating and anti-histaminic effects, it can be suggested that EAFAS may have a potential use in the prophylaxis and management of anaphylactic reactions.

Antianaphylactic and mast cell stabilization activity of Strychnos potatorum Linn. seed

AIM

The antianaphylactic activity of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract was evaluated by using compound 48/80 induced anaphylaxis and mast cell stabilization was studied by using peritoneal mast cells of rats. The possible antianaphylactic and mast cell stabilization mechanism was evaluated by using compound 48/80 induced mast cell activation and level of nitric oxide in rat peritoneal mast cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anaphylactic shock in mice was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of 8 mg/kg compound 48/80, prior to induction of anaphylaxis the animals were treated with S. potatorum Linn. seed extract administered orally 1 h before administration of compound 48/80, the rate mortality was observed in each group of animals. Mast cell stabilization was seen by preincubation of mast cells with the compound 48/80 and the extracts.

RESULTS

This study indicates that the chloroform, petroleum ether, and methanolic extracts were shown potent and has significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) inhibitory effects on compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic reaction and mast cell activation. This compound also inhibited significantly compound 48/80 induced increased level of nitric oxide in rat peritoneal mast cells.

CONCLUSION

We conclude from this study that the different extracts of S. potatorum seed have potent antianaphylactic activity through mast cell stabilization and inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. The inhibitory effect of S. potatorum Linn. on release of histamine and nitric oxide protects from compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic reaction may be through blocking vasodilatation, decrease vascular resistance, hypotension and tachycardia induced by immunogenic agent used in this study.

Elsholtzia ciliata inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation: role of calcium, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-{kappa}B

Mast cell-mediated allergic reaction is involved in many diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. Therefore, discovery of drugs for the prevention or treatment of allergic disease is an important topic in human health. In this study, we evaluated the effects of water extract of Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland (Labiatae) (WEEC) on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and studied the possible mechanisms of action. WEEC inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic and immunoglobulin E-mediated local anaphylaxis, and serum histamine release in mice. WEEC reduced intracellular calcium levels and downstream histamine release from human mast cells (HMC-1) activated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187. In addition, WEEC decreased gene expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in HMC-1. The inhibitory effect of WEEC on cytokine expression was nuclear factor (NF)-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) dependent. Our results indicate that WEEC inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammatory reactions by suppressing histamine release and proinflammatory cytokine expression, and involvement of calcium, NF-κB and p38 MAPK in these effects.

Chrysin suppresses mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation: involvement of calcium, caspase-1 and nuclear factor-κB

A great number of people are suffering from allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and sinusitis. Therefore discovery of drugs for the treatment of these diseases is an important subject in human health. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid contained in propolis, blue passion flower, and fruits. Several studies reported that chrysin has beneficial effects including anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether chrysin modulates the allergic inflammatory reaction and to study its possible mechanisms of action using mast cell-based in vitro and in vivo models. Chrysin inhibited immediate-type systemic hypersensitivity and serum histamine release. Chrysin attenuated immunoglobulin E-mediated local anaphylaxis. These inhibitory effects of chrysin on the systemic and local allergic reaction were more potent than cromolyn, a known anti-allergic drug. Chrysin reduced histamine release from mast cells. The inhibitory effect of chrysin on the histamine release was mediated by the modulation of intracellular calcium. In addition, chrysin decreased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL (interleukin)-1β, IL-4, and IL-6 in mast cells. The inhibitory effect of chrysin on the pro-inflammatory cytokine was nuclear factor-κB and caspase-1 dependent. Our findings provide evidence that chrysin inhibits mast cell-derived allergic inflammatory reactions by blocking histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and suggest the mechanisms of action. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro anti-allergic inflammatory effect of chrysin suggests a possible therapeutic application of this agent in allergic inflammatory diseases.

Effect of leaves of Eriobotrya japonica on anaphylactic allergic reaction and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Leaves of Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Rosaceae) (LEJL) have been used as traditional medicines for inflammatory diseases and chronic bronchitis. However, its effect on mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reaction is not known. The anaphylactic allergic reaction is involved in many allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. In this report, we investigate the effect of LEJL on the anaphylactic allergic reaction and studied its possible mechanisms of action. LEJL inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylactic reactions and serum histamine release in mice. LEJL dose-dependently decreased the IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and histamine release from mast cells. Furthermore, LEJL decreased the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and A23187-stimulated human mast cells. These findings provide evidence that LEJL could be a candidate as an anti-allergic agent.

Meoruh wine suppresses mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation

In this study, we investigated the effect of the Meoruh wine (MW), a Korean traditional wine made by the fruits of Vitis amurensis Rupr. (Vitaceae) on the mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and studied the possible mechanism of action. Mast cell-mediated allergic disease is involved in many diseases such as anaphylaxis, rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. MW inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and serum histamine release in a dose-dependent manner in mice. MW decreased immunoglobulin E-mediated local allergic reactions, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. MW dose-dependently reduced histamine release from human mast cells activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI). The inhibitory effect of MW on histamine release was mediated by suppression of intracellular calcium. In addition, MW attenuated the PMACI-stimulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8 in human mast cells. The inhibitory effect of MW on these pro-inflammatory cytokines was nuclear factor (NF)-κB dependent. Our findings provide evidence that MW inhibits mast cell-derived allergic inflammatory reactions and involvement of calcium, pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB in these effects.

Effect of chlorogenic acid on mast cell-dependent anaphylactic reaction

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a naturally occurring polyphenol compound, has a number of biological activities. However, roles of CGA in the mast cell-dependent anaphylactic reaction have not been fully examined. In the present study, the effect and mechanism of CGA on mast cell-dependent anaphylactic reaction were investigated using in vivo and in vitro models. CGA inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylactic shock in mice and skin vascular permeability in rats. CGA also inhibited anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). Moreover, CGA dose-dependently reduced histamine and TNF-alpha release from RBL-2H3 cells activated by anti-DNP IgE. Pretreatment with CGA suppressed IgE-antigen complex induced calcium uptake into RBL-2H3 cells. When CGA was added, the level of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in RBL-2H3 cells was significantly elevated compared with the untreated cells. Decreased calcium uptake and increased cAMP level might be involved in the inhibitory effect of CGA on mast cell activation. These results suggest a possible therapeutic application of CGA in allergic diseases.

A Carbohydrate Fraction, AIP1, from Artemisia Iwayomogi Reduces the Action Potential Duration by Activation of Rapidly Activating Delayed Rectifier K Channels in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes

We investigated the effects of a hot-water extract of Artemisia iwayomogi, a plant belonging to family Compositae, on cardiac ventricular delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(K)) using the patch clamp technique. The carbohydrate fraction AIP1 dose-dependently increased the heart rate with an apparent EC(50) value of 56.1+/-5.5 microg/ml. Application of AIP1 reduced the action potential duration (APD) in concentration-dependent fashion by activating I(K) without significantly altering the resting membrane potential (IC(50) value of APD(50): 54.80+/-2.24, IC(50) value of APD(90): 57.45+/-3.47 microg/ml). Based on the results, all experiments were performed with 50 microg/ml of AIP1. Pre-treatment with the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(Kr)) inhibitor, E-4031 prolonged APD. However, additional application of AIP1 did not reduce APD. The inhibition of slowly activating delayed rectifier K(+) current (I(Ks)) by chromanol 293B did not change the effect of AIP1. AIP1 did not significantly affect coronary arterial tone or ion channels, even at the highest concentration of AIP1. In summary, AIP1 reduces APD by activating I(Kr) but not I(Ks). These results suggest that the natural product AIP1 may provide an adjunctive therapy of long QT syndrome.

Clinopodium gracile inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation: involvement of calcium and nuclear factor-kappaB

Mast cell-mediated allergic disease is involved in many diseases such as anaphylaxis, rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis. The discovery of drugs for the treatment of allergic disease is an important subject in human health. In this study, we investigated the effect of the water extract of Clinopodium gracile Matsum var. multicaule (WECG) on the mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and studied the possible mechanism of action. WECG inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and immunoglobulin E-mediated cutaneous anaphylaxis in a dose-dependent manner. WECG dose-dependently reduced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells and human mast cells. The inhibitory effect of WECG on histamine release was mediated by the modulation of intracellular calcium. In addition, WECG attenuated the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated gene expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in human mast cells. The inhibitory effect of WECG on these proinflammatory cytokines was nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) dependent. Our findings provide evidence that WECG inhibits mast cell-derived allergic inflammation and involvement of calcium and NF-kappaB in these effects.

Inhibitory effect of glycoprotein isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten MAKINO on activities of allergy-mediators in compound 48/80-stimulated mast cells

The present study was performed to investigate the anti-allergy potentials of glycoprotein (90kDa) isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten MAKINO (OFI glycoprotein) in vivo (ICR mice) and in vitro (RBL-2H3 cells). At first, to know whether the OFI glycoprotein has an inhibitory ability for allergy in vivo, we evaluated the activities of allergy-related factors such as histamine and beta-hexosaminidase release, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and interleukin 4 (IL-4) in compound 48/80 (8 ml/kg BW)-treated ICR mice. After that, we studied to found the effect for anti-allergy in vitro such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, arachidonic acid, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in compound 48/80 (5 microg/ml)-treated RBL-2H3 cells. Our results showed that the OFI glycoprotein (5 mg/kg) inhibited histamine and beta-hexosaminidase release, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and interleukin 4 (IL-4) in mice serum. Also OFI glycoprotein (25 microg/ml) has suppressive effects on the expression of MAPK (ERK1/2), and on protein expression of anti-allergic proteins (iNOS and COX-2). Thus, we speculate that the OFI glycoprotein is an example of natural compound that blocks anti-allergic signal transduction pathways.

Modulatory effects of phytoglycoprotein (75 kDa) on allergic inflammatory cytokines in Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells

This study investigated the inhibitory effect of a glycoprotein isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (CTB glycoprotein) on di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced mast cell degranulation and related signaling cascade in RBL-2H3 cells. This experiment evaluated the intracellular Ca(2+) level, and the activities of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), transcription factor, and the cytokines in DEHP-treated RBL-2H3 cells. Our results revealed that the CTB glycoprotein in the presence of DEHP inhibits the release of histamine and expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in RBL-2H3 cells. We also found that the CTB glycoprotein inhibits the intracellular Ca(2+) level, translocation of PKC from cytosol to membrane and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in cells. Moreover, the CTB glycoprotein (100 microg/ml) has suppressive effects on transcriptional activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in DEHP-treated RBL-2H3 cells. The activation of NF-kappaB was collectively blocked by treatment with PKC inhibitor (staurosporine) as well as ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059), respectively. The results from these experiments indicated that the CTB glycoprotein inhibits release of histamine and expressions of IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-alpha via down regulations of PKC/MAPK and NF-kappaB on the stage of mast cell degranulation induced by DEHP. Moreover, oral administration of CTB glycoprotein (10-20 mg/kg) inhibited compound 48/80-mediated systemic reaction in mice. In conclusion, we speculated that the CTB glycoprotein might be one component for preparation of health supplements for prevention of allergic immune disorders.